MAPTH-Prelim-Revised-Unit-1.pdf

JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS LEARNING MODULE Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality (MAPTH) Name: Year & Section: Contact Number: Email: Instructor: Prepared by:...

JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS LEARNING MODULE Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality (MAPTH) Name: Year & Section: Contact Number: Email: Instructor: Prepared by: WEEZIE KAY O. MANUCAN, MHM  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Welcome! Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality (MAPTH) is one of the major courses of the Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management Program. This course is designed to give you a clear and whole overview of the Tourism and Hospitality as an ecosystem and goes beyond the usual closed- concept of tourism. It introduces the concepts and terms that are common throughout the different sectors. It also intends to develop, update and maintain local knowledge as well as tourism industry knowledge. Furthermore, Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality (MAPTH) illustrates the nature and extent of tourism as well as how the sector affects the global economy and society. It demonstrates how tourism interacts with other regional industries, allowing students to see how this has a multiplier effect on many different levels. It goes over the key elements that have shaped tourism's past, present, and future globally and in the Philippines. This module is a comprehensive instructional resource that will help you understand the entire topic and will provide a well-organized path in support of the course objectives for each unit. The conversation topics are distinctly outlined and addressed. You can use your imagination and engage in an interactive learning process with this program. Each lesson concludes with an assessment task that guides how the students will approach the subsequent learning task. The students must diligently complete this evaluation work to gauge their learning progress. The evidence of grading will be the work produced by the students. It will be given to the instructor or facilitator of the class for review and recording. The students need to review the information sheet diligently and be well-prepared for quizzes, virtual practical exams, and written unit exams. Should you need further assistance, do not hesitate to communicate your concerns to the class instructor. 2  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE COURSE CODE & TITLE: MAPTH Macro Perspective in Tourism and Hospitality Course Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students shall be able to: 1. discuss the concepts and terms that are common throughout the different sectors; 2. discuss the structure and scope of tourism 3. analyze the impact of tourism as an industry in relation to the world economy and society; 4. illustrate the effects of the convergence of tourism with other local industries and analyze multiplier effect; 5. discuss major factors that influence the history and future of tourism in the world and in the Philippines; 6. describe the sustainable goals of tourism 7. observe and formulate risk mitigation activities to promote protective environment for the children in tourism destinations; and 8. describe the key global organizations and the roles they play in tourism trends. 3  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Introduction The tourism and hospitality sectors have had a profound impact on our social, economic, and cultural aspects throughout history and into the present era. The expanding industries of tourism and hospitality served as a stimulus for the creation of jobs, money, and business growth. This learning module's objective is to provide a thorough introduction to the tourist and hospitality industries. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive grasp of the multifaceted nature of tourism and hospitality and its social impact. You will look into several areas of this broad industry and start considering the difficulties and better opportunities it will present. You'll gain a deeper understanding of the tourism and hospitality as you read through the pages of this module, the economic, social, physical, and cultural aspects of tourism and hospitality are covered. Exercises and activities within the unit will inspire and motivate you to gain an understanding of the ideas and theories underlying this universal phenomenon. This program is intended to serve as a necessary selection resource for academic students who aspire to work in the tourism and hospitality sector. Experience, travel - these are education in themselves. - Euripides Hi everyone!!! Welcome to our class and I will be your instructor! As we navigate the pages, I'll explain various aspects of the tourism and hospitality 4  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE