MarsavsIntermediate PDF

DAUGAVPILS PEDAGOÌISKÂ UNIVERSITÂTE ANGÏU VALODAS KATEDRA ENGLISH FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS COMPILED BY HARIJS MARÐAVS 1999  Apstiprinâts Angïu valodas katedras sçdç 1998. gada 8. decembrî...

DAUGAVPILS PEDAGOÌISK UNIVERSITÂTE ANGÏU VALODAS KATEDRA ENGLISH FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS COMPILED BY HARIJS MARÐAVS 1999  Apstiprinâts Angïu valodas katedras sçdç 1998. gada 8. decembrî, protokols Nr. 2. Recenzentes: Dr. paed. O. Ðostaka, Dr. paed. L. Sardiko Mâcîbu grâmata ir paredzçta 3. kursa studentiem angïu valodas leksikas apguvei un tekstu interpretâcijas iemaòu izkopðanai. Redaktore: B. Kalniòa Korektors: H. Marðavs Teksta salicçja un maketçtâja: M. Stoèka ISBN – 9984–14–079–2 © DPU izdevniecîba “Saule”, 1999 2  PREFACE In modern methodology of teaching foreign languages the focus has been shifted from teaching form to teaching content or, in other words, the goal is to shift from linguistic competence to communicative competence. As a result, preference is given to fluency at the cost of accuracy. This practice seems to be right because people need foreign languages primarily for practical purposes. In this context minor mistakes, if they do not interfere with comprehension, are of no particular importance. However, there is one exception. It concerns young people who want to acquire foreign languages as their profession. Being teachers, they ought to avoid making mistakes, even minor mistakes, as much as possible. Their language should serve as a model for their students. They also have to answer numerous questions as to the usage and meaning of vocabulary items and grammar forms. Without sound knowledge of the language system they are not likely to cope with this task. This means that a foreign language teacher should possess not only communicative but also linguistic competence. To meet this requirement, he (she) must be trained in such a way as to be able to speak fluently but also to have a deep insight into the language he (she) learns or teaches. In its turn, this can be achieved by taking not only one but different approaches to foreign language teaching. In this respect it should be noted that the majority of experienced teachers adhere to the eclectic approach, the combination of various appropriate methods. This book has been designed for the third-year students of the Daugavpils Pedagogical University. It comprises seven units, which include a text, vocabulary items and three types of exercises. Vocabulary exercises aim at developing linguistic competence in the areas of polysemy, synonymy and phraseology. The acquired knowledge is consolidated in text exercises. Their aim is also to develop skills of text analysis and text interpretation. Communicative competence is developed in discussion exercises. The dictionaries and various other books, which were extensively used in compiling this work, are listed on the final page. 3  CONTENTS Unit 1. A. Milne. Winnie-the-Pooh............................................. 5 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 8 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 14 Text Exercises................................................................. 23 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 25 Unit 2. R. Kipling. Wee Willie Winkie....................................... 33 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 37 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 43 Text Exercises................................................................. 53 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 54 Unit 3. J. A. Michener. Centennial............................................. 62 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 64 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 70 Text Exercises................................................................. 80 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 81 Unit 4. R. Goldberg. Art for Heart’s Sake.................................. 90 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 93 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 99 Text Exercises................................................................. 108 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 110 Unit 5. W. S. Maugham. Of Human Bondage............................ 117 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 121 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 127 Text Exercises................................................................. 138 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 139 Unit 6. J. Fowles. The French Lieutenant’s Woman................... 147 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 149 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 155 Text Exercises................................................................. 163 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 164 Unit 7. G. B. Shaw. The Serenade.............................................. 173 Vocabulary Items............................................................ 176 Vocabulary Exercises...................................................... 183 Text Exercises................................................................. 196 Discussion Exercises....................................................... 197 Appendixes.................................................................................... 205 Bibliography.................................................................................. 213 4  UNIT ONE A. MILNE (1882–1956) WINNIE-THE-POOH Alan Alexander Milne, a novelist, playwright and writer of children’s literature, was the son of a Scottish schoolmaster. He won a scholarship to Westminster school and later read mathematics at Cambridge. His real interest was in light-hearted writing and at the age of 24 he became assistant editor of “Punch”. He became known as a playwright: “Wurzel- Flummery” (1917), “Mr Pim Passes By” (1919), “The Truth about Blayds” (1919) and “The Dover Road” (1921). His great success, however, came with his children’s books. “When We Were Very Young” (1924) and “Now We Are Six” (1927) were verses about his young son Christopher Robin. The works by which he will always be remembered are “Winnie-the- Pooh” (1926) and “The House at Pooh Corner” (1928). Both were based on the imaginary conversations and adventures of Cristopher Robin’s toys, with the boy making an occasional appearance to sort out some minor crisis or muddle. After these books Milne turned away from children’s writing, coming to resent his success in this area at the expense of his other, adult work. This includes: detective novels “Two People” (1931), “Chloë Marr” (1946), a plea against war “Peace with Honour” (1934) and an autobiography “It’s Too Late Now” (1939). CHAPTER II IN WHICH POOH GOES VISITING AND GETS INTO A TIGHT PLACE Edward Bear, known to his friends as Winnie-the-Pooh, or Pooh for short, was walking through the forest one day, humming proudly to himself. He had made up a little hum that very morning, as he was doing his Stoutness Exercises in front of the glass: Tra-la-la, tra-la-la, as he stretched up as high as he could go, and then Tra-la-la, tra-la–oh, help!–la, as he tried to reach his toes. After breakfast he had said it over and over to himself until he had learnt it off by heart, and now he was humming it right through, properly. It went like this: Tra-la-la, tra-la-la, Tra-la-la, tra-la-la, Rum-tum-tiddle-um-tum. 5  Tiddle-iddle, tiddle-iddle, Tiddle-iddle, tiddle-iddle, Rum-tum-tum-tiddle-um. Well, he was humming this hum to himself, and walking along gaily, wondering what everybody else was doing, and what it felt like, being somebody else, when suddlenly, he came to a sandy bank, and in the bank was a large hole. “Aha!” said Pooh. (Rum-tum-tiddle-um-tum.) “If I know anything about anything, that hole means Rabbit,” he said, “and Rabbit means Company,” he said, “and Company means Food and Listening-to-Me-Humming and such like. Rum-tum-tum-tiddle-um.” So he bent down, put his head into the hole, and called out: “Is anybody at home?” There was a sudden scuffling noise from inside the hole, and then silence. “What I said was, ‘Is anybody at home?’ called out Pooh very loudly. “No!” said a voice; and then added, “You needn’t shout so loud. I heard you quite well the first time.” “Bother!” said Pooh. “Isn’t there anybody here at all?” “Nobody.” Winnie-the-Pooh took his head out of the hole, and thought for a little, and he thought to himself, “There must be somebody there, because somebody must have said ‘Nobody’.” So he put his head back in the hole, and said: “Hallo, Rabbit, isn’t that you?” “No,” said Rabbit, in a different sort of voice this time. “But isn’t that Rabbit’s voice?” “I don’t think so,” said Rabbit. “It isn’t meant to be.” “Oh!” said Pooh. He took his head out of the hole, and had another think, and then he put it back, and said: “Well, could you very kindly tell me where Rabbit is?” “He has gone to see his friend Pooh Bear, who is a great friend of his.” “But this is Me!” said Bear, very much surprised. “What sort of Me?” “Pooh Bear.” “Are you sure?” said Rabbit, still more surprised. “Quite, quite sure,” said Pooh. “Oh, well, then, come in.” So Pooh pushed and pushed and pushed his way through the hole, 6 and at last he got in. “You were quite right,” said Rabbit, looking at him all over. “It is you. Glad to see you.” “Who did you think it was?” “Well, I wasn’t sure. You know how it is in the Forest. One can’t have anybody coming into one’s house. One has to be careful. What about of mouthful of something?” Pooh always liked a little something at eleven o’clock in the morning, and he was very glad to see Rabbit getting out the plates and mugs; and when Rabbit said, “Honey or condensed milk with your bread?” he was so excited that he said, “Both,” and then, so as not to seem greedy, he added, “But don’t bother about the bread, please.” And for a long time after that he said nothing until at last, humming to himself in a rather sticky voice, he got up, shook Rabbit lovingly by the paw, and said that he must be going on. “Must you?” said Rabbit politely. “Well,” said Pooh, “I could stay a little longer if it – if you —“ and he tried very hard to look in the direction of the larder. “As a matter of fact,” said Rabbit, “I was going out myself directly.” “Oh, well, then, I’ll be going on. Good-bye.” “Well, good-bye, if you’re sure you won’t have any more.” “Is there any more?” asked Pooh quickly. Rabbit took the covers off the dishes, and said, “No, there wasn’t.” “I thought not,” said Pooh, nodding to himself. “Well, good-bye. I must be going on.” So he started to climb out of the hole. He pulled with his front paws, and pushed with his back paws, and in a little while his nose was out in the open again and then his ears and then his front paws and then his shoulders and then — “Oh, help!” said Pooh. “I’d better go back.” “Oh, bother!” said Pooh. “I shall have to go on.” “I can’t do either!” said Pooh. “Oh, help and bother!” Now by this time Rabbit wanted to go for a walk too, and finding the front door full, he went out by the back door, and came round to Pooh, and looked at him. “Hallo, are you stuck?” he asked. “N-no,” said Pooh carelessly. “Just resting and thinking and humming to myself.” “Here, give us a paw.” Pooh Bear stretched out a paw, and Rabbit pulled and pulled and pulled 7  “Ow!” cried Pooh. “You’re hurting!” “The fact is,” said Rabbit, “you’re stuck.” “It all comes,” said Pooh crossly, “of not having front doors big enough.” “It all comes,” said Rabbit sternly, “of eating too much. I thought at the time,” said Rabbit, “only I didn’t like to say anything,” said Rabbit, “that one of us was eating too much,” said Rabbit, “and I knew it wasn’t me,” he said. “Well, well, I shall go and fetch Christopher Robin.” PHRASES 1. for short 2. to hum to oneself 3. to say sth. over and over to sb. 4. to think to oneself 5. to push one’s way through sth. 6. to look in the direction of sth. 7. as a matter of fact 8. to nod to oneself 9. in a little while 10. to go and fetch sb. or sth. VOCABULARY ITEMS 1. to be – used as a link verb or as a verb to tell that sth. exists. be about – to do, to perform. What are you about? be after – to try to get or do. He is not after the pictures. be away – to be gone. He was away on business. be down – 1) to be downstairs. He is not down yet. 2) to decrease in intensity (of wind, temperature). The wind is down. 3) to be ill ~ (with). I had just been down with fever. be in – 1) to be at home, at the office. Is she in? 2) to be exhausted, tired out. I’m all in. be off – 1) to run away. Tom was off at once. 2) to be switched off. The brakes are off. be on – 1) to be happening. What’s on? 2) to be in progress (strike, war, campaign, rain, etc.). The strike is on. 3) to be shown (of plays, films). What’s on at the cinema this week? 8  be out – 1) not to be at home or at the office. He is out on business. 