Overview of Biochemistry Presentation PDF

OVERVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY Presented by Mariam Mahmoud  Table of Contents Definition of Medical Biochemistry and History Importance of medical Biochemistry Medical Biochemistry Scope: 1. Clinical Biochemistry 2. Bio-molecules Introduction 3. Cellular Biochemistry 4. Enzymolog...

OVERVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY Presented by Mariam Mahmoud  Table of Contents Definition of Medical Biochemistry and History Importance of medical Biochemistry Medical Biochemistry Scope: 1. Clinical Biochemistry 2. Bio-molecules Introduction 3. Cellular Biochemistry 4. Enzymology 5. Genomics and Proteomics  What is Biochemistry? It is the study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It combines principles of chemistry and biology to understand chemical processes. Timeline 1828 1860s 1897 History of molecular Organic compounds Enzyme Discovery Enzymes are chemistry created from Louis Pasteur's studies on catalysts inorganic source fermentation led to the Eduard Buchner discovery of enzymes and demonstrated that Friedrich Wöhler the role of fermentation could occur in synthesized urea, microorganisms in cell-free extracts, proving demonstrating that organic biochemical processes. that enzymes catalyze compounds could be created biochemical reactions from inorganic substances. Timeline 1926 1953 1977 1983 Enzymes are Double Helix DNA DNA sequencing PCR Invention proteins James Watson and Francis Methods Kary Mullis with his PCR James Sumner crystallized Crick proposed the double Frederick Sanger invention ;enabling rapid urease, showing that helix structure of DNA, developed methods for and specific amplification of enzymes are proteins. providing sequencing DNA, DNA sequences, crucial insight into genetic revolutionizing genetics and for modern diagnostics and information storage and molecular biology. research. transmission. Importance of Biochemistry in medicine and healthcare: 1. Disease Diagnosis 2. Drug Development 3. Genetic Testing and Therapy 4. Nutritional Biochemistry 5. Clinical Research The Biochemistry is crucial in detecting and monitor different enzyme and hormone levels. This principle is used in Laboratory different systems such as Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Hepatorenal systems, and in Aspect carcinogenics.  The Laboratory Disease Diagnosis: - Kidney Function: - Endocrine system: Diabetes Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine Diabetic patients monitor their blood glucose level levels to assess kidney function. using blood glucose levels and HbA1c as long term - Liver Function: blood sugar control. Liver Enzymes Levels (ALT, AST) and bilirubin levels to detect liver damage or disease. - Cardiovascular Diseases: - Cancer: Lipid profile tests, including LDL, HDL, and Detection of tumor markers like PSA for prostate triglycerides, to assess the risk of having cancer and CA-125 for ovarian cancer, aiding atherosclerosis or coronary heart diseases. in diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. - Drug Development: Target Identification: Using biochemical knowledge to discover molecular targets for new drugs, such as enzymes or receptors involved in disease pathways. -Drug Design: Rational design of molecules based on the structure and function of target proteins, leading to effective and specific therapeutic agents. -Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Studying how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted, and their biochemical effects on the body to optimize dosing and efficacy. -Nutrient Deficiency Diagnoses: Biochemical assays identify deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as vitamin D, iron, and iodine, leading to targeted interventions and supplementation. Clinical Research Pathophysiology Studies: Investigating biochemical changes in diseases to understand 01 their mechanisms, such as the role of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Biomarker Discovery: Identifying and validating new biomarkers for early 02 detection, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases to improve patient outcomes through personalized medicine. -Clinical Trials: Biochemical markers are used to assess drug safety and efficacy during different phases of clinical trials. - Genetic Testing and Therapy: Genetic Screening: Techniques like PCR are used to detect genetic mutations associated with inherited diseases, such as BRCA mutations in breast cancer. Gene Therapy: Using biochemistry to develop methods for correcting defective genes such as glycogen storage diseases for targeted gene editing to treat genetic disorders. - Nutritional Biochemistry: Detecting levels of different molecules levels like vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to maintain health and prevent deficiencies.  Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine  Clinical Biochemistry - Clinical Biochemistry: Diagnostic Biochemistry: Blood tests (glucose, lipids, electrolytes), urine analysis, and biomarker detection. Therapeutic Monitoring: Drug levels, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and pharmacokinetics. Pathology: Biochemical changes in diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancers, and genetic conditions. Biomolecules: - Carbohydrates: Study of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and their roles in energy storage and structural functions.They are important in animals and plants. - Proteins: Analysis of amino acids, peptide bonds, protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, Quaternary), and functions like enzymatic activity, signaling, and structural support. - Lipids: Examination of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and their roles in energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling. - Nucleic Acids: Study of DNA and RNA structures, nucleotide sequences, replication, transcription, and translation processes. - Vitamins and Minerals: Role of micro-nutrients in enzyme function, metabolic pathways, and overall health. - Enzymology: -Enzyme Structure: Active sites, coenzymes, and cofactors. Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten kinetics, factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, inhibitors). Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and feedback inhibition. -Genomics and Proteomics: Genomic Analysis: DNA sequencing, gene expression profiling, and genome editing technologies like CRISPR. Proteomic Analysis: Protein identification, quantification, post-translational modifications, and interaction networks. - Cellular Biochemistry: Cell Membrane: It is a semipermeable membrane responsible for keeping the organelles in place, transport mechanisms (diffusion, osmosis, active transport). Cytoplasm and Organelles: Functions of mitochondria (ATP production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (modification and transport of proteins), and lysosomes (degradation and recycling). Metabolism: - Catabolic Pathways: Breakdown of molecules to produce energy, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. - Anabolic Pathways: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid biosynthesis. Conclusions We concluded that Biochemistry is indispensable in the medical field. Biochemical Terms are important to begin in this course. This lecture provides overview of the definition, scope, and historical development of biochemistry, emphasizing its crucial role in medicine and healthcare. Buckle up your seats for this journey !  Thank you! Do you have any questions?