COURSE OUTLINE FOR PRELIM TERM PRELIM Unit I History and Nature of Tourism Topic 1 Tourism and Hospitality Industry Topic 2 The First Travel Agents, Historic Transportation and Accommodation Topic 3 Chronology Ancient Migrations, Early Explorers, and Great Travelers Topic 4 Chronology of Travel Arrangers, Their Businesses, Facilities, Equipment, and suppliers B.C.E. Unit II Sectors of Tourism Industry Topic 1 The Sector of the Travel and Tourism Industry Unit III Sectors of Hospitality Industry Topic 1 Different Sectors of Hospitality Industry Topic 2 Limited Service Topic 3 The Five Main Sectors of the Travel and Tourism Industry 5  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Unit I History and Nature of Tourism Learning Outcomes: 1. Acquire understanding about tourism and hospitality 2. Look on at how tourism and hospitality started 3. Learn the various elements of tourism 4. Learn the different types of tourism. 6  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Topic 1: Tourism and Hospitality Industry Tourism is a complex industry that involves a broad range of businesses, organizations, and government agencies. Each party in the chain contributes to the overall holiday experience of the customer to ensure value in each chain. To create and run a successful tourism business requires you to have industry-specific knowledge and information. Although many of us have been "tourists" at some point in our lives, defining what tourism is can be difficult. Tourism is the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes for not more than one consecutive year. Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to adapt constantly to customers' changing needs and desires, as the customer's satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses. World Tourism Organization (WTO or UNWTO) defines Tourism – “a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. “ The hospitality industry is part of a larger enterprise known as the travel and tourism industry. The travel and tourism industry are vast group of businesses with one goal in common: providing necessary or desired products and services to travelers. The travel and tourism industry can be segregated into five main parts and further it shows the various subcomponents of each part. The hospitality industry consists of lodging and food and beverage operations – plus institutional food and beverage services which do not cater to the traveling public. Lodging operations stand apart from other travel and tourism businesses since they offer overnight accommodations to their guests. Many lodging properties provide food and beverage service, recreational activities and more. Origin of the word TOURISM & HOSPITALITY According to the old accounts of the Etymological meaning of the word's tourism derived from the Latin word Tour as “Tornare” and Greek word “Tornos” – meaning a lathe or a circle movement. This meaning has changed in modern English to represent “One’s Turn”. The suffix – ism – is defined as an “action or process”. The word hospitality derives from the Latin hospes, meaning "host", "guest", or "stranger". Hospes is formed from hostis, which means "stranger" or "enemy" (the latter being where terms like "hostile" derive). The Latin word hospital means a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an inn. Hospes/hostis is thus the root for the English words host, hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. 7  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE According to the way of arrangement, we differentiate between organized tourism, provided by specialized subjects, and individual, where customers arrange everything by themselves. According to place 1. domestic tourism (within the country) 2. international tourism (travelling abroad). According to foreign exchange contribution, it can be divided into active (inbound) and passive (outbound). According to the length of stay 1. short-term (usually up to three days) 2. long-term (usually more than three days) According to the number of participants 1. individual (individuals, family), 2.group (groups, tours), 3. mass (mass events such as pilgrimages, sports events). According to the way of organization (arrangement) 1. organized (arranged by specialized subjects) 2. non-organized According to the way of transportation 1. road (cars, buses, motorbikes), 2. railway (both regular and irregular connections), 3. air (both regular and irregular connections), 4. water (river and sea), 5. other (hiking, cyclotourism, water tourism) According to the way of payment 1. commercial (fully paid by the customer, readily available), 2. bound (some conditions must be met, such as membership in an organization the client pays only part of the costs, or it even is for free) CLASSIFYING TOURIST There are many different types of tourists, which can be classified in a number of ways: 1. By Product: Mass Tourism