2) to be published (books, newspapers, periodicals). The book is out at last. 3) to become known (of secret, mystery, news, etc.). The secret is out. be over – to be finished. The meeting was over before ten o’clock. be through – to reach the end. The lesson is half through. be up – 1) not to go to bed. I’ve been up all night. 2) to be ready to fight. The whole nation was up in arms. 3) to become suddenly angry. Martin’s blood was up. 4) to expire (of time, leave, agreement, contract, etc.). His contract is up at the end of the season. 5) to be going on. What’s up? 2. to differ v – 1) to be not the same. Our tastes in music differ. 2) to have unlike or opposite opinions. We differed about the meaning of the poem. difference n – 1) being unlike one another. There is a difference in size. 2) disagreement or argument. They are friends in spite of their difference over politics. different adj – 1) unlike. John’s hobbies are quite different from his brother’s. 2) not the same, distinct. There are different colleges in the city. Synonyms: various, diverse. “Different” implies sth. not of the same kind, of other nature, form or quality: different things, different moods, different kinds. “Various” lays stress on the number of sorts, or kinds, several kinds. When used with plural nouns it means “of different kinds or sorts”: various books, various characters, various things. “Different” and “various” may be interchangeable when used attributively. “Different” may be used attributively as well as predicatively; “various” is in most cases used attributively. It is a different book. The book is so different from all the others. Various persons spoke to me about it. “Diverse” is stronger and implies marked difference and decided contrast among the individuals. There were diverse judgements. 9  “Diverse” may also imply a vague number, not of the same kind, different in character or quality. He told the story to diverse persons. 3. mean v – 1) to have in mind as a purpose. She meant to go, but she changed her mind. 2) to want to make known or understood. He says exactly what he means. 3) to signify or indicate. Falling leaves mean winter is near. 4) to have a certain importance. Good grades mean a lot if you plan to enter college. meaning n – what is meant. What is the meaning of this poem? meaningful adj – full of meaning. She gave me a meaningful look. meaningless adj – having no meaning. It’s only a meaningless scribble. 4. shake v – 1) to move quickly up and down, back and forth, or from side to side. He shook his head in approval. 2) to clasp another’s hand, as in greeting. We shook hands. 3) to throw, to stir up. Shake the medicine well before taking it. 4) to tremble or make tremble. His voice shook with fear. 5) to disturb, to upset. He was shaken by the news. shake down – 1) to make fall by shaking, as fruit from a tree. We shook a lot of apples down from the old apple-tree. 2) to settle down. The boy will soon shake down at his new school. shake off – 1) to remove by shaking (leaves, dust, rain, etc.). Many of the leaves were shaken off by the wind. 2) to get rid of (usually sth. unpleasant, illness, sleep, nervousness, weakness, cares, sorrows, bad habits, prejudices, etc.). I’m going to bed; I’m trying to shake off a cold. shake out – to spread out, to get rid of dust. Emma’s shaking out the mats. shake up – to rouse, to stir up. Shake her mind up. She’d soon come round. shake n – 1) an act of shaking. What, even a shake of the fist? 2) a trembling movement or sound. We heard a shake in his voice. shaky adj – 1) not firm or steady. This is a shaky bridge. 2) trembling. She extended a shaky hand. 3) not to be trusted. We can’t rely on this shaky evidence. 10 5. quick adj – 1) done with speed, rapid. It was really a quick walk. 2) done or happening at once. She gave a quick answer. 3) able to learn or understand easily. He has a quick mind. 4) touchy. She has a quick temper. Synonyms: swift, fast, rapid, speedy. “Quick” implies moving or acting with vigour, energy and promptness: quick motion, quick growth, a quick look. “Swift” carries the implication of moving with great speed, with ease or facility: swift running, flying, flowing; a swift runner, the swift flight of an arrow. “Quick” and “swift” are interchangeable with some difference in stylistic colouring; “swift” is a bookish word: a quick glance – a swift glance. “Fast” implies quick motion; it may suggest constant speedy course, flight or procedure. It often applies to the moving object: a fast train, a fast horse, a fast motor boat. “Fast” is often applied to the surface upon which a thing can move with great speed: a fast track, a fast road. “Rapid” may characterize the movement itself and may suggest its astonishing rate of speed: a rapid current, a rapid river, a rapid gait, rapid progress, rapid work. “Rapid” and “fast” are often used without distinction. “Speedy” implies moving quickly forward, going or able to go quickly: speedy flight, speedy answer, speedy decision, speedy progress. quick, quickly adv – with speed, rapidly. Run quick! quick n – 1) the tender flesh under a toenail or fingernail. 2) a person’s deepest feelings. He was hurt to the quick. quicken v – 1) to move or make move faster. The horses quickened their pace. 2) to make or become active. The old trees quickened in the spring sun. 6. head v – 1) to command. A colonel heads a regiment. 2) to lead. Anne heads the class in spelling. 3) to turn or go in a certain direction. Head the horses home. head n – 1) the top part of the body. He was injured in the head. 2) a person’s mind or intelligence. Use your head. 11  3) the top part of a thing: the head of a page, the head of a nail. 4) the front part of a thing: the head of a bed, the head of a line of people. 5) the person who is in charge: the head of a committee. Phrases: to go to one’s head – to make one feel too proud or vain. His successes have gone to his head. to keep one’s head – to keep control over oneself. Keep your head, it’s not so dangerous at all. to lose one’s head – to lose control over oneself. She was so excited that lost her head. to be out of one’s head – crazy. She seems to be out of her head. to be over one’s head – too hard for one to understand. It is over my head. to put sth. out of one’s head – You’d better put this idea out of your head. to take sth. into one’s head – He took it into his head that I was his enemy. to turn sb’s head – to make one feel too proud or vain. His first success turned his head. 7. push v – 1) to press against so as to move. Push the stake into the ground. 2) to urge or press forward. He pushed the man to work faster. 3) to move by using force. He pushed through the crowd. push off (colloq.) – to set out, to go away. Now, I’ll push off. Good night. push on – to hurry on. We must push on with our work. push through – to bring to an end by making efforts (matter, business, etc.). He pushed the matter through. 8. throw v – 1) to send through the air by a fast motion of the arm. Throw me the ball! 2) to send or cast in a certain direction, as a glance, light, shadow, etc. He threw an angry look at me. 3) to put suddenly into some condition or place. He was thrown into prison. throw away – to discard. A kind act is never thrown away. throw in – to interject casually. Mary threw in a word or two now and 12  again. throw off – to get rid of (illness, anger, sense of shame, grief, bad habit, stiffness of manner). I can’t throw off this cold. throw out – to utter lightly or casually in passing. She was sitting in her customary chair throwing out an occasional word. throw over – to abandon, to jilt. She faced the fact that Joe had thrown her over. throw up – 1) to vomit. He was going to throw up. 2) to abandon, to retire (job, career, idea, appointment, chances, efforts, etc.). He couldn’t throw up a job he’d been only too glad to get. throw n – 1) the act of throwing. The fast throw put the runner out at first base. 2) the distance that something is or can be thrown. It’s a stone’s throw from here. 9. want v – 1) to feel that one would like to have, to do or to get. Do you want dessert? 2) to have a need for. Your coat wants mending. 3) to wish to see or speak to. Your mother wants you. 4) to wish to seize, as for arrest. The man is wanted by the police. 5) to lack, to be short of. It wants two minutes of noon. want n – 1) a lack or need. They starved for want of food. 2) the condition of being very poor. This family is in want. 3) a wish or desire. He is a man of few wants. 10. love v – 1) to feel love for. He loves his parents. 2) to take great pleasure in. He loves to eat. love n – 1) a deep and tender feeling of fondness and devotion. The author describes a father’s love for his child. 2) a strong liking. His love of books is well-known. 3) a sweetheart. She was his own true love. Phrases: to fall in love – to begin to love.Soon they fell in love. for the love of – for the sake of. Put that gun down, for the love of God. in love – feeling love. They are in love. to make love – to show that one is in love with sb., to have sexual intercourse. Make love, not war! 13  lovely adj – 1) very pleasing in looks, beautiful. She was a lovely girl. 2) very enjoyable. We had a lovely time (coll.). 11. voice v – to put into words. The spokesman voiced the feelings of the crowd. voice n – 1) sounds made when speaking or singing, power of making such sounds. He has lost his voice. 2) anything thought of as like speech or the human voice: the voice of the sea, the voice of one’s conscience. 3) the right to say what one thinks, wants, or feels. Each voter has a voice in the government. 