Maternal And Pedia PDF

Table 1. Leading causes, number and percent MODULE 1: distribution of maternal deaths, Philippines, 2010 OVERVIEW Main Cause...

Table 1. Leading causes, number and percent MODULE 1: distribution of maternal deaths, Philippines, 2010 OVERVIEW Main Cause Number Percent This module discusses the current situation of 1. Complications related to maternal and child health in the pregnancy occurring in 660 34.4% the course of labor, Philippines and the causes of the maternal and delivery, and puerperium pediatric mortality, morbidity, and maternal risk 2. Hypertension assessment. It also includes the basic principles by complicating pregnancy, which disorders can be inherited and information 605 35.2% childbirth, and about the necessary assessments, care, and puerperium guidelines for counseling of families if it is 3. Postpartum hemorrhage 298 17.3 discovered that there is a potential for a genetic 4. Pregnancy with abortive disorder in the family. Such information can 156 9.1 outcome influence the health of a childbearing or Total 1719 100 childrearing family for generations to come. THE RISK OF MATERNAL DEATH IS The health of Filipino mothers and children determines the health of the next generation of AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS LIKE: Filipinos. This is the primary goal of maternal and Frequency and spacing of births child health nursing care stated simply as the Nutrition level (maternal undernutrition) promotion and maintenance of optimal family Stature and maternal age health to ensure cycles of optimal childbearing and Appropriate medical and midwife support childrearing. Access to emergency and intensive treatment if were necessary. MATERNAL, NEONATAL, AND CHILD Lack of management capacity in the health system. MORTALITY No political will and lack of management capacity in the health system. Significant improvements in maternal and childcare Majority of these deaths and disabilities are have been realized in the past four decades. preventable, being mainly due to insufficient However, pregnancy and childbirth still pose a great care during pregnancy and delivery. risk to Filipino women of the reproductive age (DOH, HIV infection is an increasing threat. Mother- 2011). Maternal mortality rate is still high, reported by to-child transmission of HIV continues to be a UNICEF, 2009 at 160 per 100,000 live births major problem, with up to 45 percent of HIV- declining slowly to 120 in 2013. Furthermore, infected mothers transmitting infection to UNICEF also reported the maternal situation in the their children. Philippines. 160 women for every 100,000 births die. In 2013, although the infant mortality rate slightly Roughly over 11 women die every day. increased, the number of registered infant deaths 7 out of 10 deaths occur at childbirth or within slightly decreased by more than one percent, from a day after delivery last year’s 22,254 cases to 21,992 cases. It 4 out of 10 deaths are due to complications comprised of 4.1 percent of the total deaths and widespread infections (531,280) reported during the year. This represented For every death, 40 more women get sick. a daily average of 60 infant deaths and was 8 out of 10 births in rural areas are delivered equivalent to an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 12.5 outside a health facility deaths per thousand live births. Table 1 shows the leading causes of maternal The top three leading causes of infant mortality were deaths, majority of which directly results from Pneumonia (3,146; 14.3%); Bacterial sepsis of pregnancy complications occurring during labor, newborn (2,731; 12.4%); and Respiratory distress of delivery and postpartum. This is followed by newborn (2,347; 10.7%). The listed top ten leading hypertension complicating pregnancy, childbirth and causes of infant mortality in 2013 were the same with puerperium; postpartum hemorrhage and pregnancy what was recorded in 2012 which only differ in ranks with abortive outcome (DOH, 2011). These deaths of (Figure 1) women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. JAZILLE F. BATCH 2026  Table 1. Leading causes, number and percent MODULE 1: distribution of maternal deaths, Philippines, 2010 OVERVIEW Main Cause Number Percent This module discusses the current situation of 1. Complications related to maternal and child health in the pregnancy occurring in 660 34.4% the course of labor, Philippines and the causes of the maternal and delivery, and puerperium pediatric mortality, morbidity, and maternal risk 2. Hypertension assessment. It also includes the basic principles by complicating pregnancy, which disorders can be inherited and information 605 35.2% childbirth, and about the necessary assessments, care, and puerperium guidelines for counseling of families if it is 3. Postpartum hemorrhage 298 17.3 discovered that there is a potential for a genetic 4. Pregnancy with abortive disorder in the family. Such information can 156 9.1 outcome influence the health of a childbearing or Total 1719 100 childrearing family for generations to come. THE RISK OF MATERNAL DEATH IS The health of Filipino mothers and children determines the health of the next generation of AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS LIKE: Filipinos. This is the primary goal of maternal and Frequency and spacing of births child health nursing care stated simply as the Nutrition level (maternal undernutrition) promotion and maintenance of optimal family Stature and maternal age health to ensure cycles of optimal childbearing and Appropriate medical and midwife