MCAT Review - Development Timelines

Under 1 Year-Old Birth 1 Month 1 Year-Old 2 Months 3 Months Language Development 4 Months 5 Months 6 Months 7 Months 8 Months 9 Months 10 Months 11 Months 12 Months 13 Months Babbling Head Up, Chest Up 15 Months One word per month Sit Up Roll Over 14 Months 17 Months 18 Months 19 Months 20 Months "E...

Under 1 Year-Old Birth 1 Month 1 Year-Old 2 Months 3 Months Language Development 4 Months 5 Months 6 Months 7 Months 8 Months 9 Months 10 Months 11 Months 12 Months 13 Months Babbling Head Up, Chest Up 15 Months One word per month Sit Up Roll Over 14 Months 17 Months 18 Months 19 Months 20 Months "Exposion of Language" and combining words 21 Months 22 Months 2 word phrases Stand on their own Stand with Support Motor Development 16 Months Walk alone Pull up to standing position Crawling Walk while holding onto furniture Kohlberg's Pre-Conventional Moral Development (selfish) Stage 1, Obedience: concerned with avoiding punishment Stage 2, Self-interest: concerned with rewards. Also called "instrumental relativist stage" based on concepts of "i'll scratch your b (3 phases, each w/ 2 sub-stages) Sensorimotor Stage Piaget's Cognitive Development (4 stages) Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (8 stages) Freud's Psychosexual Development (5 stages) Children learn to use senses and move around. DOES NOT understand object permanence yet (this is why they're amused by playing Peek-A-Boo). Has Stranger Anxiety. Ends once Object Permanence is fully developed. Performs Circular Reactions to adopt their motor skills and senses: Primary Circular Reactions: Soothing--enjoys how something feels, sounds, or looks. Secondary Circular Reactions: Get response from environment such as parent picking up toy after it's thrown. Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt If trust wins, the child will be able to trust himself and his environment. If mistrust wins, child will be suspicious of the world. Feeling able to exert control over your world and have freedom of choice vs. sense of doubt a feeling of lacking control (internal locus of control) vs. (external locus of control) mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 1 is Bun a RUSTy colored Bun mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 2 is Shoe an AUTOmobile, shaped like a shoe, driven by DOUBTFUL SHA[N][E] Oral stage Focused around rooting/sucking reflex. Pleasure from oral stimulation. If fixation, issue with dependency or aggression. (signs of oral neurosis: smoking, biting fingers/nails, sucking thumb, over-eating) Anal Stage Toilet training. Learns control and independence. Serves as basis for competent, productive, creative adults. If fixation occurs, problems orderiness and messiness. (remember: someone who is "anal" is someone who is orderly and controling, and not messy) Pre-Conventional 23 Months Language Development 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years Longer Sentences of 3+ words concept of big & small, names gender 5 Years 6 Years 7 Years 8 Years 9 Years 10 Years 11 Years (12 -- 20 years old) Language Rules are largely mastered after ~5 years old Motor Development Conventional Kohlberg's 2 sub-stages) Pre-Operational Stage Piaget's once Object Permanence is fully developed. Cognitive Development (4 stages) (social norms) Stage 3, Conformity: seeks approval of others; social norms Stage 4, Law and Order: social order is important (selfish) Moral ience: concerned with avoidingDevelopment punishment instrumental relativist stage" based on concepts (3 phases, each w/ of "i'll scratch your back, you scratch mine" Concrete Operational Stage Begins after children understand Object Permanence. They start to develop pretend-play, imagination, symbolic thinking (symbols to represent things such as the alphabet). Very Egocentric. Centration (tendency to focus on one, narrow aspect of a phenomenon). DOES NOT yet understand conservation water-beaker experiment. Begins when children understand Conservation water-beaker experiment and begins to learn empathy. They are able to reason using math skills. Can grasp logical events. DOES NOT yet have hypothetical reasoning or abstract thought. For Think abstractly, moral reasoning, the reason for conse Identity vs. Role Confusion Initiative vs. Guilt s. Shame and Doubt eedom of choice vs. sense ofErik doubt a feeling of lacking control ) vs. (external locus of control) Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (8 