MBBS Introduction to Anatomy PDF

MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 Introduction to Anatomy Objectives: The objective of the lecture is to discuss the anatomical terms, anatomical positions, regions of the body, organ systems, ways of describing and visualizing the human body. Topic Outcomes: 1. Explain the importance of Anatomy in the curr...

MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 Introduction to Anatomy Objectives: The objective of the lecture is to discuss the anatomical terms, anatomical positions, regions of the body, organ systems, ways of describing and visualizing the human body. Topic Outcomes: 1. Explain the importance of Anatomy in the curriculum and discuss the subdivisions of anatomy. 2. Describe how a human body is studied by the process of dissection of cadaver. 3 Explain the concept of normal anatomical position and describe the planes in the study of anatomy, different anatomical terms of position and movement. 4 Explain the scope of regional and systemic anatomy. 5. Classify the joints with examples. Anatomy-Definition & Importance Anatomy is derived from Greek word ANATOME (Ana – up, tome – cutting). Traditionally, study of anatomy was made by - cutting up or dissecting of organisms. Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) of the human body and its parts. Anatomy forms the basis for the entire medical field. Knowledge of anatomy is essential to know the body parts & its components in order to ensure safe clinical practice by clinicians, especially in the fields of surgery and imaging. Cadaver It is a preserved dead body, especially intended for dissection to teach/train the medical students. Derived from Latin word “cadere” - to fall 1. Embalming is the process to treat the cadaver with preservatives in order to prevent decay. 2. Embalming has three goals: disinfection, preservation and restoration. 3. Embalming has been part of the funeral process. The Egyptians embalmed for religious reasons, Today we embalm our dead for preservation and restoration to a more pleasing appearance. 4. Embalming was done in 1861 by Dr. Thomas Holmes, Father of modern embalming. 5. In modern embalming, arsenic was injected through the arterial system. Arsenic effectively killed all microorganisms that contributed to decomposition but was banned in the early 20th century due to its significant health risks. 6. Now formalin is used in the Anatomy for embalming. Gross anatomy Study of the part and structure of the body with naked eye. Also known as macroscopic Anatomy. How to study ? 1. Dissection 2. Study with the dissected preserved specimens 3. Models 4. Diagrams 5. Lectures / Tutorials 6. Other class room activities. Subdivisions of Anatomy Histology or microscopic anatomy Study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body using microscope. Embryology Study of the various stages of intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to birth. Osteology Study of bony system or skeleton. Myology Study of the muscles. Arthrology Study of joints. Syndesmology Study of the articulations or joints. Angiology Study of the vascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. Neurology Study of the nervous system. Splanchnology Study of the visceral organs. Normal anatomical position (supine position) Standing erect, facing the observer, feet slightly apart, arms are at the sides with palms facing forward. 1. Body erect 2. Feet slightly apart 3. Palms facing forward 4. Thumbs point away from the body Supine position Anatomical terms Relative Positions Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part. Terms of relative position include 1. Superior 2. Inferior 3. Anterior 4. Posterior 5. Medial 6. Lateral 7. Proximal 8. Distal. 9. Superficial (peripheral) 10. Deep. Planes of the body Sagittal plane Divides the body into right and left parts. Midsagittal plane Sagittal plane that lies on the midline. Coronal or frontal plane Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse or horizontal plane (cross section) Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Oblique section Cuts made diagonally. Levels of organization Regions of the body 1. Head & Neck 2. Trunk 3. Upper limb 4. Lower limb The trunk is subdivided into: 1. Thorax 2. Abdomen - Abdomen proper 3. Pelvis and Perineum Upper limb consists of Shoulder Arm Forearm Hand Lower limb consists of Gluteal region (buttock) Thigh Leg Foot Regional Anatomy It is the study of group of organs Systemic anatomy The study of group of organs / structures concerned with the same / similar functions. Organ systems of the body Organ systems of the body 1. Skeletal system 2. Muscular system 3. Cardio-vascular system 4. Lymphatic system 5. Respiratory system 6. Digestive system 7. Urinary system 8. Reproductive system 9. Endocrine system 10. Nervous system 11. Integumentary system Systemic Anatomy Terms of movement Flexion, extension. Abduction, adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Circumduction. Movements of the body Upper limb Pronation Supination Pectoral girdle Protraction Retraction. Foot Inversion and eversion. Musculoskeletal system Components Muscles Bones Joints Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows movement and helps in locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Muscle tissue properties Excitability or irritability Ability to respond to a stimulus Contractility Ability to shorten forcibly Extensibility Muscle fibers can be stretched Elasticity Resume its normal length after being shortened Types of muscular tissue Skeletal muscle Striated,voluntary Cardiac muscle of heart Heart, striated, involuntary Smooth muscle Nonstriated, involuntary. Joints General features of joints 1. Joints are the junctions of two or more bones. 2. Joints are made of flexible connective tissues that hold bones together allowing movement 3. Range of movements: - Some joints allow a great degree of movement ,while some joints do not permit any movement. Classification of joints Joints are classified based on 1. Movement. 2. Axis of movement. 3. Structure between the bones According to movement: Synarthrosis Immovable joint- Example - skull Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable joint-Example-elbow, knee Diarthrosis Freely movable joint – Example- shoulder Synovial joints According to axis of movement Uniaxial joints Hinge joints Biaxial joints Ellipsoid joints & saddle joints Multiaxial joints Plane joints & Ball and socket joint. Fibrous joints Joints connected by fibrous structures like ligaments- immovable. Cartilaginous joints Bones connected by cartilages - immovable or slightly movable. Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints More mobile Synovial joints - Structure 1. Articular surfaces of bones are covered by articular cartilage, made up of hyaline cartilage 2. Articular capsule, a fibrous membrane covers and protects the articular surfaces of bones 3. Synovial membrane lines the joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint. Types of synovial joint 1. Plane joint 2. Hinge joint 3. Pivot joint 4. Condyloid joint 5. Ellipsoid joint 6. Saddle joint 7. Ball & socket joint Synovial joints Plane joint The opposed articular surfaces are flat and permits only sliding movements. Eg.Acromioclavicular joint Hinge joint Resemble the hinge on a door and allows movement in one axis. Eg.Elbow,knee & ankle Pivot joint A central bony pivot is surrounded by bony ligamentous ring. Eg.Atlanto axial & superior radio ulnar joints Condyloid joint 1. Have convex surfaces articulating with concave surfaces. 2. Slight rotation possible. Eg.Metacarpo phalangeal joints of fingers Ellipsoid joint 1. Elliptical convex surface articulating with elliptical concave surface. 2. No rotation Eg.Wrist joint Saddle joint 1. Articular surfaces are reciprocally concavo convex like a saddle on horse back. 2. Rotation is possible. Eg.Carpo metacarpal joint of thumb. Ball and socket joint 1. A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with the socket like cavity of another bone 2. Capable of free movements around number of axes Eg. Shoulder & hip joints Summary 1. Anatomy- definition 2. Subdivisions of anatomy 3. Planes of human body 4. Terms of position 5. Terms of movement 6. Regional and systemic anatomy 7. Joints