4) the act of putting into words what one thinks or feels. He gave voice to his opinion. Phrases: in a loud (soft, shrill, rough, etc.) voice – to speak in a specific way. She spoke in a loud voice. to shout at the top of one’s voice – He shouted at the top of his voice when the meeting got out of hand. with one voice – unanimously. They backed the decision with one voice. I VOCABULARY EXERCISES 1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words: humming, scuttling, honey, condensed milk, greedy, bother, paw, larder, climb. 2. Explain the polysemy of the words and phrases in italics and then translate the sentences. 1. Nylon and silk differ. 2. The two brothers often differ. 3. There are many differences between living in a city and living in the country. 4. It does make much difference to me what you do. 5. Mary and Jane are quite different. 6. This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday. 7. The red light mean’s “Stop”. 8. Those flowers were meant for you. 9. The dark clouds mean rain. 10. Her work means a lot to her. 11. You’re meant to take your shoes off, when you enter a Hindu temple. 12. I said I would help him and I meant it. 13. One word can have several meanings. 14. This statement is not very meaningful. 15. What he said was quite meaningless. 16. The explosion shook the house. 17. She shook the sand from her shoes. 18. They shook hands with each other. 19. She was shaken 14 by the accident. 20. She was shaking with fear. 21. He shook his head and said, “No”. 22. Let’s have a quick drink. 23. She is quick at learning. 24. He is a quick-tempered person. 25. Come quick. Something terrible has happened. 26. He cut me to the quick with that unkind remark. 27. Our pace quickened. 28. Good literature quickened the imagination. 29. Who heads the government? 30. We’re heading home. 31. It’s at the head of the bed. 32. Can’t you get these facts into your head? 33. Who is the head of the family? 34. Put your address at the head of the letter. 35. He pushed me and I fell into the water. 36. She pushed past me. 37. If you push him too hard, he may make mistakes in his work. 38. She threw the ball 50 metres. 39. His words threw us all into confusion. 40. The horse threw him. 41. I want a drink. 42. The house wants painting. 43. He is wanted for murder. 44. He is a wanted man. 45. You shall never want while I have any money left. 46. The plants died for want of water. 47. How terrible to live in want! 48. My wants are few and soon satisfied. 49. I love my mother. 50. I’d love you to come. 51. They were in love. 52. Music was the love of his life. 53. Yes, my love. 54. It was really a lovely view of the mountains. 55. The chairman voiced all our feelings. 56. He had such a bad cold that he lost his voice. 57. He was very angry at first but in the end the voice of reason won. 58. The crowd was large, but they were all of one voice. 59. Don’t raise your voice to me. 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the vocabulary items under study. 1. One should not smoke here. 2. The two sisters are not like each other in their tastes. 3. I’m sorry, I have another opinion on that question. 4. They are very much alike. 5. The two languages are unlike in many respects. 6. They are not the same person, though they have the same name. 7. A dictionary tries to tell you what words signify. 8. This new frontier incident is likely to result in war. 9. What did you intend to say? 10. He is determined to succeed. 11. He looked at me as if he wanted to tell me something. 12. I see no sense in what you are speaking about. 13. By moving his head from side to side he indicated “No”. 14. She was shivering with cold. 15. He spoke in a weak voice. 16. My French is rather bad. 17. Hurry up! 18. The flashes of lightning came one after the other at very short intervals of time. 19. The girl is an intelligent child. 20. They hurt his feelings deeply. 21. We began to walk quicker. 22. Good literature makes our imagination more lively. 23. He went at the head of the procession. 24. They moved in the direction of their farm. 25. It cost him his life. 26. You can find it at the top of the page. 27. The Prime Ministers will meet next week. 28. Please move the table nearer to the wall. 29. Tony had to compel himself to go on doing such dull work. 30. Don’t hurl stones at my dog. 31. He 15 looked at me angrily. 32. The boy tossed the ball to me. 33. Don’t worry, it is quite near. 34. Do you need anything more? 35. She would like me to go with her. 36. Your hair needs to be cut. 37. The earthquake victims suffer from having no food and medical supplies. 38. We may one day be very poor. 39. They have deep tender feelings towards their country. 40. She is very fond of dogs. 41. Her devotion to her children is admirable. 42. Isn’t she a delightful person? 43. We had a pleasant holiday. 44. The spokesman put in words what the crowd felt. 45. She is not singing as well as usual. 46. They spoke so loudly that everybody could hear them. 47. I have no right to express my opinion. 48. They enjoyed the sounds of the night. 4. Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Their house from mine in having no garage. 2. Two sides in the dispute still 3. There’s a big between understanding a language and being able to speak it. 4. It doesn’t make any to me whether you go or stay. 5. She looks with her hair short. 6. Their three children all go to schools. 7. The sign that cars cannot enter. 8. He’s very angry, and it trouble. 9. Missing the train waiting. 10. Her work everything to her. 11. He says his life has lost its 12. I can’t quite grasp the of these figures. 13. At such an age they can no longer play a role in the company’s affairs. 14. What is left now – only a existence. 15. The house when the earthquake started. 16. She was with laughter. 17. He was in his shoes. 18. The two men each other by the hand. 19. Nothing can my belief in her honesty. 20. She answered “No” with a of the head. 21. I’m still a bit after that bout of flue. 22. The book puts forward such arguments that they’re impossible to take seriously. 23. He’s with his hands. 24. Come , he’s drowning. 25. We must take into account the pace of technological change. 26. The president’s car the procession. 27. After the battle, the army back towards Rome. 28. She nodded her in agreement. 29. They stood at the of the grave. 30. His heart rules his 31. She has a good business 32. They were met by the teacher. 33. I waited at the of the queue. 34. The of the flowers were blown off in the storm. 35. She the chairs out of the way. 36. He his way to the front of the crowd. 37. His parents are him to study medicine. 38. It’s my turn to 39. She herself down on the floor. 40. The sun shadows on the grass. 41. That was a record 42. Ask him what he 43. The second team will not be this afternoon. 44. He is for questioning. 45. The house a new coat of pain. 46. All his were supplied. 47. I’ll take this one for of a better. 48. They had lived all their life in 49. She this warm weather. 50. It was at first 16 sight. 51. Music was one of the great of his life. 52. His vicious temper didn’t make him the most of men. 53. The chairman encouraged us all to our opinion. 54. We could hear the children’s... in the garden. 55. I can’t help you to get this job, as I have very little in the decision of the directors. 56. My son’s is breaking. 57. He answered in a quivering with anger. 58. Her dropped as she told me the secret. 5. Explain the nuances between the synonyms in the given sentences and then translate them. A. different, various, diverse 1. Captain Nicholas and Strickland were assigned to different rooms. 2. Various objects of mine which usually decorated the sitting-room were missing. 3. During this time three men working on very diverse lines made themselves felt as far more original personalities. 4. Four different people told me the same story. B. quick, swift, fast, rapid, speedy 1. Anna made a quick warning movement. 2. Air journeys became swift and short. 3. The Italians are not such cautious and careful drivers as the French and in addition they are much faster. 4. They spoke in rapid question and answer. 5. Even after he could hear it no longer and was out among the speedy wide streets of people and motor traffic in the modern city. 6. Fill in the appropriate synonyms. A. different, various, diverse 1. The two ministers gave reasons for the government’s decision. 2. The minister gave reasons for the government’s decision. 3. They have many interests. B. quick, swift, fast, rapid, speedy 1. Davy opened a bottle, took a drink of the coolish, bitter liquid. 2. The current was not very now and he could easily swim to and fro across it. 3. He was to take offence. 4. Isabel gave me a handshake. 5. Oh, it was only a journey. 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the phrasal verbs “be”, “shake”, “push”, “throw” + a particle. A. 1. I wonder what he is after. 2. The manager is away on business. 3. He’ll be down to see you in the morning. 4. Don’t worry, the temperature is down now. 5. My brother is down in life, poor chap. 6. The train is in. 7. Leave me alone, I’m all in. 8. Be off! You wretch, off with you at once! 9. The electricity was off yesterday. 10. The concert will be on at eight 17 o’clock. 11. The light has been on since seven. 12. Is the wedding still on? 13. My husband is out now. 14. The news will be out anyway. 15. When will the next magazine be out? 16. The dream of success was over. 17. I am nearly through with the book. 18. The time is up. 19. His temper was up. 20. Prices are up again. 21. I’m always up at seven o’clock. 22. Something is up. B. 1. The contents of the packet may shake down in travelling. 2. You’ll soon shake down in your new job. 3. The horse moved its tail to shake off the flies. 4. He could never shake off a certain stiffness of manner. 5. She took the raincoat from me and shook it out at the door. 6. An idle wretch like that needs to be well shaken up. C. 1. If you have nothing more for me to do here, I think I’ll push off. 2. We pushed on through the woods until we reached a road. 3. His sister was a great help in pushing the student through. D. 1. My advice was thrown away upon him. 2. “But I did go!” she threw in. 3. Philip threw off his brother who now refused to work at all. 4. The Bill was thrown out. 5. “Oh! Never mind, Mrs Roberts!” he threw out irritably. 6. Helen was the girl that Jim threw over in order to marry Mary. 7. Something he ate disagreed with him, and he suddenly began to throw up. 8. I’m not going to be fool enough to throw up this chance. 8. Fill in the particles completing the verbs “be”, “shake”, “push” and “throw”. A. 1. I am my business. 2. Jim is another job. 3. I shan’t be a moment. 4. Is Mary yet? Her eggs are getting cold. 5. The price of milk should be next week. 6. Jane was with a cold last week, so she didn’t come to work. 7. Phone him at the office, he should be now. 8. Long skirts will be again next year. 9. Let us rest for a while, I’m all 10. Be ! Get out of my garden! 11. Are you sure the lights are ? 12. I saw that the light was 13. This magazine tells us what’s this week. 14. A new film is now. 15. Mr Sharp is of town until next week. 16. Long skirts are one year and the next. 17. It’s no use to keep it secret, the story is now. 18. The rain will soon be 19. When you are with that book, will you lend it to me? 20. Once the sun is , we’ll be on our way. 21. We’re often late. 22. Eggs are again this month. 