Mass Conviction and Incarceration PDF

Mass conviction and incarceration ​ 500% increase since 1974, Racial disproportionality, exceptional comparatively Perspectives applied: Social constructionist ​ Think of policy and legal changes ​ Mass Media event - Polly Klass – legislation lead to expansion Structural Functionalist ​...

Mass conviction and incarceration ​ 500% increase since 1974, Racial disproportionality, exceptional comparatively Perspectives applied: Social constructionist ​ Think of policy and legal changes ​ Mass Media event - Polly Klass – legislation lead to expansion Structural Functionalist ​ Manifest = public safety, incarceration ​ Latent = political disenfranchisement (Uggen and Manza), collateral consequences (legal, social, Alex) Conflict ​ Harris – monetary sanctions/LFOs, An intended/purposeful consequence, Critical Race Theory (CRT) (Solerzano, Crenshaw) ​ Kohler-Hausmann - Misdemeanor Justice – social control through misdemeanor (lower) courts. ​ Sampson & Laub - Minority Threat with juvenile justice consequences Symbolic Interaction Perspective ​ Devah Pager – The Mark of a Criminal Record ​ Elijah Anderson – Code of the Street ​ Howie Becker – Labeling Theory (mentally messes you up when you are constantly labeled as something. Lecture 12 Health disparities as a social problem and HIV-AIDS intro. Determinants of health ​ Think of health as biological but also should think of it from a sociological perspective ​ Recent research (from sociological to medical) asks us to think about the Social Determinants of Health. Which are defined as access to: ​ Health Care ​ Education ​ Economic Stability ​ Social and Community context ​ Neighborhood and Built Environment ​ Asks us to think about the social nature of both contracting diseases, experiencing poor health, and access to medical treatment ​ We Can think about the interconnection of the issues we have been talking about this quarter: Poverty, Inequality, Criminal legal system, Health. U.S health disparities. ​ Class disparities ​ Lower income residents report fewer average healthy days. ​ Air pollution-related disparities associated with fine particulates and ozone are often determined by geographical location. Inequality and health connection Gini Coefficient  ​ Measure extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy (society) deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. ​ The Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. Introduction to HIV/AIDS section. AIDS as a social problem. ​ Interesting problem from a sociological perspective – why? ​ Explore AIDS in terms of how morality is associated with the disease ○​ Images & attitudes ​ Investigate stigma ​ Study related issues (poverty, racial/ethnic inequality, drug usage, stigmatized groups etc.) What is AIDS and HIV? Pop up quiz 1.​ What are the ways that HIV can be transmitted? 2.​ What is the best way to decrease your likelihood of getting HIV? 3.​ How many people in the world are infected with HIV/AIDS? 4.​ There is one stupid answer to a question – what is the question? What is the answer? What does AIDS mean? AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ​ Acquired ​ Immune Deficiency ​ Syndrome ​ AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Transmission of AIDS. 1.​ Penetrative sex 2.​ Blood transfusion 3.​ Sharing of contaminated needles 4.​ Between mother and infant. Mother to child transmission vertical transmission. ​ Can occur through: ○​ in the womb or during childbirth, or ○​ postnatally, through breastfeeding ​ Risk ○​ If not breastfeeding: 15-30% ○​ If breastfeeding: 30-45% Decreases likelihood of contraction ​ Abstinence  ​ “Safer-sex” ​ Don’t share needles ​ Drugs during child-delivery ​ HIV PrEP Medication for high risk History of AIDS. ​ First case in U.S. 1981 ​ HIV is a descendant of Simian (monkey) Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) ​ Monkey→Chimpanzees ​ HIV could have crossed over from chimpanzees as a result of a ​ human killing a chimp and eating it for food Three of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are as follows: 1.​ A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo 2.​ In U.S. - HIV found in tissue samples from an American teenager who died in St. Louis in 1969 3.​ HIV found in tissue samples from a Norwegian sailor who died around 1976 ​ Why is it associated and prevalent among gay men? ○​ Majority of initial cases occurred among men who had intercourse with men (MSM) ○​ Failure to use protection (didn’t know it was needed) ​ Why change to straight couples? ○​ Saturation of high-risk communities w/ AIDS ○​ Behavioral change in gay community Terms HIV Incidence (new infections): ​ The estimated incidence of HIV has remained stable overall in recent years, at about 50,000 new HIV infections per year. HIV Diagnoses (new diagnoses, regardless of when infection occurred or stage of disease at diagnosis) ​ In 2013, an estimated 47,352 people were diagnosed with HIV infection in the United States. ​ 2013 an estimated 26,688 people were diagnosed with AIDS. ​ Overall, an estimated 1,194,039 people in the United States have been diagnosed with AIDS ​ 39.9 Million people infected in the World Deaths: ​ An estimated 13,712 people with an AIDS diagnosis died in 2012 ​ Approximately 658,507 people in the United States with an