stages) PEGWORD system): 2 is Shoe a shoe, driven by DOUBTFUL SHA[N][E] nal Stage Puberty/Adolescence Sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, enjoy accomplishments vs. fear of punishment, overcompensate by showing off mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 3 is Tree a Tree house is a good INN if it provides [Q] UILTED blankets Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson called this stage the "Physiological revolution" bc the body goes through changes w/ puberty. Competent feeling; able to affect the world as the child desires vs. inadequacy, inability to act Unique and integrated person with sustained competently, low self-esteem loyalties vs. confused identity, (high self-efficacy) vs. (low self-efficacy) amorphous personality (a stable identity) vs. (not really sure who "you" are) mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 4 is Floor in the cleaning INDUSTRY, dirty/dusty floor is INFERIOR to a clean one mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 5 is Guy an undecided gay Guy has ROLE CONFUSION about his IDENTITY Phallic Stage (Oedipal) Freud's Psychosexual for competent, productive, creative adults. If fixation occurs, problems with Development ss and messiness. (5 stages) eone who is orderly and controling, and not messy) Discovers a difference between males and females. Oedipus or Electra Complex. Child identifies with same-sex parent and develops similar characteristics. Morality. If fixation occurs, homosexuality or exhibitionism, aka showing off to get attention. ("phallic" literally means erect. You can remember phallic stage is associated with developing a sexual identity by remembering an erect penis") Latency Period Children release libido in hobbies or interests. Play is between same-gender children. Develop social skills. Fixation at this stage doesn't develop into adult psychosis (remember: to be "latent" means to be hidden; therefore the symtoms of fixation at this stage are "hidden" and are unseen) Genital Stage Focus on developing strong sexual interests. Focus on needs of others. Fixa homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishes. (you can remember this stage because focusing on the "genitals" is conside interest, and that fixation on the wrong gentials leads to homesexua Adulthood Middle Aged Old Age (20 -- 40 years old) (40 -- 65 years old) (65+ years old) Language Development Motor Development Kohlberg's Post-Conventional Moral Development (not everyone achieves this; involves more higher-level thinking than the average population) (3 phases, each w/ 2 sub-stages) Stage 5, Social Contract: views moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights. Stage 6, Universial Human Ethics: reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles Piaget's Formal Operational Stage Cognitive Development Think abstractly, moral reasoning, the reason for consequences. Can perform experiments with controls to solve a problem logically. (4 stages) Intimacy vs. Isolation Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (8 stages) Generativity vs. Stagnation Love and ability to have intimate productive, caring member of society relationships and ability to commit oneself to vs. selfish, bored, and self-centered other's goals vs. avoidance, alienation, (I'm an important member of society vs. distancing, superficial relationships I'm bored with my life) (sustaining relationships vs. distancing oneself) mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 6 is Chicks Chicks prefer INTIMACY (Netflix & Chill) over watching Netflix in ISOLATION. Genital Stage Freud's Focus on developing strong Psychosexual sexual interests. Focus on needs of others. Fixation leads to homosexuality, Developmentasexuality, or fetishes. (you can remember this stage because focusing on the "genitals" is considered a sexual (5 stages) interest, and that fixation on the wrong gentials leads to homesexuality) mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 7 is Heaven Heaven GENERATES a big [stag] NATION of angels Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom and assurance in meaning of life, dignity, life has been worthwhile, ready to face death vs. life sucks, its bitter, wasted one's life, fears impending death. (I lived a meaningful life so I'm ok if I die vs. My life was isn't accomplished yet and I'm not ready to go) mnemonic (PEGWORD system): 8 is Plate I ordered a Breakfast Plate filled with GRITS and dis [this] PEAR.