Phase 1-Committee 1-Medical Biochemistry PDF

PHASE 1- COMMITTEE 1-MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY INTEDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Terin Adali Dr. Love. E. Mendie...

PHASE 1- COMMITTEE 1-MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY INTEDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Terin Adali Dr. Love. E. Mendie M.Sc. Mthabisi T.G Moyo Department of Medical Biochemistry 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 1  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Recognize the interdisciplinary applications of medical biochemistry. Understand how biochemistry concepts relate to various medical fields Appreciate the impact of biochemistry on modern medicine. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 2  Biochemical Basis of Pharmacology Intersection between biochemistry and pharmacology. Understanding the biochemical basis of pharmacology is essential for developing effective drugs and therapies that target specific biochemical pathways. Enzymes, receptors, and transporters play pivotal roles in drug development. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 3  Drug Targets: Enzymes, Receptors, and Transporters Drug targets are specific molecules within the body that drugs interact with to produce their effects. The three primary types of drug targets are enzymes, receptors, and transporters. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 4  Enzymes as Drug Targets Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body. Drugs can inhibit or activate enzymes, modulating specific pathways. Example: Statins inhibit HMG- CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol levels. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 5  Receptors as Drug Targets Receptors are proteins that receive and transmit signals in cells. Drug-receptor interactions can mimic or block natural signals. Example: Beta-blockers target beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 6  Transporters as Drug Targets Transporters facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes. Drugs can affect transporter activity, altering the distribution of substances. Example: Antidepressants target serotonin transporters. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 7 Examples of Drugs Targeting Biochemical Pathways 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 8  Statins: Targeting Cholesterol Biosynthesis Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. They lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 9  Beta-Blockers: Modulating Heart Function Beta-blockers target beta- adrenergic receptors in the heart. They reduce heart rate and blood pressure, making them valuable in treating hypertension and heart-related conditions 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 10  Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Enhancing Mood SSRIs, like fluoxetine, target serotonin transporters. They increase serotonin levels in synapses, alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 11  ACE Inhibitors: Regulating Blood Pressure ACE inhibitors block the enzyme angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE). They relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, aiding in the treatment of hypertension. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 12  Genomic Medicine and Biochemistry 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 13  DNA, RNA, and Proteins in Gene Expression DNA: The Genetic Blueprint DNA stores genetic information in its double helix structure. DNA replication ensures the faithful transmission of genetic material RNA: Transcription and Translation RNA serves as a messenger, carrying genetic instructions from DNA. Transcription produces RNA molecules, while translation synthesizes proteins based on RNA templates. Proteins: Functional Gene Products Proteins are the primary effectors of genetic information. They execute various functions, from structural support to enzymatic catalysis. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 14  Gene Expression and Regulation Regulating Gene Expression Cells tightly control which genes are active and when. Regulatory proteins, like transcription factors, play key roles in gene regulation. Epigenetics: Beyond DNA Sequence Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, influence gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Epigenetics has profound implications for development and disease. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 15  Genomic Medicine and Biochemistry Genomic Medicine Overview Genomic medicine leverages genomic data to guide medical care. It involves understanding an individual's genetic makeup to tailor treatments and disease prevention. Biochemistry's Contribution Biochemistry provides the tools to analyze and interpret genomic data. Understanding the biochemical consequences of genetic mutations is essential for disease diagnosis and treatment. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 16  Biochemistry and Precision Medicine 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 17  Clinical Applications Precision Medicine and Medical Biochemistry Genomic & Proteomic Analysis Identifies genetic mutations and protein profiles for targeted therapies. Drug Metabolism & Pharmacogenomics Uses enzyme variants to personalize drug choice and dosing. Biochemical Pathways in Disease Targets specific metabolic or signaling steps for precision treatments. Biomarkers for Detection & Monitoring Monitors disease progression and treatment response with biochemical markers. Personalized Nutrition & Metabolomics Guides diet and lifestyle adjustments based on metabolic profiles. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 18  Medical Biochemistry & Microbiology 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 19  Pathogen-Host Interactions Infectious diseases involve complex interactions between pathogens and the host's biochemical processes. Pathogen Invasion and Adaptation Pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, employ various strategies to invade and adapt within the host. These strategies often involve the manipulation of host biochemical pathways. The Role of Enzymes in Pathogenicity Pathogens produce enzymes that aid in host tissue invasion, nutrient acquisition, and immune system evasion. Examples include proteases, lipases, and glycosidases. Toxins and Their Biochemical Impact Bacterial toxins (e.g., exotoxins and endotoxins) and viral toxins can disrupt host cellular processes. Toxins can interfere with signal transduction, protein synthesis, and membrane integrity 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 20  Antigens, Immune Response, and Vaccines Antigens: Pathogen Signatures Pathogens express antigens on their surfaces that trigger the host's immune response. Understanding antigenic determinants helps in identifying and targeting pathogens. The Immune Response The host's immune system recognizes and combats pathogens through mechanisms like antibody production and cell-mediated immunity. Immune responses often involve biochemical signaling pathways. Vaccines: Exploiting Biochemical Memory Vaccines leverage the body's ability to remember pathogens by introducing harmless antigens. This biochemically "primes" the immune system to respond rapidly if exposed to the actual pathogen. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 21  Antimicrobial Agents and Biochemistry Drug Targets and Mechanisms Antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics and antivirals, target specific biochemical processes in pathogens. Examples include inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis or viral DNA replication. Antibiotic Resistance: A Biochemical Challenge Pathogens can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents through biochemical adaptations. Combating resistance requires understanding the evolving biochemistry of pathogens. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 22  Conclusion Interdisciplinary Relevance: Medical biochemistry bridges multiple scientific and medical fields, demonstrating its wide-ranging applications. Conceptual Connections: Understanding biochemistry is essential for grasping complex medical processes and how they intersect with various disciplines. Modern Medicine Impact: Biochemistry advancements drive innovation in diagnostics, treatment, and disease prevention, shaping the future of healthcare. 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 23 27.10.2024 MBCHEM-101-P1-C1 T. Adali.- L.E.-Mendie - M.T.G. Moyo 24