Maternal and Child Health Nursing Framework PDF

**MODULE 1** **FRAMEWORK FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURSING** A. ^Health\ Promotion^ B. ^Health\ Maintenance^ C. ^Health\ Restoration^ D. ^Health\ Rehabilitation^ **DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES OF PHASES OF HEALTH CARE:** **Health Promotion** - Educating parents and children to follow sound...

**MODULE 1** **FRAMEWORK FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURSING** A. ^Health\ Promotion^ B. ^Health\ Maintenance^ C. ^Health\ Restoration^ D. ^Health\ Rehabilitation^ **DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES OF PHASES OF HEALTH CARE:** **Health Promotion** - Educating parents and children to follow sound health practices through teaching and role modeling. Example: -Teaching women the importance of rubella immunization before pregnancy. -Teaching adolescents the importance of safer sex practices. **Health Maintenance** - Intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present. Example: -Encouraging women to be partners in prenatal care. -Teaching parents the importance of safe-guarding their home by childproofing against poisoning. **Health Restoration -** Using conscientious assessment to be certain that symptoms of illness are identified and interventions are begun to return client to wellness most rapidly. Example: -Caring for a woman during a complication of pregnancy such as gestational diabetes or a child during an acute illness such as pneumonia^.^ **Health Rehabilitation**- Helping prevent complications from illness; helping a client with residual effects achieve an optimal state of wellness and independence; helping a client to accept inevitable death. Example: -Encouraging a woman with gestational trophoblastic disease (abnormal placenta growth) to continue therapy or a child with a renal transplant to continue to take necessary medications. **GOALS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURSING:** The medical term " **obstetrics**" or care of women during childbirth, is derived from the Greek word obstare, which means "**to keep watch**". "**Pediatrics**" is a word derived from the Greek word pais, meaning "**child**". In nursing these terms are seldom used in preference to "**maternity**" and "**child** **health**" to stress the importance of the nurse as a partner in care (not just keeping watch)and to stress the child's family is also included. **THE PRIMARY GOAL** of both maternal and child health nursing can be stated simply as the promotion and maintenance of optimal family health to ensure cycles of optimal child-bearing and childrearing. **Philosophy of Maternal and Child Health Nursing; Maternal and Child health nursing is:** Maternal and Child health nursing is: -Family centered; assessment should always include the family as well as the individual. \- Community centered; the health of families is both affected by and influences the health of communities. -Evidence based; this is the means whereby critical knowledge increases. -A challenging role for nurses and a major factor in keeping families well and optimally functioning. A maternal and child health nurse: -Considers the family as a whole and as a partner in care when planning or implementing or evaluating the effectiveness of care. \- Serves as an advocate to protect the right of all family members, including the fetus. \- Demonstrates a high degree of independent nursing functions, because teaching and counseling are major interventions. \- Promotes health and disease prevention because these protect the health of the next generation. \- Serves as an important resource for families during childbearing and childrearing as these can be extremely stressful times in a life cycle. \- Respects personal, cultural, and religious attitudes and beliefs as these so strongly influence the meaning and impact of childbearing and childrearing. \- Encourages developmental stimulation during both health and illness so children can reach their ultimate capacity in adult life. \- Assesses families for strengths as well as specific needs or challenges. \- Encourages family bonding through rooming-in and family visiting in maternal and child health care setting. \- Encourages early hospital discharge options to reunite families as soon as possible in order to create a seamless, helpful transition process. \- Encourages families to reach out to their community so the family can develop a wealth of support people they can call on in a time of family crisis. In all settings and types of care, keeping the family at the center of care or considering the family as the primary unit of care is important because the level of a family's functioning is so important to the health status of its members. A healthy family establishes an environment conducive to growth and health promoting-behaviors to sustain family members during crises. **MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH GOALS AND STANDARDS:** **2020 