support childrearing. Access to emergency and intensive treatment if were necessary. MATERNAL, NEONATAL, AND CHILD Lack of management capacity in the health system. MORTALITY No political will and lack of management capacity in the health system. Significant improvements in maternal and childcare Majority of these deaths and disabilities are have been realized in the past four decades. preventable, being mainly due to insufficient However, pregnancy and childbirth still pose a great care during pregnancy and delivery. risk to Filipino women of the reproductive age (DOH, HIV infection is an increasing threat. Mother- 2011). Maternal mortality rate is still high, reported by to-child transmission of HIV continues to be a UNICEF, 2009 at 160 per 100,000 live births major problem, with up to 45 percent of HIV- declining slowly to 120 in 2013. Furthermore, infected mothers transmitting infection to UNICEF also reported the maternal situation in the their children. Philippines. 160 women for every 100,000 births die. In 2013, although the infant mortality rate slightly Roughly over 11 women die every day. increased, the number of registered infant deaths 7 out of 10 deaths occur at childbirth or within slightly decreased by more than one percent, from a day after delivery last year’s 22,254 cases to 21,992 cases. It 4 out of 10 deaths are due to complications comprised of 4.1 percent of the total deaths and widespread infections (531,280) reported during the year. This represented For every death, 40 more women get sick. a daily average of 60 infant deaths and was 8 out of 10 births in rural areas are delivered equivalent to an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 12.5 outside a health facility deaths per thousand live births. Table 1 shows the leading causes of maternal The top three leading causes of infant mortality were deaths, majority of which directly results from Pneumonia (3,146; 14.3%); Bacterial sepsis of pregnancy complications occurring during labor, newborn (2,731; 12.4%); and Respiratory distress of delivery and postpartum. This is followed by newborn (2,347; 10.7%). The listed top ten leading hypertension complicating pregnancy, childbirth and causes of infant mortality in 2013 were the same with puerperium; postpartum hemorrhage and pregnancy what was recorded in 2012 which only differ in ranks with abortive outcome (DOH, 2011). These deaths of (Figure 1) women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. JAZILLE F. BATCH 2026  newborn, and child services and improvement in maternal, infant and child nutrition. DOH’s essential package of child survival interventions 1 Skilled attendance during pregnancy, childbirth and the immediate postpartum 2 Care of the newborn 3 Breastfeeding and complementary feeding 4 Micronutrient supplementation 5 Immunization of children and mothers 6 Integrated management of sick children 7 Injury prevention and control These direct causes of maternal and neonatal deaths 8 Birth spacing require care by skilled health professionals in well- equipped facilities. However, more than 59% of births DOH program/intervention for child care take place at home, with more than 25% of the births 1 Early essential newborn care attended by traditional birth attendants or hilots. 2 Infant and young child feeding 3 Newborn screening 3 DELAYS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE 4 Integrated management of childhood illness MATERNAL DEATHS 5 Immunization program Delay in - Failure to recognize MATERNAL HIGH RISK identification of danger signs The Department of Health response to the maternal complications - Lack of money and child situation, it takes into consideration the - Unplanned/unwanted interrelatedness of direct threats to the life of mothers pregnancy and children. Addressing the risk factors of maternal - Lack of companion in complication and identifying danger signs early going to health facility reduce significantly both maternal and fetal mortality. - No person to take care of children/home Danger signs of pregnancy which must - Fear of being ill-treated be referred immediately are: in health facility 1 High fever Delay in referral - Distance from a 2 Severe vomiting woman’s home to 3 Severe headache health facility/provider 4 Pallor and labored breathing - Lack of/poor condition 5 Swelling of hands and feet of roads 6 Foul smelling vaginal discharge - Lack of emergency transportation 7 Severe abdominal pain, nape pain - Lack of awareness of 8 PROM before expected deliver existing services 9 Rhythmic cramping - Lack of community 10 Burning sensation w/ urination support 11 Blurring vision Delay in - Lack of health care 12 High BP management of providers complications - Shortage of supplies Early and regular prenatal care is paramount in the - Lack of equipment prevention of complications and immediate - Lack of competence of management. A pregnancy with a significant chance health providers that the outcome may be less than ideal for either the - Weak referral system mother or fetus or both. One in which some maternal or fetal factor either psychosocial or psychological The country is on target in its efforts towards lowering will result in a birth of high risk infant or harm to the child mortality rate, with infant mortality rate at 25.72 woman herself. per 1,000 births in 2008 and under-five mortality rate at 32.8 per 1,000 live births. The Food and Nutrition Prenatal care risk factor code Research Institute (FNRI), however, estimates that 1 < 15 years of age and 35 years prevalence of underweight among children less than 2 42 weeks and