Alternative Tourism Package Tour Ecotourism 8  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE 2. By nature of activity: Active Passive Adventure Tourism, Ecotourism, Golf Sightseeing, Beach Holiday, Cruise Location preference Coastal Rural City Mountain Lake Costa Brava Garroxta Barcelona Pyrenees Banyoles Duration of trip and distance travel Day Trip Weekend break Annual holiday Local National International 3. By Purpose Business or Pleasure Pleasure: need for change, see something new 1. Culture (ethnic) 2. History, Heritage 3. Nature-based (eco-) tourism 4. Farm-based, rural tourism 5. Personal development, health 6. Visit friends, family 7. Social status (to brag!) 8. Recreation 4. By age/socio-economic group Back- Empty DINKS SINKS Early/Activ Boomers Youth packers Nester e Retirees Backpackers: 18-24 years, no children. Attracted to adventurous activity. Considers themselves travelers not tourists. Generally well-educated. Cost conscious. DINKS: Double Income No Kids SINKS: Single Income No Kids Both Dinks and Sinks: Younger people, between 25 and 35 years of age, no children, affluent. 9  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Empty Nesters: Parents whose children have flown the family nest. Between 45 and 55 of age, well educated, high disposable income. Boomers: Members of the baby boom generations in the 1950s. Youths: Between 18 and 25 of age, not well-educated, low disposable income, are used to travelling, (have learned it during the upbringing) and know how to indulge “the good life”. Other Types and Forms of Tourism 1. According to time period short-term (up to 3 days) long- term (>7 days) 2. According to way of organization organized (by travel agency) individual (families on their own) 3. According to place of destination international tourism (prevails on Europe) domestic tourism (prevails in large countries-USA, Canada) 4. According to direction of tourist flows incoming tourism outgoing tourism Forms of Tourism  Many forms of tourism are classified by typical features of spending time in the destination Seaside Tourism  Recreation by the sea, water sports (swimming, rowing, sailing, surfing, windsurfing) Mountain Tourism mountain hiking, climbing, biking, Sport tourism winter sports-skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing summer sports, extreme sports (rafting, paragliding, sky diving, etc.) sport events (world championships) Cultural tourism historical sites, buildings, and monuments places of historical events, e.g. battles (Waterloo), catastrophes (Pompeii) Health tourism spas, fitness, relaxation, wellness 10  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Rural Tourism  Ecotourism-besides relaxation, people work in farms rearing animals, participating in farming processes, i.e. dairying, processing of vines, taking care of horses, etc. Event and gastronomic tourism 1.music, theatre or beer festivals 2. trying wines and meals of regions abroad Shopping tourism to go for shopping abroad due to lower prices of goods, eg. from SK to PL.,Cz. Business tourism international/national/regional/local conferences, seminars, business trips, etc. Three Main Elements of Travel and Tourism 1. Visitor activity is concerned only with aspects of life outside normal routines of work and social commitments. 2.The activity necessitates travel and in nearly every case, some form of transport to the destination. 3.Specific destinations are the focus for a range of activities and a range of facilities required to support those activities. Principal Terms in Defining Travel and Tourism 1. Visitors-describe all the travelers who fall within agreed definitions of tourism. 2. Tourists-describe visitors who stay overnight at a destination. 3.Same-Day Visitors-describe visitors who arrive and depart on the same da Four Different Perspectives of Tourism 1. The Tourist The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destination chosen and the activities enjoyed. 2. The Businesses Providing Tourist Goods and Services Businesses people see tourism as an opportunity to make profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist market demands. 3. The Government of the Host Community or Area Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to the income their citizens can earn from this business. Politicians also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly. The government can play an important role in tourism policy, development, promotion and implementation. 4. The Host Community Typically, a generalist “shop” or chain of retail outlets that offers a broad range of domestic and international travel services to consumers who can drop in for face discussion with a salesperson in their own towns or neighborhoods. a. International Tourism  Inbound Tourism-visits to a country by nonresidents. 