National Health Goals:** The importance a society assigns to human life can best be measured by the concern a nation places on its most vulnerable members, its elderly, its disadvantaged, and its youngest citizens. In 2010, new goals to be achieved by 2020 were set (U.S. Department of Health and Human services DHHS, 2010). Many of these objectives directly involve maternal and child health care, because improving the health of these age groups will have long-term effects. **The two main overarching national goals are:** -Increase quality and years of healthy life. -Eliminate health disparities. A new objective added in 2010 recommends that 100% of prelicensure programs in nursing include core content on counseling for health promotion and disease prevention, cultural diversity, evaluation of health sciences literature, environmental health, public health systems, and global health, all important areas for maternal and child health. The 2020 National Health Goals are intended to help citizens more easily understand the importance of health promotion and disease prevention and to encourage wide participation in improving health in the next decade. It is important for maternal and child health nurses to be familiar with these goals because nurses play such a vital role in helping the nation achieve these objectives through both practice and research. The goals also serve as the basis for grant funding and financing of evidence-based practice. **Global Health Goals:** ^The\ United\ Nations\ **(UN)**\ and\ the\ World\ Health\ Organization\ **(WHO)**\ established\ millennium\ health\ goals\ in\ 2020\ in\ an\ effort\ to\ improve\ health\ worldwide.\ As\ with\ 2020\ National\ Health\ Goals,\ these\ concentrate\ on\ improving\ the\ health\ of\ women\ and\ children\ because\ increasing\ the\ health\ in\ these\ two\ populations\ can\ have\ such\ long-ranging\ effects\ on\ general\ health.^ **^These\ Global\ Health\ Goals\ are:^** ^-End\ poverty\ and\ hunger^ ^-Achieve\ universal\ primary\ education.^ ^-Promote\ gender\ equality\ and\ empower\ women.^ ^-Reduce\ child\ mortality.^ ^-Improve\ maternal\ health.^ ^-Combat\ HIV/AIDS,\ malaria,\ and\ other\ diseases.^ ^-Ensure\ environmental\ sustainability.^ ^-Develop\ a\ global\ partnership\ for\ development.^ ^The\ establishment\ of\ global\ health\ goals\ is\ a\ major\ step\ forward\ in\ improving\ the\ health\ of\ all\ people,\ as\ contagious\ diseases,\ poverty,\ and\ gender\ inequality\ do\ not\ respect\ national\ boundaries\ but\ follow\ people\ across\ the\ world\ and\ into\ all\ nations\ (UN\ 2000).^ **Roles and Responsibilities of a Maternal and Child Nurse:** Nursing care, at its best, is designed and implemented in a thorough manner, using organized series of steps, to ensure quality and consistency of care. Nursing care is based on nursing process , a scientific form of problem solving, serves as the basis for assessing, making, a nursing diagnosis, planning, implementing, and evaluating care. It is a process broad enough to serve as the basis for modern nursing care because it is applicable to all health care setting, from the home to ambulatory clinics to intensive care units. Because nurses rarely work in isolation, but rather as a member of an interprofessional team, interprofessional care maps and checkpoint questions on teamwork to demonstrate the use of the nursing process as well as for specific clients needs, and accentuate the increasingly important **role** of nurses as coordinators of care for a collaborative team. **THEORIES RELATED TO MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSING:** One of the requirements of a profession (together with other critical determinants, such as members set their own standards, self-monitor their practice quality, and participate in research) is that a discipline's knowledge flows from a base of established theory. Nursing theories are designed to offer helpful ways to view clients so nursing activities can be created to best meet client needs^.^ ^**-\ Calistra\ Roy's\ theory**-\ stresses\ that\ an\ important\ role\ of\ the\ nurse\ is\ to\ help\ patients\ adapt\ to\ change\ caused\ by\ illness\ or\ other\ stressor.^ ^-\ **Dorothea\ Orem's\ theory**-\ concentrates\ on\ examining\ patients'\ ability\ to\ perform\ self-care.^ ^-\ **Patricia\ Benner's\ theory**-\ describes\ the\ way\ nurses\ move\ from\ novice\ to\ expert\ as\ they\ become\ more\ experienced\ and\ prep\ to\ give\ interprofessional\ care.^ ^\>\ Using\ a\ theoretical\ basis\ such\ as\ these\ can\ help\ you\ appreciate\ the\ significant\ effect\ of\ a\ child's\ illness\ or\ the\ introduction\ of\ a\ new\ member\ of\ the\ total\ family.^ ^\>\ Other\ issues\ most\ nursing\ theorists\ address\ include\ how\ nurses\ should\ be\ viewed\ or\ what\ should\ be\ the\ goals\ of\ nursing\ care.