AIDS diagnosis have died overall. ​ The deaths of persons with an AIDS diagnosis can be due to any cause—that is, the death may or may not be related to AIDS. 2023 global HIV stats. ​ Living with HIV globally  ○​ 39.9M ​ Don’t know their status ○​ Apx 5.4 M ​ Number of Children ○​ 1.4 million ​ US population size ○​ 334.9M ​ US rate ○​ 1.1 million ○​ U.S. People infected with HIV. Median HIV prevalence among the adult population (ages 15–49) was 0.8% globally. However, because of marginalization, discrimination and in some cases criminalization, median prevalence was higher among certain groups of people. ​ 2.3% higher among young women and girls aged between 15 and 24 in eastern and southern Africa ​ 7.7% higher among gay men and other men who have sex with men ​ 3% higher among sex workers ​ 5% higher among people who inject drugs ​ 9.2% higher among transgender people ​ 1.3% higher among people in prisons. Sub-saharan africa ​ 50 countries total ​ 47 Countries (World banking ​ borrowing privileges) ​ All countries south of the ​ Sahara desert ​ Other Regions ○​ Central & East ○​ Southern ○​ West 1993 definition change ​ Expanded def of AIDS ○​ HIV people with “severe immunosuppressant”, pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, invasive cervical cancer ​ With change increase by 111% Diagnosing AIDS. Measure CD4 Cells - when below 200 cells per cubic millimeter – no longer protect self against AIDS-defining illnesses ​ Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs (“thrush”)  ​ Cervical cancer (invasive) ​ Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcus, Cryptosporidiosis (fungal infections, a type of meningitis) ​ Encephalopathy (HIV-related) ​ Herpes simplex (an infection lasting longer than 1 month or in an area other than the skin ​ such as esophagus or lungs) ​ Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) ​ Lymphoma characterized by swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) ​ Mycobacterium avium complex ​ Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) ​ Pneumonia (recurrent) ​ Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) ​ Salmonella septicemia (recurrent) ​ Toxoplasmosis of the brain ​ Tuberculosis ​ Wasting syndrome The Social Construction of HIV/AIDS (Lecture 13) Socioeconomic perspective on racial differences in health (hayward) · Race/racism determines > childhood poverty, inadequate education, marginal employment. Low income, segregated living conditions · “Fundamental social causes of disease” - Stress, social ties, diet and health-risk behaviors, nature of work and work environment, availability of health care · Social origins + adult social conditions · Cumulative disadvantage - Over the life course of people how disadvantage builds - Life course perspective - Structural – looks at various institutional contacts and life stage · Framework of scholars to think about the health components: Social determinants of health David Williams – Discrimination and Health · Leading scholar on health disparities in U.S. · Review of studies examining discrimination and health · Identify issues - Measuring perceived discrimination (acute vs. chronic) - Assessing discrimination over the life course - Subjective nature - Need to identify specific mechanisms Three health related issues 1. Suicide  2. Covid 3. Access to cancer treatment Death by Suicide · The age-adjusted suicide rate in 2020 was 13,48 per 100,000 individuals · The rate of suicide is highest in middle-age white men · In 2020, men died by suicide 3.88x more than women · On average, there are 130 suicides per day · White males accounted for 69.68% of suicide deaths in 2020 · In 2020, firearms account for 52.83% of all suicide deaths “Structural indicators of suicide: an exploration of state-level risk factors among black and white people in the United States, 2015 – 2019” Robertson et al · Death by suicide among black people in the USA have increased by 35.6% within the past decade · Among youth under the age of 24, death by suicide among black youth have risen substantially · Examined structural variables (correlations) Robertson et al · Aim – understanding structural state-level differences in suicide rates between black and white people across the age spectrum · Found that incarceration rates were positively associated with suicide rates across all groups · Consistent with prior research that highlights the negative impact of incarceration on overall mental health as well as risk of death by suicide · Suggest researchers use and develop relevant theoretical frameworks such as intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1989) and socio-ecological theory (Cramer and Kapusta, 2017) to holistically examine risk and prevention - For example, given that suicide attempts among black youth in urban areas about double the national rate additional research examining how institutionalized racism impacts community-level policies which then contribute to suicidality is necessary. Covid Many ways to think about covid as a social problem · Economic sector and who was most impacted · Racial differences in transmission · Racial differences in life expectancy Structural perspective · Access to healthcare · Inability to take time off · Poverty · Where one lives Structural perspective on COVID · Recursive nature: Between these institutional