23. What’s ? You look pale. 24. Bring the boat in now, your time is B. 1. You don’t have to climb the tree; it may be possible to shake the apples 2. You will soon shake in that town. 3. Angrily she shook his hand. 4. Bertha tried again to shake her fancies. 5. Turning his trousers upside down, she shook a lot of coins. 6. Shake the medicine 18 before drinking it. 7. That lazy boy needs shaking and being made to think for himself. C. 1. What are you doing in this garden? Push at once! 2. We must push with the work if we are to finish it in time. 3. We shall need all the votes we can get to push the new law D. 1. Never throw a chance to improve your English. 2. There was no need for you to throw that unnecessary remark. 3. It’s very difficult to throw old habits of thought. 4. Two members were thrown of the club for failing to pay the money they owed. 5. Throwing an instruction as he left, he rushed from the office. 6. I don’t believe that he has thrown her 7. Jane can’t come, she’s been throwing all morning. 8. I can’t expect you to throw all your life just because I’m back. 9. Paraphrase the sentences using the phrasal verbs “be”, “shake”, “push”, “throw” + a particle. A. 1. What are you doing? “I am doing my business.” 2. There are too many men trying to obtain the same post. 3. The level of demand has fallen since the new measures were introduced to reduce spending. 4. They were both ill with a nasty bout of flue. 5. Leather is very fashionable at the moment. 6. After six weeks’ training, the recruits were exhausted. 7. Is she at home? 8. It is high time we left at once. 9. Electricity will be disconnected while they repair the lines. 10. The workers are still on strike. 11. A very good film is being shown at the Plaza this week. 12. Roses are in bloom. 13. A new magazine for young girls will be published soon. 14. The secret was now revealed. 15. The work has ended for the weekend. 16. We have completed our work. 17. My annual leave has come to an end. 18. She remained out of bed half the night with a sick child. 19. What is going on? 20. Salaries have been raised. B. 1. “How can we get these apples? They are so high up.” “Shake the apple tree and some of them will fall down.” 2. He stamped his feet to remove the snow from his boots. 3. I can’t get rid of this fever. 4. “What are you doing with that coat?” “I’m trying to remove the dust by shaking.” 5. The bad news gave me a bad shock. C. 1. Go away as soon as you’re ready! 2. Can the army advance to the next town? 3. We shall need your help to complete our business. D. 1. These cans can be discarded. 2. Could I add my comments to the arguments? 3. If only he could get rid of that carefully cultivated manner. 4. There are some bundles of old magazines here that I want to get rid of. 5. When last I spoke to him, he was expressing dire warnings of a financial crisis. 6. This Young Circe seduced him and then lightheartedly turned her 19 back on him. 7. She had planned to do a management course but since then she had abandoned it. 8. How awfully servile that man is. He makes me want to vomit! 10. Respond to the following using the phrasal verbs “be”, “shake”, “push”, “throw” + a particle. A. 1. What would you say if somebody asked you, “What are you about?” 2. What’s the difference between the sentences “He’s out” and “He’s away”? 3. Would you help a person if he is down and out? 4. What would you advise a person who is all in? 5. Do you always follow announcements to learn beforehand when a new play is on? 6. In what case would you leave a message for your friend? 7. Would you give in easily if you were after something? 8. What does a person feel when he is back home after a long absence? 9. Of what goods are prices up in winter and down in summer? 10. What would you do if you didn’t want a secret to be out? 11. What do you do when you see that children are up to mischief? 12. If the light is suddenly off in the evening, what do you usually do? B. 1. What must you do before taking medicine which is in a bottle? 2. Is it easy for you to shake down in another town? 3. What happens to leaves in autumn? 4. How can you shake off bad habits? 5. What must you do if your mats get dusty? 6. What news can shake you up? C. 1. Does your friend ever say to you “Now, I’ll push off.” 2. When must you push on with your work? 3. What can be pushed through in parliament? D. 1. What do you do with old things? 2. Is it always easy to throw off a sense of shame? 3. When do you throw out an occasional word? 4. Why do some young people throw over their girl-friends or boy-friends? 5. Have you ever felt like throwing up? 6. Why should you be careful in throwing up a job? 11. Learn the phrases listed right after the text and interpret their meaning in the sentences from the text. 1. Edward Bear, known to his friends as Winnie-the-Pooh, or Pooh for short, was walking through the forest one day 2. He was humming this hum to himself 3. After breakfast he said it over and over to himself until he had learnt it off by heart 4. He thought to himself, “There must be somebody there because somebody must have said ‘Nobody!’” 5. So Pooh pushed and pushed and pushed his way through the hole, and at last he got in 6. And he tried very hard to look in the direction of the larder. 7. “As a matter of fact,” said Rabbit, “I was going out myself directly.” 8. “I thought not,” said Pooh, nodding to himself. 9. He pulled 20 with his front paws, and pushed with his back paws, and in a little while his nose was out in the open again 10. “Well, well, I shall go and fetch Cristopher Robin. 12. Make up sentences on each phrase. 13. Make up and act out situations in which these phrases would be appropriate. 14. Give the English equivalents for: bût, atrasties, notikt; kas noticis?, kâ jums klâjas?, cik tas maksâ?; atðíirties, nesaskançt, mûsu gaumes nesaskan; starpîba, atðíirîba, izbeigt strîdu, tas bûtiski maina visu, tas neko nemaina, iet kompromisa ceïu; atðíirîgs, daþâds, daþâdâs krâsâs, daþâdi; nozîmçt, es negribçju jûs aizvainot, ko jûs ar to gribat teikt?, paredzçt, es to teicu pa jokam; nozîme, jçga, saprast, ko tas viss nozîmç?; bez mçría, nenozîmîgs, nozîmîgs; kratît, purinât, sarokoties, nopurinâties, purinât galvu, kratît dûri, raustîties aiz smiekliem, drebçt, trîcçt aiz bailçm, galîgi satriekts, mazinât kâda drosmi; kratîðana, rokasspiediens, galvas purinâðana, drebulis, drudzis, iedvest kâdam bailes, satricinâjums, vienâ mirklî, nekâ seviðía; drebelîgs, nedroði soïi, drebelîga balss, tikko turçties kâjâs, slikti justies, ïodzîgs galds, viòð slikti prot franèu valodu; âtrs, raits, steigâ ieturçta maltîte, paâtrinâts pulss, raits solis, strauja daba, veikls strâdnieks, âtrâ gaitâ, âtrâ secîbâ, pasteidzieties!, apíçrîgs, apíçrîgs bçrns, smalka dzirde, vçrîgs prâts, laba atmiòa, atsaucîgs, attapîgs, viòð ir labs rçíinâtâjs, zibenîgi, gleznot no dabas; dzîvie un miruðie, jûtîga vieta, apgriezt nagus ïoti îsi, kâdu dziïi aizvainot, lietas bûtîba; âtri, raiti; paâtrinât, pasteidzinât soïus, izraisît kâda interesi; vadît, vadît delegâciju, bût pirmajâ vietâ sarakstâ, virzîties, turçt kursu uz dienvidiem; galva, no galvas lîdz kâjâm, stâvçt uz galvas, noliedzoði papurinât galvu; prâts, skaidrs prâts, labas spçjas matemâtikâ, viòam ir galva uz pleciem, pakustini smadzenes; galva, vadîtâjs, ìimenes galva, valdîbas vadîtâjs, firmas priekðgalâ, lappuses sâkumâ, kalna virsotne, gultas galvgalis, zemesrags, upes izteka, naglas galviòa, monçtas virspuse, raksts vai çrglis? (metot monçtu), alus putas, sasniegt kritisku stâvokli, saasinât lîdz pçdçjai iespçjai, piekopt strausa politiku, kûleniski, lîdz ausîm iemîlçjies, saglabât mieru, turçties virs ûdens, salikt prâtus kopâ, zaudçt galvu, virzîties uz priekðu, nevarçt nekâ saprast, prâtâ jucis, uz savu atbildîbu, ieòemt kaut ko galvâ, pierunât kâdam pilnu galvu, ðefpavârs, vecâkâ mâsa, galvenais oficiants; 21 grûst, stumt, piespiest pie sienas, izvirzît savas prasîbas, taisît karjeru, bût laika trûkumâ, izaicinât likteni, reklamçt savas preces; grûdiens, pagrûst, ja bûs nepiecieðams, ïoti enerìisks cilvçks; mest, sviest, uzmest kâdam skatienu, sûtît kâdam gaisa skûpstus, atnesties (par govi, íçvi); metiens, pavisam tuvu; gribçt, vçlçties, jûs lûdz pie telefona, jûs izsauc priekðnieks, bez desmit minûtçm divpadsmit, viòu meklç policija; vajadzîba, manas vajadzîbas nav lielas, trûkums, naudas trûkuma dçï, dzîvot trûkumâ; mîlçt; mîla, iemîlçties kâdâ, pârstât mîlçt, mîlçties, par katru cenu, dçï, labad, savtîga mîlestîba, viòam nav simpâtiju vienam pret otru, sûtît sveicienus; skaists, piemîlîgs, pievilcîgs; izteikt vârdos, izteikt protestu; balss, pilnâ kaklâ, izteikt, pieprasît tiesîbas izteikties, tas no manis nav atkarîgs, runât skaïâk, vienbalsîgi. 15. Speak on the following topics employing the acquired vocabulary items: 1. different tastes; 2. disagreements and arguments; 3. meaning to do sth.; 4. meaningful and meaningless things; 5. shaking hands (one’s head, medicine); 6. shaking with fear; 7. giving a quick answer; 8. having a quick mind; 9. being hurt to the quick; 10. heads of various things; 11. going in a certain direction; 12. pushing through the crowd; 13. being thrown into prison; 14. having a need for sth.; 15. living in want; 16. falling in love (out of love); 17. voicing sb.’s feelings; 18. the voice of one’s conscience; 19. voices of the sea (night); 20. shouting at the top of one’s voice. 16. Translate into English. 1. “Cik tas maksâ?” – “200 Ls.” – “Tik dârgi! Man grûti tam noticçt!” 2. Ko lai dara, bet mûsu gaumes nesaskan. 3. Varam darît arî tâ, bet bûtîbâ tas 22 neko nemaina. 4. Ðajos apstâkïos labâkais bûtu iet kompromisa ceïu. 5. Piedodiet, es negribçju jûs aizvainot, es to teicu pa jokam. 6. Nenoklausîjies visus manus argumentus, viòð sâka purinât galvu. 7. Kratiet, kratiet savu dûri, bet mani tas nemaz neuztrauc. 8. Ejot pa tumðu meþu, bçrni trîcçja aiz bailçm. 9. Uzzinâjis ðo skumjo vçsti, viòð bija galîgi satriekts. 10. Viòð to dara, lai iedvestu mums bailes. 11. Vecais cilvçks gâja nedroðiem soïiem un runâja drebelîgâ balsî. 12. Ko jûs, kâds no viòa tulks, viòð slikti prot angïu valodu. 13. Viòi steidzâs mâjâs raitâ solî. 14. Esiet uzmanîgi, viòð ir straujas dabas cilvçks. 15. Âtrâ secîbâ viens kadrs nomainîja otru. 16. Viòa ir viens apíçrîgs bçrns, prieks klausîties. 17. Uz viòu var païauties, viòð ir atsaucîgs cilvçks. 18. Tâ ir grâmata par dzîvajiem un miruðajiem. 19. Es jutos dziïi aizvainots, jo tâdu nepateicîbu nebiju gaidîjis. 20. “Kas vada delegâciju?” – “Man ðíiet, ârlietu ministrs.” 21. Vientuïais mednieks turçja kursu uz ziemeïiem. 22. Viòam ir labas spçjas matemâtikâ. 23. Gan jau viòð tiks ar visu galâ, viòam ir galva uz pleciem. 24. “Raksts vai çrglis?” – “Çrglis.” – “Tad tu esi zaudçjis.” 25. Notikumi bija sasnieguði izðíiroðo stâvokli. 26. Ja tu piekopsi strausa politiku, tad dzîvç tâlu netiksi. 27. Vai tad tu neredzi, ka viòð ir lîdz ausîm iemîlçjies? 28. Saliksim prâtus kopâ, gan jau tad noturçsimies virs ûdens. 29. Kas ðeit ir uzrakstîts, es nevaru nekâ saprast. 30. Neklausies, ko viòð tev stâsta, viòð tev pierunâs pilnu galvu. 31. Ja tu neaizstâvçsies, viòð tevi piespiedîs pie sienas. 32. Nevajag izaicinât likteni, jau tâ stâvoklis nav no vieglajiem. 33. Un tu vçl apðaubi viòa panâkumus! Viòð taèu ir ïoti enerìisks cilvçks. 34. Skat, skat, viòð tev sûta gaisa skûpstus! 35. Jûs lûdz pie telefona. 36. Âtri nâciet ðurp, jûs izsauc priekðnieks. 