\ The\ SCOPE\ of\ nursing\ practice\ is\ the\ range\ of\ services\ and\ care\ that\ may\ be\ provided\ by\ the\ nurse\ based\ on\ state\ requirements,\ Extensive\ changes\ in\ the\ scope\ of\ maternal\ and\ child\ health\ nursing\ have\ occurred\ as\ health\ promotion\ (teaching,\ counseling,\ supporting,\ and\ advocacy,\ or\ keeping\ parents\ and\ children\ well)\ has\ become\ a\ greater\ priority\ in\ care\ (\ Salsman,\ Grunsberg,\ Beaumont,\ et\ al.,\ 2012).^ ^\>\ As\ promoting\ healthy\ pregnancies\ and\ keeping\ children\ well\ protects\ not\ only\ clients\ at\ present\ but\ the\ health\ of\ the\ next\ generation.\ Maternal-Child\ health\ nurses\ fill\ these\ expanded\ roles\ to\ a\ unique\ and\ special\ degree.^ **WHO's 17 Sustainable Development Goals** ### **The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world:** ### [GOAL 1: No Poverty](https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/?page_id=6226&preview=true) [GOAL 2: Zero Hunger](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal2.html) [GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal3.html) [GOAL 4: Quality Education](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal4.html) [GOAL 5: Gender Equality](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal5.html) [GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal6.html) [GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal7.html) [GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal8.html) [GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal9.html) [GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal10.html) [GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal11.html) [GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal12.html) [GOAL 13: Climate Action](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal13.html) [GOAL 14: Life Below Water](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal14.html) [GOAL 15: Life on Land](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal15.html) [GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal16.html) [GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal](http://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal17.html) **REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH** **A. Concept of Unitive and Procreative Health:** \- Sex used to be spoken about only behind closed doors or as the topic of suggestive remarks. Now it is something everyone must know everything about, including every form of sexual depravity.  If there were no pleasure attached to sex, who would do it? -Pleasure there for a purpose   **--  TWO PURPOSES -** **To strengthen the couple ' s relationship** and to **give them the ability to share with God in the creation of another human being**  Sexuality is all those things that go with being male or female  --  including physical and emotional differences. They are all part of being human.   **SEXUAL INTERCOURSE** involves genital and erotic activity. We are all sexual beings, but it isn't necessary to become involved in genita married, but everyone is a sexual human being to be loved and accepted for who they are  --   and able themselves to give and receive love  - ' Two becoming one flesh '     -that ' s the **UNITIVE** purpose of our sexuality   - ' Increase and multiply '    --   that ' s the **PRO-CREATIVE** purpose   - ' Two becoming one flesh '   -is part of the life-long commitment that is **marriage**. **- PROCREATION , CREATION and EVOLUTION --** **Procreation** → is the creation of a new human person, by the act of sexual intercourse, by a man and a woman. **Creation**→ is the making of all things from nothing, by an act of God, at some time in the past. God\'s action could have taken a second, or 6 days, or a million years. **Evolutionary theory** is the theory that all things came about by the repeated random actions of natural selection, whereby: 1\. Life came into existence, and then 2\. Primitive life evolved into more and more complex organisms, and eventually producing mankind. Evolutionary theory requires the assumption of billions of years for its processes.   With the introduction of artificial birth control to the marital act, the procreative dimension is purposefully suppressed and ignored. The unitive dimension, therefore, is separated from the procreative. Just as a forced act of physical love by one\'s spouse upon the other violates the unitive dimension of marital love, the impairment of the capacity to transmit human life violates the procreative dimension.     Moreover, we must also consider the possible side effects of these pills to the health of the woman. In examining for various oral contraceptives, possible health complications include, thrombosis, cerebrovascular disorders, birth defects and various forms of cancer (breast, cervical, ovarian and uterine). Tragically, many doctors do not inform the woman of these health risks when prescribing these drugs. Since each individual has an obligation for maintaining his or her own health, any drug which consistently changes the normal functioning of the body and which carries these risks would be morally objectionable