11  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE  Outbound Tourism-visits by residents of a country to another country. b. Internal Tourism-visits by residents and non-residents of the country reference. c. Domestic Tourism-visits by residents of a country to their own country. d. National Tourism-internal tourism plus outbound tourism. Tourism Chain 1. The Travel Agents Typically, a generalist “shop" or chain of retail outlets that offers a broad range of domestic and international travel services to consumers who can drop in for face-to-face discussion with a salesperson in their own towns or neighborhoods. 2. The Outbound Operator Typically, operators who specialize in a particular geographic region such as Amazon or South America, or on specific activity such as a birdwatching or mountain climbing. 3. The Inbound Operator Located in the destination country, they provide complete packages of services from arrival in the country to departure. 4. Local Service Providers Outside the big cities, near the natural attractions, these may be local lodge and hotel owners, local transport providers, community-based ecotourism enterprises and local owners. Topic 2 The First Travel Agents, Historic Transportation and Accommodation The First Travel Agents 1. Robert Smart - He was born on 25 July 1822 to George Smart and Maria. - In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England, announced himself as the first steamship agent. - He began booking passengers on steamers to various Bristol Channel ports and to Dublin. 2. Thomas Cook - He was born on 22 November 1808 in the village of Melbourne in Derbyshire. Thomas Cook was born to John and Elizabeth Cook, who lived at 9 Quick Close in the village of Melbourne, Derbyshire. - On 9 June 1841, a 32-year-old cabinetmaker named Thomas Cook walked from his home in Market Harborough to the nearby town of Leicester to attend a temperance meeting. A former Baptist preacher, Thomas Cook was a religious man who believed that most Victorian social problems were related to alcohol and that the lives of working people would be greatly improved if they drank less and became better educated. 12  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE - As he walked along the road to Leicester, he later recalled,' the thought suddenly flashed across my mind as to the practicability of employing the great powers of railways and locomotion for the furtherance of this social reform’. - At the meeting, Thomas suggested that a special train be engaged to carry the temperance supporters of Leicester to a meeting in Loughborough about four weeks later. The proposal was received with such enthusiasm that, on the following day, Thomas submitted his idea to the secretary of the Midland Railway Company. A train was subsequently arranged, and on 5 July 1841 about 500 passengers were conveyed in open carriages the enormous distance of 12 miles and back for a shilling. The day was a great success and, as Thomas later recorded, 'thus was struck the keynote of my excursions, and the social idea grew upon me'. 3. Thomas Bennett - Thomas Bennett (1814-1898) was another Englishman serving as secretary to the British consul-general in Oslo, Norway. - In this position, he frequently arranged individual scenic tours in Norway for visiting British notables. Finally, 1850, he set up a business as a 'trip organizer' and provided individual tourists with itineraries, carriages, provisions, and a travel kit. - He routinely made advanced arrangements for horses and hotel rooms for his clients. He is the first specialist in individual inclusive travel (the basic function of travel agencies). Historic Transportation Stagecoach Travel - Coaches were invented in Hungary in the fifteenth century and provided regular service there on prescribed routes. By nineteenth century, stagecoach travel had become quite popular, especially in Great Britain. The development of the famous English tavern was brought about by the need for overnight lodging by stagecoach passengers. - Traveling by stagecoach could be dusty and dangerous, but it was often the only means of travel and certainly safer than traveling alone. In 1827, the Abbot Downing Company revolutionized passenger travel with its invention of the Concord Stagecoach, which used leather strap braces instead of spring suspension. - The stagecoach was the major vehicle for overland group transport until railroads began to dominate in the 1850s. Rural inhabitants continued to rely on stagecoaches for local travel, and hotels sent them to meet trains or take guests sightseeing. Water Travel - Market boats picked up passengers as well as goods on ships in England as early as 1772.The Duke of Bridgewater began such service between Manchester and London Bridge (near Warrington). - Each boat had a coffee room which refreshments were sold by the captain's wife. By 1815, steamboats were plying the Clyde, the Avon, and the Thames. By 1841, steamships excursions on the Thames were so well established that a publisher was bringing out weekly Steamboat Excursion Guide. 