37. Viòu meklç policija, laikam atkal bûs ko sliktu izdarîjis. 38. Naudas trûkuma dçï projekts palika nerealizçts. 39. Viòiem nav simpâtiju vienam pret otru, tâpçc nekas labs tur neiznâks. 40. Uzstâjoties sapulcç, viòð izteica visu savu darba biedru protestu. 41. Lçmums tika pieòemts vienbalsîgi. 42. Es jums nevaru palîdzçt, jo tas no manis nav atkarîgs. II TEXT EXERCISES 1. Answer the questions. 1. What was Edward Bear doing one day? 2. How many times had he said his little hum over and over to himself until he had learnt it off by heart? 3. What did he suddenly see? 4. What did he say to himself? 5. What did he do after that? 6. What kind of conversation did he have with Rabbit? 7. What did Rabbit get out and why was Pooh glad to see it? 8. What was Pooh treated to? 9. Why was Pooh not willing to go away? 10. Why was it 23 difficult for Pooh to climb out of the hole? 11. What did Rabbit say about eating too much? 2. Enlarge upon the following. 1. Edward Bear was walking through the forest. 2. Pooh suddenly came to a sandy bank. 3. He put his head into the hole, and called out: “Is anybody at home?” 4. A voice answered: “No.” 5. Winnie-the-Pooh took his head out of the hole and then put it back. 6. He continued to talk to Rabbit. 7. Pooh pushed his way through the hole, and at last got in. 8. Pooh was very glad to see Rabbit getting out the plates and mugs. 9. Rabbit said that there was nothing else to eat. 10. Pooh got stuck in the hole. 11. Rabbit said, “It all comes of eating too much.” 3. Retell the text and then give its summary. 4. Make up and act out the dialogues between: 1) Pooh and another bear about going to see Rabbit; 2) Pooh and another bear about the art of humming; 3) Pooh and a voice in the hole; 4) Pooh and Rabbit about coming into the hole; 5) Pooh and Rabbit about honey, condensed milk and bread; 6) Pooh and Rabbit about going out of the hole; 7) Pooh and Rabbit about the difficulty of getting out of the hole; 8) Pooh and Rabbit about eating too much; 9) Rabbit and another rabbit about Winnie-the-Pooh; 10) Winnie-the-Pooh and another bear about Rabbit. 5. Pick out lexical items bearing on talking, eating and getting out of a hole (pit). Make up your own stories using these lexical items. 6. Speak on the plot, setting, composition and theme of the text. 7. Speak on the method of character drawing employed in the text. 8. Analyse the general peculiarities of the text (narration, description, dialogues, humour, etc.). 9. Say what impression the text has produced on you. Try to motivate your answer. 24  III DISCUSSION EXERCISES 1. Answer the following questions. 1. Why are inanimate things and animals represented as human beings in fairy-tales? 2. What human characteristics are usually given to the lion, the bear, the hare, the mouse, etc. 3. Do you like fairy-tales of this kind? If yes, why? 4. What are your favourite fairy-tales? 5. What fairy-tales have been used to make some famous animated cartoons? 6. Do you remember any tale from R. Kipling’s “Just So Stories” or “The Jungle Book”? 7. Who is the author of the charming book “The Wind in the Willows?” Why is this book so popular both with the children and the grown-up people? 8. Have you read any book by Hugh Lofting? Who is the main character in his wonderful books? 9. What book has made Anna Sewell known all over the world? What is this book about? 10. What do you know about Michael Bond and his books? Which animal is described in his “Paddington’s Adventures in England”? 11. What other English literary fairy-tales have you read? Have you enjoyed them? Why? 2. Comment on the following: 1. Ah, I’m rather a big bug in the smuggling line. (A. Christie) 2. Like a bull in a china shop, as Miss Pinkerton exclaimed. (M. Spark) 3. I told him I knew her fairly well. “Lucky old dog,” said Martineau. “Lucky old dog, Lewis.” (Ch. Snow) 4. June, indeed was occupied with lame ducks, whom, as a rule, Jolly could not stand (J. Galsworthy) 5. Mercado was a poor fish (A. Christie) 6. The father was a queer bird in his way. (R. Aldington) 7. I suppose I’m an ugly duckling. (H. C. Andersen) 8. Now, sit, perhaps you’ll tell me why you behave like a dirty dog. (J. Galsworthy) 9. She’s a bit of a dark horse. (A. Christie) 10. He had called Martin the black sheep of the family and repudiated him. (J. London) 11. They are snakes in the grass who do not place women upon a pedestal. (F. Sullivan) 12. But he’s cock of the walk now. (E. Voynich) 13. “Gee, I’d give something to get even with that fellow Langton, the son of a bitch,” he said. (S. Maugham) 14. Do you suppose yourself top dog in this house? (J. Galsworthy) 15. After all, he liked to mix with people of his own class Birds of a feather. (S. Maugham) 3. Read the following texts and discuss how animals’ cries and characteristics are reflected in the English language. Discuss love for animals in England and also your pets. 25  A. CRIES AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS Very close life with Nature in old, old times had taught man many useful things. Among others it also enabled him to enrich his vocabulary and learn many colourful expressions. Most of them have become proverbial. A PIG grunts when it eats and squeals when it is in pain. Likewise man utters the same sounds. He grunts when he is angry or squeals with pain like a stuck pig if he is a coward. When a man keeps his home dirty we say that he lives in a regular pigsty. When a person is living in a very small room, we say that he or she is like a pig in a poke. An Englishman buys a pig in a poke. And again, an Englishman says of a very small room that there is hardly room in it to swing a cat. Unreasonable, obstinate people are called “pigheaded”. An American gets the wrong pig by the tail when he puts the blame on an innocent person. All over the world a man under the influence of wine or whisky makes a pig of himself. People who undeservingly live in ease and luxury live like pigs in clover. Pigs might fly and other similar wonders might happen if we were to believe in them. Just as it is not possible to teach a pig to play on a flute, no one expects each weekday to be a holiday, and this is why we don’t kill a pig every day. Little girls wear pigtails. The COCK appears in a great many useful phrases. An early riser is always up at cock-crow. And when a man’s position of priority remains undisputed, he is cock of the walk; or he rules the roost. His mental attitude is familiarly described as cocky. If he is irritatingly self-confident, he is cocksure. A very meek and obedient husband is a henpecked husband. When a man tells a glaringly untrue account, especially of his brave action, we call it a cock-and-bull story. We have a wise proverb: Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. Some people like wine, some whisky and others like cocktails. As the old cock crows, so doth the young. And the saying, every cock crows on his own dunghill in French is “un coq est bien fort sur son fumier.” Male birds are called cocks, we say a cock-robin and a cock-sparrow. The cock’s crow is called by children “cock-a-doodle-doo”. We cock the ears in attention, and cock the nose to show our contempt. A person cocks his eye or winks. One may cock one’s hat when one puts it on aslant. A cockalorum is a self-important little man. 26  B. LOVE OF ANIMALS As England’s grass is greenest, so its animals are the happiest in the world. Every foreign visitor is struck by the unconcern with which pigeons move among the feet of passers-by. Sparrows in the London parks display an incredible familiarity. The English are about the only people on this planet who are naturally kind to animals. No other country legally protects beasts, with the entire consent of public opinion, as much as England. You can be sent to prison for allowing your cat to starve in your empty house when you have left for your holidays; you may be fined some twenty pounds for frightening a racing-pigeon by tying, so as to train it, fireworks under its tail; and I do not advise a carter to whip even a viciously recalcitrant horse up a hill. The passers-by would interfere. A never-failing mine of happiness to me is the London Zoo; as I go to Marble Arch for recreation, so I go to the Zoo to renew my hopes in the humanity of my fellow-men. The care taken of the animals, the affection the keepers bear them, the continual efforts made to better their conditions, already so excellent compared with what one sees in most zoos abroad, enchant me; but the pleasure and sympathy of the visitors are even more touching. Oh, kindly land, where the birth of a lion-cub or little rhino is announced in the newspapers as a matter of public interest; where the death of a consumptive monkey is regretted; where a special squad of keepers is mobilized to look for a lost swan; where the indispensable extermination of destructive pigeons is mourned by the population of a huge town; where an old municipal horse that has worked twenty years in the London streets is pensioned off, and the Government sends official notes to the Continental countries, begging them not to shoot the little birds that are migrating from Africa for their summer stay in the North! To the end of all time, may you keep your protective benevolence towards children, beasts and flowers; the smiles you have for a new baby, a new puppy, and the first crocus; and my benediction be upon you as the one spot on this savage earth where a burly policeman holds up line upon line of snorting rushing cars in full traffic to let a silly duck and her brood of ducklings waddle safely across the road! From G. J. Renier: The English Are They Human? and Odette Keun: I Discover The English 27  C. A PARROT A man had a speaking parrot. But the parrot could only say one phrase. The phrase was, “There is no doubt about it”. The man got tired of the parrot and decided to sell it. He took the parrot to the market in the cage and shouted, “Who wants my speaking parrot, twenty pounds for my parrot!” A man who was walking by and heard these words came up to the cage and asked, “Parrot, are you really so clever that you cost twenty pounds?” “There is no doubt about it!” said the parrot. The man liked the answer so much that he paid for the parrot and brought him home. But time passed and the parrot never said anything else. The man came up to the cage one day and said, “What a fool I was when I bought you once at twenty pounds!” “There is no doubt about it,” said the parrot. D. OUR PETS The animals which we keep at home are our pets. They can be dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, tortoises and birds. All boys and girls are fond of pets, but pets need great care. You must teach your pet to answer to his name, to understand you, to do what you tell him. Be kind to your pet, never make him angry. If you treat your pet with care and love, he will become your good friend. The Dog The dog is very clever. He is the only animal who always knows his master and the friends of his family. He knows his master by the tone of his voice and even by his looks. The dog is a good companion and true friend. He will guard your life if something happens to you. He will work for you if you train him. He will hunt for you. He will play with you. All dogs were wild once. They belonged to the same family as the wolf and the fox. But people tamed them, and now dogs are very useful to man. There are many kinds of dogs: the