factors and likelihood of getting COVID, but also on the effects COVID had on a person’s institutional position Cancer Treatment Health disparities – cancer · Race/Ethnicity - Black people have higher death rates than all other racial/ethnic groups for many, although not all, cancer types - Despite having similar rates of breast cancer, Black/African-American women are more likely than White women to die of the disease - American Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest rates of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer, followed by Hispanics/Latinos and Asians/Pacific Islanders · SES: - The incidence rates of colorectal, lung, and cervical cancers are much higher in rural Appalachia than in urban areas in the region - People with more education are less likely to die prematurely (before the age of 65) from colorectal cancer than those with less education, regardless of race or ethnicity · Sexual Identity - The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, which increase cancer risk, are higher among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths than among heterosexual youths Thinking through causes · People with low incomes, low health literacy, long travel distances to screening sties, or who lacks health insurance, transportation to medical facility, or paid medical leave are less likely to have recommended cancer screening tests and to be treated according to guidelines than those who don’t encounter these obstacles · People who do not have reliable access to health care are also more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage cancer that might have been treated more effectively if diagnosed at an earlier stage · Some groups are disproportionately affected by cancer due to environmental conditions, people who live in communities that lack clean water or air may be exposed to cancer-causing substances · The built environment can also influence behaviors that raise one’s risk of cancer. For example, people who live in neighborhoods that lack affordable healthy foods or safe areas for exercise are more likely to have poor diets, be physically inactive, and obese, all of which are risk factors for cancer Why aren’t people on the registry · Trust within the medical system · Lack of knowledge · Again, thinking through our perspectives - Social constructionist - Structural  - Conflict - Symbolic interaction Lecture 15 Summary ​ What are the ways that HIV can be transmitted? ​ What is the best way to decrease your likelihood of getting HIV? ​ How many people in the world are infected with HIV/AIDS? ​ There is one stupid answer to a question: what is the question? What is the answer? Social features of disease Effect of marginal & stigmatized groups ​ Connection to gay men ​ Early designation was called GRID ​ Linked to marginal populations – “deviants” Sexually-related transmission ​ Linked to puritanical concerns, promiscuity Ways to study Impact on individuals/communities ​ Stigma ​ Structure - Communities of emphasis Countries ​ Structural (infrastructure, generations, goods, education, etc) ​ Stigma ​ Social movements Summary different ways to explore issue Social Construction ​ Broadhead et al 1999 Symbolic interactionist ​ Herek and Capitanio, 1993 Structural ​ Sacks (Social impact on countries) ○​ Looking at a larger picture when it comes to high infection rates. ​ Johnson and Raphael (incarceration) ​ Bearman and Stovel (spanning tree network analysis) Conflict perspective (?) Making connections Social construction Focus on how societies make claims, understand, label and then do or do not take action about an issue Gives insight to who has power in society ​ Which claims makers have the most authority? Can help us understand why something is considered a social problem in a given society and time ​ How might this vary? Social construction Research ​ Bogard – Homelessness, review of newspapers, claims and claims makers in NY and DC ​ Broadhead - needle exchange program, claims and claims makers re closure Structural functional Focus is on institutions, processes and policies Assumption from this perspective is that societies can generally function if they have good, stable, infrastructures Social problems are viewed as emergent from something going wrong within the system of society ​ Policies? Institutional failure? Economic Shifts? ​ Concepts: Norms, Roles, Institutions, Values, manifest and latent functions Theorists ​ Spencer - rationality ​ Durkheim - Solidarity, collective consciousness ​ Gans - uses of poverty Sub theories ​ Merton - theory of differential access/strain theory, same goals/values, blocked opportunity Research ​ Wilson - deindustrialization, urban underclass ​ Hayward – social determinants of health, health life course, cumulative disadvantage ​ Kohler-Hausmann – Misdemeanor Justice ​ Robertson - suicide ​ Perry - Pandemic Precarity ​ Johnson & Raphael – data simulation on connection between AIDS and Incarceration ​ Sacks - sub-Sahara Africa and AIDS ​ Bearman -Network analysis, spread of disease in a school Conflict ​ Societies do not work for all citizens, instead there are contradictory interests, inequalities between social groups that lead to conflict and change ​ Concepts: stratification, power, social structures, alienation, capitalism Theory ​ Marx ​ Ida B. Wells ​ DuBois ​ Mills Research ​ Oliver & Shapiro –wealth accumulation ​ Massey & Denton- residential segregation, argue with Wilson, purposeful racsim ​ Williams - health discrimination ​ Manza & Uggen - voter disenfranchisement ​ Harris - monetary sanctions/LFO, contemporary iteration of social control of poor and people of color Sub theories ​ Minority Threat Hypothesis (Sampson & Laub) Symbolic interaction ​ Society is the product of individuals interacting with one another and we can see patterns that emerge, also the interactions lead to formation of people’s behavior ​ Society is an on-going process of negotiating identities and related behavior Theorists ​ Mead –meanings, manipulate symbols Sub theories ​ Lewis Culture of Poverty ​ Becker Labeling theory ​ Anderson Code of the Street Research ​ Harris -re-entry ​ Light - Rotating credit associations, cultural connections build trust ​ Pager - criminal legal/employment, employer stereotype about race and criminal activity ​ Anderson -Code of the Street, local culture evolving around respect, when disrespected violence occurs ​ Herek & Capitanio - Sigma and AIDS, surveys, misinformation Critical race theory Daniel Solorzano (1997, 98) ​ Centering race and racism with other forms of subordination – argues racism is central, endemic and permanent in US society ​ The challenge to dominant ideology – believes in and challenges white privilege ​ The commitment to social justice ​ The centrality of experiential knowledge ​ The transdisciplinary perspective – goes beyond disciplinary boundaries to conduct analysis –history, sociology, ethnic studies, women’s studies, law, psychology… Intersectionality and the sociology of HIV/AIDS. (watkins hayes 2014 article) Returning to intersectionality. ​ “Emphasizes approaches that interrogate how race, class, gender, sexuality, and other social locations operate simultaneously in social life” (pg 433) ​ Builds from scholarship of Collins, Crenshaw, King ​ At the same time: power relations, methodological changes to identify the interlocking dimensions of power with a political claim that recognizes inequality and racialized inequality in society.  ​ Asks for scholars to think about how our identities might inform our research questions, data collected, assumptions we make, the scholarship we use. Acknowledge and interrogate positions of privilege. Key underlying dimensions. ​ Poverty ​ Employment ​ Lack of: ○​ education, housing, health care access, quality food ​ Stigma, Racism ​ Regional disparities (think Allard, but across all issues Connections ​ Gatekeepers - policies and decision makers ​ Stereotypes -assumptions create barriers ​ Location -where institutions are located, how location impacts access and quality ​ SES/Class -perpetuates cycle, type of home, education, access health care ​ Culture -values, beliefs, norms ​ Statistics – the type of data we use to measure outcomes, how we analyze it ​ Power – access to wealth, discretion ​ Life course – key transitions in people’s lives, how do they vary by different communities? ​ Cumulative disadvantage – disadvantage, hurdles experienced in life (utero to death), how different communities experience more or higher hurdles than other groups What is the answer? ​ Individual or group change (think Tupac) ​ Structural changes in education, employment, housing ​ Reimagining (think Conflict) the social structure completely? ​ What is our role in the replication of inequality and in the transformation of it? Themes ​ Poverty, inequality ​ Class ​ Homelessness ​ Penal expansion ​ Crime ​ Education ​ Disproportionally ​ Culture ​ Drugs ​ Power ​ Gender dynamics ​ Stigma ​ Govt ​ Media ​ Location The role of power Juvenile and criminal justice ​ Who has the ability to influence, create, and implement policy Poverty and Inequality ​ Creation of jobs (hiring, firing, monitoring of process) ​ Creation and maintenance of the “safety net” HIV/AIDS ​ Who is infected (marginalized, poor, politically underrepresented, powerless) ​ Access to prevention, education, healthcare The imagery generated (Symbolism) - media Key concepts Life Course Perspective ​ Stages throughout life Transitions to Adulthood ​ Family ​ Education ​ Employment ​ Marriage What have sociologists done? Debate about public sociology Herbert Gans –yes (information) Media quotes, popular books, survey of ideas and findings, research reports Francois Nielsen- no (just analysis) What about objectivity? What about advocacy? Examples ​ Crutchfield – Panels for fellowship review, Farrakhan case ​ Pattillo (N.W.)– Urban Prep Charter Academy for young men in Chicago ​ Harris - Testified before WA legislature (PDL), Worked to develop and advocate for Clean Dreams, Report for WA MJC and for ACLU – LFOs in WA state, Testify before WA State Supreme Court Policy implications and engagement Policy Development & Testimony ​ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights ​ WA SB1783 (2018), WA SB6476 (2020) ​ City of Seattle testimony/report Practitioner Engagement ​ CLEs, judicial conferences, State Sup Ct Convenings/Task Forces ​ National Taskforce Fines, Fees, Bail ​ White House/DOJ “price of justice” ​ WA State workgroup (BJA grant) ​ WA State Race and CJ Taskforce 2010/2020 Media ​ Op eds (NYT, LA Times), shaping investigations (e.g., Shapiro NPR) ​ Press release of findings