13  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE Rail Travel - Railways were first built in England in 1825 and carried passengers beginning in 1830. - The newly completed railway between Liverpool and Manchester featured special provisions for passengers. The railroad's directors did not expect much passenger business, but time proved them wrong. The typical charge of only 1 penny per mile created a sizable demand for rail travel- much to the delight of the rail companies. - Because these fares were much lower than stagecoach fares, rail travel became widely accepted even for those with low incomes. - Between 1826 and 1840, the first railroads were built in the United States. Automobile and Motorcoach Travel - Automobile entered the travel scene in the United States when Henry Ford introduced his famous Model T in 1908.The relatively cheap"tin lizzie" revolutions travel in the country, creating a demand for better roads. - By 1920, a road network became available, leading to the automobile's current dominance of the travel industry. Today, the automobile accounts for about 84 percent of intercity miles traveled and is the mode of travel for approximately 80 percent of all trips. - The auto traveler brought about the early tourist courts in the 1920s and 1930s, which have evolved into the motels and motor hotels today. Motorcoaches also came into use soon after the popularization of the automobile and remain a major mode of transportation. - Older-style rail travel is still available in many places across the United States so that tourists can experience this memorable mode of transportation. The steam train carriers’ visitors in “gold country", California. Docents provide history and make the ride more enjoyable. Air Travel - It began with the flight of the Wright brothers on December 17, 1903.Their plane was a powered and controlled aircraft whereas previous attempts to fly used gliders that had control and no power or free flight which had power but no control. - The first international mail route was flown by Pan American Airways from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba, on October 28, 1927.Pan Am flew the first passengers on the same route on January 16,1928. The trip took 1 hour 10 minutes, and the fare was $50 each way. - In the history of air travel, civil air jets were developed by the 1950's with the first among them being the Boeing 707 passenger jet. Smaller commuter planes also came on the scene with turbo prop propulsion making travel more viable travel for smaller routes with a wider range of weather conditions. - Developments in aviation since the 1960's have focused not only on aircraft but on instrumentation and control. Airplanes have become more efficient and quieter due to improvements in engines and composite air frames. - The Concorde was developed to make transatlantic flights at the speed of sound and was a product of the British and French governments. It made its last flight in 2003.The cockpits of airplanes have been improved by solid state electronics, satellite communications, small and powerful computers and global positioning systems. These innovations have made it possible for pilots to navigate more accurately and effectively. 14  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE - In 1978, airline travel was deregulated, and airlines were then able set their own routes and prices. This caused an increase in travel among Americans from 205 million in 1975 before deregulation to over 638 million by the year 2000.The development of the airplane has been one of the most important innovations of mankind. Accommodations The earliest guest rooms were parts of private dwellings hosted almost like members of family. In the Middle East and in the Orient, caravansaries and inns date back to antiquity. Chronology Ancient Migrations, Early Explorers, and Great Travelers 1. 1 million years ago Homo erectus originated in eastern and southern Africa; made extensive migrations north to the Middle East and to Asia. 2. 350,000 years ago, Early Homo sapiens evolved from Herectus; dwelt in Africa, Europe, and Asia. 3. 50,000-30,000 years ago anatomically modern man, H. sapiens, evolved and expanded into Australia from southeastern Asia and into northeastern Asia. 4. 15,000 years ago, Upper Paleolotic people crossed into northern latitudes of the New World from northeast Asia on a land bridge. 5. 4000 Sumerians (Mesopotamia, Babylonia) invented money, cuneiform writing, and the wheel; also, initiated the concept of a tour guide. 6. 2000-332 Phonecians began maritime trading and navigating over the entire Mediterranean Sea area. They may possibly have sailed as far as the British Isles and probably along the coast western Africa and to the Azores. 7. 1501-1481 Queen Hatshepsut made the journey from Egypt to the land of Punt, believed to be an area along the eastern coast of Africa. 