sheep-dog, the Newfoundland dog, the St. Bernard dog, the bulldog, the spaniel, the mastiff, the poodle, the greyhound, the pointer, the terrier, the collie, the dachshund and others. Do You Know How To Feed A Dog? A dog must be not too fat. Fat dogs are often lazy. They get sick easily. Most dogs eat too much. An old dog needs only two meals a day. 28 He must have meat but once a day. For his other meal he may have cooked vegetables. Do not give your dog chicken bones or fish bones. A puppy must eat many times a day, but do not give him meat before he is six months old. Milk is good for him. He may also have vegetables. Feed your dog from a clean dish. Take away any food that he leaves after you have fed him. How can you make sure that he has plenty of water? Your dog must have plenty of clean, cool water. It is a good thing to have a pan of water where he can drink whenever he is thirsty. Take Care Of Your Dog – Give him a clean place to sleep in. – Give him a dry mat to sleep on. – Give him a warm place to sleep in winter. – Give him a cool place to sleep in summer. The Cat Our cats were first tamed in Egypt. There are many kinds of cats: white cats, black cats, grey cats, red cats; cats with long tails, cats with bushy tails, cats with no tails at all. Cats are clean and pretty. They are very wise, and can find their way anywhere. You can make great friends with cats, but they are not so loving as dogs. They are more shy and independent. The cat has a nice coat. It is made of fur, and the fur is very thick and warm. The cat’s feet have sharp claws. It can pull them in, then its paws are soft. The cat’s eyes are green and yellow. It can see in the dark and in the light. The light of the day is too strong for its eyes, and it often shuts them. But at night, when there is only a little light, it opens its eyes very wide. When the cat is happy, it sings. It says, “Purr, purr.” Do You Know How To Take Care Of A Cat? – Give your cat milk to drink. – She likes meat and fish to eat. – Always have clean water where your cat can find it. – Let your cat play in the grass. – Put a little bell on her neck. The little bell will ring. Then she cannot catch the birds. They will hear her coming and fly away. 29 4. Read the poems and discuss the ideas expressed in them. A. THE ROBIN AND THE CHICKEN A plump little robin flew down a tree To hunt for a worm which he happened to see; A frisky young chicken came scampering by And gazed at the robin with wondering eye. Said the chick, “What a queer-looking chicken is that! His wings so long and his body so fat!” While the robin remarked loud enough to be heard, “Dear me! an exceedingly strange-looking bird.” “Can you sing?” robin asked, and the chicken said, “No.” But asked in his turn if the robin could crow. So the bird sought a tree, and the chicken a wall, And each thought the other knew nothing at all. B. FOUR LITTLE CHICKS Said the first little chick, With a queer little squirm, “Oh, I wish I could find A little red worm!” Said the next little chick, With an odd little shrug, “Oh, I wish I could find A fat little slug!” Said the third little chick, With a small sigh of grief, “Oh, I wish I could find A green little leaf!” Said the fourth little chick, With a faint little moan, “Oh, I wish I could find A nice gravel stone!” “Now look here,” said the hen, From the green garden patch, “If you want all these things, Don’t wish, but just scratch!” 30  C. H. WOLFE. TWO SPARROWS Two sparrows, feeding, heard a thrush sing to the dawn. The first said “Tush! In all my life I never heard a more affected singing-bird.” The second said “It’s you and me, who slave to keep the likes of he.” “And if we cared,” both sparrows said, “we’d do that singing on our head.” The thrush pecked sideways, and was dumb. “And now,” they screamed, “he’s pinched our crumb.” D. L. TENNYSON. WHAT DOES LITTLE BIRDIE SAY? What does little birdie say, In her nest at peep of day? “Let me fly,” says little birdie, “Mother, let me fly away.” “Birdie, rest a little longer, Till the little wings are stronger.” So she rests a little longer. Then she flies away. What does little baby say, In her bed at peep of day? Baby says, like little birdie “Let me rise and fly away.” Baby, sleep a little longer, Till the little limbs are stronger, 31  If she sleeps a little longer, Baby too shall fly away. E. S. T. COLERIDGE. ANSWER TO A CHILD’S QUESTION Do you ask what the birds say? The Sparrow, the Dove, The Linnet and Thrush say, “I love and I love!” In the winter they’re silent – the wind is so strong; What it says I don’t know, but it sings a loud song. But green leaves and blossoms, and sunny warm weather, And singing and loving – all come back together. “I love and I love,” almost all the birds say, From sun-rise to star-rise, so gladsome are they. But the Lark is so brimful of gladness and love, The green field below him, the blue sky above, That he sings and he sings, and for ever sings he – “I love my Love and Love loves me!” ‘Tis no wonder that he’s full of joy to the brim, When he loves his Love and his Love loves him. 5. Interpret the English proverbs and find their equivalents in Latvian. 1. Agree like cats and dogs. 2. All cats are grey in the dark. 3. All is fish that comes to the net. 4. All lay loads on a willing horse. 5. Barking dogs seldom bite. 6. Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow. 7. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 8. A bird may be known by its song. 9. A bull must be taken by the horns. 10. A cat in gloves catches no mice. 11. The cat shuts its eyes when it steals the cream. 12. A cock is bold on his own dunghill. 13. The cow knows not the worth of her tail till she loses it. 14. Dog doesn’t eat dog. 15. Don’t teach a fish to swim. 16. The early bird catches the worm. 6. Make up and act out situations using the proverbs. 7. Give your own examples illustrating the behaviour of people or animals as characterized in the proverbs in ex. 5. These may be based on your own experience or taken from books or films. 32  UNIT TWO R. KIPLING (1865–1936) WEE WILLIE WINKIE “AN OFFICER AND A GENTLEMAN” Rudyard Kipling, a poet, short-story writer and novelist, was born in Bombay, where his father taught at a school of art before becoming director of the Lahore museum. In 1871 Kipling and his sister were sent to England to attend school. Moving back to India in 1882, he began his early career as a journalist in Lahore. His familiarity with all ranks of the Anglo-Indian community contributed to the freshness of the poems and tales he wrote for “The Gazette”. Many of these were subsequently published as “Departmental Ditties” (1886) and “Plain Tales from the Hills” (1888). Other tales which established his reputation in India were published in booklet form. The stories of “Soldiers Three” (1892) began in this form, along with “The Phantom Rickshaw” and “Wee Willie Winkie” (1888). After his return to England in 1889 he rapidly established himself in literary London. In 1892 Kipling married Caroline Balestier and they spent the years 1892-96 near her family in Vermont, USA. The stories in “The Jungle Book” (1894) and “The Second Jungle Book” (1895) were written here. The family moved back to England and settled in Sussex in 1902. His best-known novel “Kim” was published in 1901. Kipling began to visit South Africa regularly after 1898. Here he began the “Just So Stories” (1902). This collection, along with “Puck of Pook’s Hill” (1906) and “Rewards and Fairies” (1910), shows an unusual sympathy with children. He continued to publish collections of short stories for adults throughout the rest of his life, including “Traffics and Discoveries” (1904), “Actions and Reactions” (1909) and “A Diversity of Creatures” (1917), “Debits and Credits” (1926), “Limits and Renewals” (1932). Kipling was the first English writer to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). His full name was Percival William Williams, but he picked up the other name in a nursery-book and that was the end of the christened titles. 33 His mother’s ayah called him Willie-Baba, but as he never paid the faintest attention to anything that the ayah said, her wisdom did not help matters. His father was the Colonel of the 195th, and as soon as Wee Willie Winkie was old enough to understand what Military Discipline meant, Colonel Williams put him under it. There was no other way of managing the child. When he was good for a week, he drew good-conduct pay; and when he was bad, he was deprived of his good-conduct stripe. Generally he was bad, for India offers so many chances to little six-year-olds of going wrong. Children resent familiarity from strangers, and Wee Willie Winkie was a very particular child. Once he accepted an acquaintance, he was graciously pleased to thaw. He accepted Brandis, a subaltern of the 195th, on sight. Brandis was having tea at the Colonel’s and Wee Willie Winkie entered strong in the possession of a good-conduct badge won for not chasing the hens round the compound. He regarded Brandis with gravity for at least ten minutes, and then delivered himself of his opinion. “I like you,” said he slowly, getting off his chair and coming over to Brandis. “I like you. I shall call you Coppy, because of your hair. Do you mind being called Coppy? It is because of ye hair, you know.” Here was one of the most embarrassing of Wee Willie Winkie’s peculiarities. He would look at a stranger for some time, and then, without warning or explanation, would give him a name. And the name stuck. No regimental penalties could break Wee Willie Winkie of this habit. He lost his good-conduct badge for christening the Commissioner’s wife “Pobs”; but nothing that the Colonel could do made the Station forego the nickname, and Mrs. Collen remained Mrs. “Pobs” till the end of her stay. So Brandis was christened “Coppy”, and rose, therefore, in the estimation of the regiment. If Wee Willie Winkie took an interest in anyone, the fortunate man was envied alike by the mess and the rank and file. And in their envy lay no suspicion of self-interest. The Colonel’s son was idolized on his own merits entirely. Yet Wee Willie Winkie was not lovely. His face was permanently freckled, as his legs were permanently scratched, and in spite of his mother’s almost tearful remonstrances he had insisted upon having his long yellow locks cut short in the military fashion. “I want my hair like Sergeant Tummil’s,” said Wee Willie Winkie, and, his father abetting, the sacrifice was accomplished. Three weeks after the bestowal of his youthful affections on Lieutenant Brandis – henceforward to be called “Coppy” for the sake of brevity – Wee Willie Winkie was destined to behold strange things and far beyond his comprehension. 