EDUC704-REVIEWER.pdf

Timeline of Major Events in Early Childhood Education Date Event in the History of Early Childhood Education 1658 *John Amos Comenius published Orbis Sensualium Pictus, the first picture book for children. 1690 *John Locke proposed that children are born...

Timeline of Major Events in Early Childhood Education Date Event in the History of Early Childhood Education 1658 *John Amos Comenius published Orbis Sensualium Pictus, the first picture book for children. 1690 *John Locke proposed that children are born as a Tabula Rasa or Blank Slate, promoting the importance of education and the environment. 1762 *Jean Jacques Rousseau published The Emile or On Education, promoting the idea of the natural goodness of children and the need for education to build their inherent potential. 1804 * Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi opened a school based on his philosophy of education which is educating the whole child – “the head, the hand, and the heart.” 1825 * Robert Owen opened a child-care center for mill workers in New Harmony, Indiana, a model community. 1837 *_Friedrich Froabel, known as the “father of kindergarten,” established his first “children’s garden” in Germany. 1873 *_Suson Blow_ founded the first public school kindergarten in St. Louis, Missouri. 1896 *John and Alice Dewey founded the University of Chicago - Laboratory Schools, where they developed and implemented progressive education ideas. 1907 *_Maria Montessori started Casa dei Bambini in Rome, demonstrating the effectiveness of her method with poor children. 1911 * Rachel McMillan and Margaret Mcmillan founded an open-air nursery in London that focuses on children’s health and education. 1911 *Dr. Arnold Gesell began the Child Study Institute at Yale University. 1916 * Lucy Sprague Mitchell founded the Bureau of Educational Experiments in which was later known as Bank Street Graduate School of Education. The school’s approached to ECE was referred to as the Developmental Interaction Approach. 1919 *Emil Molt founded the first Waldorf School in Waldorf Astoria, Germany. 1926 *Patty Smith Hill founded the National Committee on Nursery Schools (later was renamed to National Association for Nursery Education or NANE), to establish a professional organization for nursey school educators. NANE later on became known as the National Association for the Education of Young Children.  1946 *UNICEF which stands for United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, was established within the United Nations. 1965 *Head Start Program, a comprehensive program for preschoolers of low-income families, began as a summer demonstration program in the US. 1987 NAEYC published its position statement on Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8, which was significantly revised in 1997 and again in 2009. 1989 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted. 1992 *The Reggio Emilia approach became well-known in the United States. The first Reggio Emilia School was founded by Loris Malaguzzi. Early Childhood Teacher and Caregiver The distinction between a teacher and a caregiver is more than a general description of what they do, for their roles overlap. What distinguishes teachers from caregivers is their professionalism - the way they use their knowledge and standards of performance. “Early childhood education is a profession, not just glorified babysitting” Mena, 2008 As professionals, early childhood teachers Possess specialized training and comprehensive knowledge in child development and early childhood education Abide by a defined code of ethics Belong to one or more professional organizations Genuine love for children They know the nature of the child and accept children for who they are They care for the child’s overall well-being RESPECT for ALL children and families “Appreciation of diversity” PASSION Inner drive A sense of accomplishment can sustain and motivate you SENSE OF HUMOR Learning should be fun nothing conveys this message more than a room that is filled with spontaneous laughter. CREATIVITY It takes creativity to teach: - In a physical environment that is less than ideal or when resources are limited. - Children with differing learning styles who think and learn in different ways FLEXIBILITY Ability to deal well with change and unexpected turns You need to be able to switch gears at a moment;s notice and find an alternative that works HIGH ENERGY Most children respond positively to teachers with high energy levels, valuing their enthusiasm LOVE OF LEARNING PPT 2 Early Childhood Education - Encompasses developmentally appropriate programs that serve children from birth through ag eight. Early childhood teachers work with various groups 1. Infant and toddlers : birth to 36 months yrs old 2. Preschoolers : 3 to 4 yrs old 3. Kindergartners : 5 to 6 years old 4. Primary grades : 7 to 8 years old Why is it important to know about the history of ECE? Creates awareness and understanding of changes in education Serves as a source of inspiration Helps teachers develop creative expression and better methods of teaching Helps individuals develop a philosophy of teaching Factors that brought ECE into Public Consciousness 1. Changes in family life - Structures - Roles and responsibilities 2. Impressive body of research on the positive effects of early childhood programs even among those from disadvantaged backgrounds - Head start program 3. Child advocacy - It refers to political and legislative activism by professionals to urge change in social policies affecting children. 4. Changing views on children Children through time THE CHANGING VIEWS ON CHILDREN Children as miniature adults Children in need of redemption Children as blank slates Children as innocents Children’s as economic value The child as a citizen with right CHILDREN AS MINIATURE ADULTS CHILDREN IN NEED OF REDEMPTION 16th century protestant reformation gave way to the idea that children were born in sin and needed redemption. Rocking cradles and cribs were replaced with stationary cribs to reduce experiences that might be stimulating or pleasurable to children. Misbehavior of any kind was considered sinful and punished harshly. Children wore a special glove to prevent thumbsucking which was believed to be overly arousing and harmful to development JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592-1670) Children learn best by doing and learning follows a natural order (learning readiness) Children should learn in their own language or vernacular Children learn through the senses and need to be active Children are born in the image of God, and he was opposed to physical punishments. CHILDREN AS BLANK SLATES (1632-1704) English philosopher John Locke believed that children are born as Tabula Rasa or blank slates He rejected the notion of inherent sinfulness and strongly emphasized the importance and value of education Founder of modern educational philosophy Strongly believed in nurture over nature Focused on the importance of play and the environment towards healthy development. CHILDREN AS INNOCENTS (1712-1778) The french philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau believed in the natural goodness of the child “Emile” children are born good rather than evil He advocated the natural education of young children. Children have their innate timetables - the idea of “unfolding”. Such approach is at the heart of DAP (developmentally appropriate practices) in which childhood educators match their educational practices to children’s developmental levels and abilities. CHILDREN’S ECONOMIC VALUE Late 18th to 19th century as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution At various points in history and even today, children are seen as economically necessary to contribute work to the sustenance and care of the family. JOHANN PESTALOZZI (1746 - 1827) A swiss educator who founded his own school and trained teachers Stressed education according to nature, tied to experience and observation (learning from direct observation and sensory experience in the natural world) Stressed the importance of the mother in children’s earliest experiences. All people, even the poorest, have the right to an education Emphasized the integrated curriculum approach to educating the whole child (the head, the hand, the heart) FRIEDRICH FROABEL (1782 - 1852) Developed the first curriculum-based program exclusively for young children Children are at different stages at different times Stressed the importance of play in young children’s development - play was a pure and natural mode for learning. Started the first Garden for Children - Kindergarten Froabel identified Gifts (objects) and Occupations utilized in certain ways to optimize learning in young children Believed that both men and women should teach preschoolers (2-6yrs) THE CHILD AS A CITIZEN WITH RIGHTS - In a democratic society, rights are implemented as laws such as those that protect children from abuse and prosecution as adults. - In 1989, world leaders came together and made a historic commitment to the world’s children. They made a promise to every child to protect and fulfill their rights, by adopting an international legal framework - the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.