34  Coppy returned his liking with interest. Coppy had let him wear for five rapturous minutes his own big sword – just as tall as Wee Willie Winkie. Coppy had promised him a terrier puppy; and Coppy had permitted him to witness the miraculous operation of shaving. Nay, more – Coppy had said that even he, Wee Willie Winkie, would rise in time to the ownership of a box of shiny knives, a silver soap-box and a silver-handled “sputter-brush”, as Wee Willie Winkie called it. Decidedly, there was no one except his father who could give or take away good-conduct badges at pleasure, half so wise, strong, and valiant as Coppy with the Afghan and Egyptian medals on his breast. Why, then, should Coppy be guilty of the unmanly weakness of kissing – vehemently kissing a “big girl”, Miss Allardyce to wit? In the course of a morning ride, Wee Willie Winkie had seen Coppy so doing, and, like the gentleman he was, had promptly wheeled round and cantered back to his groom, lest the groom should also see. Under ordinary circumstances he would have spoken to his father, but he felt instinctively that this was a matter on which Coppy ought first to be consulted. “Coppy,” shouted Wee Willie Winkie, reining up outside that subaltern’s bungalow early one morning – “I want to see you, Coppy!” “Come in, young’un,” returned Coppy, who was at early breakfast in the midst of his dogs. “What mischief have you been getting into now?” Wee Willie Winkie had done nothing notoriously bad for three days, and so stood on a pinnacle of virtue. “I’ve been doing nothing bad,” said he, curling himself into a long chair with a studious affection of the Colonel’s languor after a hot parade. He buried his freckled nose in a teacup and, with eyes staring roundly over the rim, asked: – “I say, Coppy, is it pwoper to kiss big girls?” “By Jove! You’re beginning early. Who do you want to kiss?” “No one. My’ muvver’s always kissing me if I don’t stop her. If it isn’t pwoper, how was you kissing Major Allardyce’s big girl last morning, by ve canal?” Coppy’s brow wrinkled. He and Miss Allardyce had with great craft managed to keep their engagement secret for a fortnight. There were urgent and imperative reasons why Major Allardyce should not know how matters stood for at least another month, and this small marplot had discovered a great deal too much. “I saw you,” said Wee Willie Winkie calmly. “But ve groom didn’t see. I said, ‘Hut jao’.” “Oh, you had that much sense, you young Rip,” groaned poor Coppy, half amused and half angry. “And how many people may you have told 35 about it?” “Only me myself. You didn’t tell when I twied to wide ve buffalo ven my pony was lame; and I fought you wouldn’t like.” “Winkie,” said Coppy enthusiastically, shaking the small hand, “you’re the best of good fellows. Look here, you can’t understand all these things. One of these days – hang it, how can I make you see it! – I’m going to marry Miss Allardyce, and she’ll be Mrs. Coppy, as you say. If your young mind is so scandalized at the idea of kissing big girls, go and tell your father.” “What will happen?” said Wee Willie Winkie, who firmly believed that his father was omnipotent. “I shall get into trouble,” said Coppy, playing his trump card with an appealing look at the holder of the ace. “Ven I won’t,” said Wee Willie Winkie briefly. “But my faver says it’s un-man-ly to be always kissing, and I didn’t fink you’d do vat, Coppy.” “I’m not always kissing, old chap. It’s only now and then, and when you’re bigger you’ll do it too. Your father meant it’s not good for little boys.” “Ah!” said Wee Willie Winkie, now fully enlightened. “It’s like ve sputter-brush.”” “Exactly,” said Coppy gravely. “But I don’t fink I’ll ever want to kiss big girls, nor no one `cept my muvver. And I must vat, you know.” PHRASES 1. to go wrong 2. to be a very particular child 3. to accept sb. on sight 4. to deliver oneself of one’s opinion 5. to break sb. of a habit 6. to take an interest in sb. 7. the rank and file 8. to be cut short in the military fashion 9. to be far beyond one’s comprehension 10. under ordinary circumstances 11. to keep sth. secret 12. to discover a great deal too much 13. to get into trouble 14. to play one’s trump card 36  VOCABULARY ITEMS 1. to have v – to be the owner of, to possess. have down – 1) to invite sb. to a place in the country. I’m having Jones down for a few days shooting. 2) to cut down (a tree). You know that big tree? We’re going to have it down. have in – 1) to ask sb. to come in for some purpose. Have the doctor in. 2) to bring into the house. It’s going to rain: we’d better have the chairs in. have on1 – 1) to be wearing (clothes, jewellery). She had all her finery on. 2) to be busy with (engagement, lecture). What do you have on for tomorrow night? have on2 – to tease, to play tricks on sb. I didn’t really mean it. I was just having you on. have out – 1) to have sth. pulled out ( tooth, weed, etc.). You ought to have that tooth out. 2) to exhaust (sleep, laugh). Let him have his sleep out (let him sleep until he wakes). 3) to settle, to clear up. No, I don’t want you thinking things. I’d rather have it all out now. have over – to finish. It was better to face the worst and have it over. have up – to cause sb. to be brought before a magistrate or judge. I could have her up for snatching my letter. 2. matter v – to be important or having meaning (chiefly in interrogative, negative and conditional sentences). What does it matter? It doesn’t matter much, does it? matter n – 1) what all things are made of. Solids, liquids and gases are matter. 2) something to be talked about, acted upon, etc. They discussed business matters. 3) the contents or meaning of sth. written or spoken. The subject matter of the essay is friendship. 4) importance. It’s of no matter. 5) trouble. What’s the matter. 37 Synonyms: affair, business. “Affair” suggests action or performance; it often implies a process, an operation, an undertaking. “Affair” is a single action. That’s my affair, not yours. The plural “affairs” has a distinctive meaning, including all activities where men deal with one another on any considerable scale, as in the management of finances or in the carrying on of diplomatic negotiations. The Prime Minister is kept busy with affairs of state. “Business” stresses duty or office; sometimes it suggests an imposed task. It’s a teacher’s business to help the pupils. That’s no business of yours. “Matter” usually is more objective as well as more vague than “business” or “affair”. It refers to sth. that is merely an object of consideration or that is to be dealt with. This is a matter I do not understand. Phrases: as a matter of fact – really, to tell the truth. As a matter of fact we haven’t done it yet. for that matter (for the matter of that) – so far as that is concerned. He’s a throughly good fellow; so is Tom, for that matter. in the matter of – as regards. He is strict in the matter of discipline. no matter who (what, where, etc.) – whoever it is, whatever happens, etc. Don’t trust him no matter what he says. 3. pay v – 1) to give money for goods or services. Did you pay the milkman? 2) to settle or get rid of by giving money. At last he paid his debt. 3) to give or offer. He paid her a compliment. 4) to bring as wages or salary. The job pays 100 dollars a week. 5) to be worth while. It will pay you to listen. pay down – to give as a deposit on some payment. How much did you have to pay down on the car? pay off – 1) to pay sb. his wages and discharge him. The steward paid off the servants and dismissed them. 2) to pay in full (one’s creditors, debts, instalments). I had fine intentions of paying off every debt. pay out – 1) to pay (money, wages, income, etc.). We hope they will pay out our wages. 2) to punish. Some girls would have paid him out for behaving so badly but she had forgiven him. 38  pay up – to pay what is owing in full (money, debts, etc.). It has taken us two years to settle that loan but at last we are paid up. pay n – 1) money paid for work or services. He gets his pay on Friday. 2) anything given or done in return. Your gratitude is my pay. payable adj – due to be paid. The bill is payable today. payee n – the person to whom money is to be paid. The payee has already come. payment n – a paying or being paid, sth. paid. The payment of taxes must be regular. 4. sense v – to be or become aware of. I sensed something wrong as soon as I saw them. sense n – 1) any of the special powers of the body and mind that let one see, hear, feel, taste, smell, etc. She has a keen sense of hearing. 2) a feeling or sensation: a sense of warmth, a sense of guilt. 3) an understanding or appreciation: a sense of honour, a sense of beauty, a sense of humour, a sense of rhythm. 4) judgement or intelligence. He showed good sense in his decision. 5) pl. normal ability to think or reason soundly. Come to your senses! Phrases: to bring sb. to his senses – to cause sb. to give up behaving like a fool or a madman. It will be no easy task to bring him to his senses. to come to one’s senses – to stop behaving like a fool or a madman. I hope you will come to your senses. in a sense – looking at it in a particular way. What you say is true in a sense. to make sense – to have a meaning that can be understood. It just doesn’t make sense. senseless adj – 1) unconcious. He was knocked senseless by a blow. 2) stupid, foolish. It was a senseless answer. sensible adj – reasonable, wise. She gave me sensible advice. sensitive adj – 1) quick to feel, notice, appreciative. Poets are sensitive to beauty. 2) easily hurt, irritated. He is sensitive about having his manners corrected. sensitivity n – the condition or degree of being sensitive. The dentist gave her an injection to reduce the sensitivity of the nerves. sensibility n – power of feeling delicite emotional impressions. He has the sensibility of an artist. 39 5. stick v – 1) to press a sharp point into sth. She stuck her finger with a needle. 2) to fasten or be fastened as by pinning or gluing. The stamp won’t stick to the paper. 3) to thrust or push. He stuck his hands in his pockets. 4) to hold back or become caught. The wheels stuck in the mud. 5) to keep close. Friends stick together. stick at – to stop short of, to hesitate. He sticks at nothing. stick by – to stay loyal to. You should always stick by your friends. stick out – 1) to protrude. Don’t his ears stick out. 2) to be apparent. His guilt stuck out all over him. 3) coll. to bear, to endure. I can stick it out now! stick up – 1) to stand on end. His hair is sticking up on end. 2) ~ for (one’s friend, rights, proposal) – to speak or act in defence or support. He stuck up for me through the whole ordeal. stick n – 1) a twig or branch broken or cut off. They gathered dry sticks to make a fire. 2) any long thin piece of wood. The old man cannot walk without a stick. 6. suspect v – 1) to think of as probably guilty, although there is little proof. The detective suspected the butler of the murder. 2) to have no trust. I suspect his honesty. 3) to guess or suppose. I suspect that you are right. suspect n – a person suspected of wrongdoing. He is a suspect in the robbery. suspect adj – that should be thought of with suspicion. His excuse remains suspect. suspicious adj – causing suspicion. It is a suspicious behaviour, believe me. suspicion n – 1) a suspecting or being suspected. Everyone here is above suspicion. He was arrested on (the) suspicion of having stolen the money. Don’t fall under suspicion. 2) the feeling or idea of one who suspects. I have a suspicion you are right. 7. permit v – 1) to give consent to. Will you permit me to help you? 2) to give a chance. We’ll fly if the weather permits. 40 Synonyms: to let, to allow “Let”, “allow”, “permit” come into comparison when they mean to give possibility or right to do something. In this sense these words are interchangeable but they differ in stylistic colouring. “Let” is the most colloquial word, “permit” is preferable in official language, and “allow” is neutral. I’m afraid we’ve let the tea stand rather a long time. I cannot permit you, General, enter my chamber. He allowed her to lead her into the kitchen. “Allow” and “permit”, in contrast to “let”, are used in the passive voice, whereas the use of “let” in the passive voice is very rare. He was not allowed to continue. That was as far as the car was permitted to go. permissible adj – that can be permitted. Anything like that is not permissible. permissive adj – permitting or allowing certain things. She has permissive parents. permission n – the act of permitting, consent. He has my permission to go. 8. consult v – 1) to go to for information or advice: to consult one’s lawyer (a map, the dictionary, a doctor). 2) ~ with – to take counsel. You should consult with your fellow workers. consultant n – a person who gives expert advice. They set up a firm of consultants. consultation n – 1) the act of consulting: in consultation with the director. 2) a meeting to talk over some problem. The doctors held a consultation to decide whether an operation was necessary. consultative adj – for the purpose of consulting. Apply to the consultative committee. 9. embarrass v – 1) to make feel uncomfortable, confused, or self- conscious. Nancy is always embarrassed when someone pays her a compliment. 2) to bring into trouble, to hinder or worry. We are financially embarrassed. 41 Synonyms: to abash, to discomfit, to disconcert, to rattle, to faze. “Abash” implies a sudden loss of self-confidence and a growing feeling of shame or inadequacy. I stood abashed at his rebukes. “Discomfit” implies a frustration of plans or expectations and often connotes a resultant feeling of discomposure or humiliation. He was discomfited by the collapse of his plans. “Disconcert” is to cause to lose quickly one’s self-possession so as to result in confusion. His interruptions were disconcerting. “Rattle” and “faze” are colloquial equivalents for “disconcert”, but the former emphasizes emotional agitation, and the latter is most commonly used in negative constructions. Danger does not faze him. embarrassment n – an embarrassing or being embarrassed or sth. that embarrasses. They suffer from financial embarrassments. 10. wrong adj – 1) not right, bad. It is wrong to steal. 2) not true or correct: the wrong answer. 3) not proper or suitable. Purple is the wrong colour for her. 4) not working properly, out of order. What’s wrong with the radio? wrong adv – in a wrong way. You did it wrong. wrong v – to treat badly or unjustly. You wronged her by telling lies. wrong n – sth. wrong. You do him a wrong to accuse him. Phrases: in the wrong – at fault. He is in the wrong. to go wrong – 1) to have a bad or poor result. All our plans went wrong. 2) to take to immorality. The young girl went wrong. 11. accept v – 1) to take what is offered or given. The dealer accepted 50 dollars for the used stove. 2) to receive with favour, to approve. We accepted his apology. 3) to agree to, to consent to. He will not accept defeat. 4) to answer “yes” to. We accept your invitation. Synonym: to admit “To admit” is to allow or permit, to concede. No cultivated person would admit this. The difference between “accept” and “admit” is that “admit”, in contrast to “accept”, often adds the implication of concession; one can accept a proposition without question, but one admits it only after one has questioned it. His apology was not accepted. Andrew 42  refused to admit the value of the conversation. acceptable adj – worth accepting. It was an acceptable answer. acceptance n – an accepting, approval or belief. This theory has the acceptance of most scientists. I VOCABULARY EXERCISES 1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words: christened, colonel, discipline, stripe, graciously, thaw, subaltern, badge, chase, penalty, forego, fortunate, envy, idolize, remonstrance, sergeant, bestowal, brevity, comprehension, rapturous, sword, miraculous, valiant, Afghan, Egyptian, vehemently, bungalow, notoriously, pinnacle of virtue, languor, bury, marplot, omnipotent. 2. Explain the polysemy of the words and phrases in italics and then translate the sentences. 1. This coat has no pockets. 2. I had a letter today. 3. We are having a meeting now. 4. I won’t have bad behaviour. 5. I had my hair cut. 6. She had her baby in hospital. 7. It doesn’t matter if I miss my train. 8. What kinds of matter do you know? 9. There are several important matters I wish to talk to you about. 10. Nothing’s the matter with me. 11. I must take some suitable reading matter. 12. It’s a matter of life and death. 13. “I thought you wouldn’t mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I don’t.” 14. I’ll finish the job, no matter how long it takes. 15. I paid 5 pounds for that book. 16. Have you paid the electricity bill yet? 17. If we can’t make our farm pay, we’ll sell it. 18. It won’t pay you to argue with him. 19. I’ll make him pay for being so rude to me. 20. He gets his pay each Thursday. 21. This man is in the pay of the enemy. 22. This bill is payable now. 23. Is the payee here? 24. They demand prompt payment. 25. The horse sensed danger and stopped. 26. He is a successful man with good business sense. 27. I had a sense that someone was standing behind me. 28. Haven’t you got enough sense to come in out of the rain? 29. You seem to have lost your sense of taste. 30. You are right in a sense, but you don’t know all the facts. 31. No matter how you read it, this sentence doesn’t make sense. 32. We can’t justify this senseless violence. 33. It seems to be a sensible idea. 34. This is light-sensitive photographic paper. 35. Don’t say anything. She is very sensitive about such things. 36. She plays the piano with great sensibility. 37. The sensitivity to pain can be reduced. 38. Don’t stick pins into the chair. 39. Stick a stamp on the letter. 40. The door has stuck. 41. 43 He stuck a flower in his buttonhole. 42. How can you stick that fellow? 43. The old man bought a new walking stick. 44. There are a lot of dry sticks, gather them. 45. We suspect that he is lost. 46. They suspect him of murder. 47. I suspect his motives. 48. There are several suspects in the crime. He is one of them. 49. He is under suspicion of murder. 50. They always treated us with suspicion. 51. I have a suspicion that he is right. 52. She was suspicious of our intentions. 53. He is a suspicious character. 54. The rules of the club do not permit smoking. 55. I will come in June if my health permits. 56. I don’t think it is permissible. 57. They seem to be proud of their permissive society. 58. We asked his permission to use the car. 59. Have you consulted your doctor about your illness? 60. Before we can accept the firm’s offer we must consult with the workers. 61. There is an industrial relations consultant. 62. We made the decision in consultation with the others on the committee. 63. I think we’ll have to hold another consultation. 64. I don’t like to make speeches in public; it’s so embarrassing. 65. This rude child was an embarrassment to his parents. 66. He could not hide his embarrassment. 67. The clock’s wrong; it’s later than the time it shows. 68. Telling lies is wrong. 69. I can’t see where I went wrong. 70. You did her a terrible wrong. 71. Which of the drivers was in the wrong? 72. I wronged him by saying he had lied. 73. The police aren’t allowed to accept rewards. 74. He asked her to marry him and she accepted him. 75. Did she accept your reasons for being late? 76. Your work is not acceptable; do it again. 77. She won acceptance by her husband’s family only through great patience. 78. The acceptance of this idea seems to be quite impossible. 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the vocabulary items under study. 1. His memory is very good. 2. Will you be so kind as to hand me that book? 3. I won’t allow such conduct. 4. It is of no importance. 5. Physical things are composed of organic and inorganic substances. 6. The substance of your essay is good but the style is deplorable. 7. There are several things to be dealt with at the committee meeting. 8. If you can’t do it, it’s of no importance. 9. Don’t trust him whatever he says. 10. Is anything wrong with him? 11. You must give money to me for what you owe. 12. He says that sheep farming is not rewarding. 13. Has he settled all his debts? 14. Please give more attention to your work. 15. He gets his salary every week. 16. He is employed by that man. 17. The cheque must be paid next week. 18. He was aware that his proposals were unwelcome. 19. He is in the enjoyment of all his powers: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. 20. You are wrong, she is quite sane. 21. He doesn’t appreciate humour. 22. They are not concious of their responsibility. 23. There is a lot 44 of practical wisdom in what he says. 24. In what meaning is this word used here? 25. What a foolish fellow he is! 26. She is a reasonable woman. 27. An author must not be hurt by criticism. 28. Eyes are affected by light. 29. The cushion was covered with pins. 30. The needle remained in my finger. 31. Put a stamp on the envelope. 32. He carelessly put the papers in the drawer. 33. The key remained in the lock and could not be withdrawn. 34. I can’t endure it any longer. 35. Cut thin branches to support the peas in the garden. 36. Punish the naughty boy by caning him. 37. She has more intelligence than we had an idea of. 38. We feel doubt about the truth of the account. 39. We have a feeling that she is telling lies. 40. His statements are of doubtful character. 41. The affair causes suspicion. 42. I have a feeling that he is wrong. 43. He was looked upon with doubt. 44. If the weather is fine, we’ll go out of town. 45. It is not allowed to smoke in this cinema. 46. The situation does not admit of any delay. 47. If you don’t mind, I’ll take it. 48. Who allowed you to enter these gardens. 49. They are living in a society where many things are permitted. 50. I’ll have to discuss it with my colleagues. 51. Yesterday I met my teacher and we discussed my paper. 52. She asked me disconcerting questions. 53. It was very difficult to walk, his heavy overcoat hindered the movement. 54. He is in financial trouble. 55. It is not morally right to steal. 56. He gave three answers, but all of them were not right. 57. You are doing it the improper way. 58. The engine is not out of order, perhaps there is no petrol in the tank. 59. All our plans failed. 60. What’s the best way to help the girls who take to immorality. 61. He was responsible for the error. 62. He tried to make it seem that the fault was mine. 63. You treat me unjustly. 64. She consented to receive the invitation. 65. I agree that the change may take some time. 66. If the proposal is worth accepting, we’ll be only glad. 67. The proposal met with a favourable reception. 4. Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. I some good news today. 2. She another sip of her tea. 3. She’s a baby in March. 4. It had never much to her that she had not had a formal education. 5. There are several important we must discuss. 6. He’ll forgive her eventually, it’s just a of time. 7. What’s the with the radio? 8. Scientists have calculated the entire amount of in the universe. 9. “I thought you wouldn’t mind.” “Well, as a of fact, I don’t.” 10. She tried to leave the shop without for the dress. 11. “Are you cash?” “No, I’ll by cheque.” 12. Have you your train fare? 13. We must make the farm , or we’l