8. 336-323 Alexander the Great led his army from Greece into Asia, crossing the Hindu Kush mountains (Afghanistan-Kashmir area), and to the Indus River. 9. 500 Polynesian from the Society Islands sailed to Hawaii, a distance of over 2000 miles. 10. 800-1100 Vikings established trade and explored Iceland, Greenland, and the coast of North America. 11. 1271-1295 Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, traveled to Persia, Tibet, the Gobi Desert, Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra, India, Ceylon, the Siberian Arctic, and other places. 12. 1325-1354 Ibn Battuwtah, the Macro Polo of Islam, a Moroccan, made six pilgrimages to Mecca; also visited India, China, Spain, and Timbuktu in Africa. 13. 1492-1502 Christopher Columbus explored the New World, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, and the northern coast of South America. 14. 1497 John Cabot, an Italian navigator, sailing from Bristol, England, discovered North America at point now known as Nova Scotia. 15. 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 16. 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed west from Spain to circumnavigate the globe. He was killed in the Philippines, but some of his crew completed the circumnavigate. 17. 1540-1541 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, a Spanish explorer, sought gold, silver, and precious jewels (without success) in what is now Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and other areas of the American Southwest. 15  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE 18. 1602 Bartholomew Gasnoland, English explorer and colonizer, navigated the eastern coast of the (now) United States from Maine to Narragansett Bay; discovered and named Cape Cod. In 1606, his ship carried some of the first settlers to Virginia. 19. 1784-1808 Alexander Mechenzie, a Scot, made the first overland exploration across North America north of Mexico; discovered the river now named for him, which flows into the Arctic Ocean, and the Fraser River, which discharges into the Pacific. 20. 1804-1806 Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, led an expedition that opened the American West, discovering the Columbia River and traveling to the Pacific coast. 21. 1860-1863 John H. Speke, an Englishman, discovered the source of the Nile River to be the Victoria Nile flowing out of Ripon Falls, issuing from the north shore of Lake Victoria. 22. 1951-1955 Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, an American explored the Kalahari Desert in central Africa. 23. Prague, in the Czech Republic, has become one of the most popular destinations in Eastern Europe since the fall of the Iron Curtain in the early 1990s. 24. 1969 Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins, American astronauts, made their pioneering journey to the moon in the Saturn V space vehicle. First, Armstrong and then Aldrin stepped out of the lunar module onto the moon's surface. Collins continued to pilot the command and service module, which later joined the lunar module for their return to Earth. Chronology of Travel Arrangers, Their Businesses, Facilities, Equipment, and Suppliers B.C.E. 1. 2000 Caravansaries (inns) were established in the Near East and the Orient in ancient times. Located on caravan routes, they provided overnight rest needs for travelers and traders and for their donkeys and camels. These people traveled in groups for mutual assistance and defense. 2. 776 Greeks began travels to the Olympic Games. Subsequently, the games were held every four years. 3. 500-1450 During Europe's Middle Ages, a royal party in unfamiliar territory sent out a harbinger to scout the best route, find accommodations and food, then returned to the group as a guide. 4. 1605 The hackney coach was introduced in London. 5. 1801 Richard Travethick, in England, perfected as a steam locomotive capable of pulling heavy railcars. 6. 1815 John L. McAdam and Thomas Telford, Britishers, invented all-weather roads, subsequently with a bituminous top. 7. 1822 Robert Smart of Bristol, England, started booking passengers on steamships sailing to Ireland. 8. 1826-1840 Railroads began service in the United States first hauling minerals such as coal and, later, passengers. 9. 1829 The Tremont House opened in Boston, the first "modern hotel”. 10. 1830 The first passengers were carried by rail in England. 11. 1838 Stendhal, the pseudonym of Marie-Henri Beyle of France, wrote Me moirés d' un touriste, believed to be the first disseminated printed use of the French word tourist. 12. 1841 Thomas Cook organized a special excursion train carrying 570 passengers from Leicester to Loughorough, England, a trip of 12 miles. 16  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE 13. 1850 Thomas Bennett, secretary to the British consul general in Oslo, Norway, set up a "trip organizer" business as a sideline. He provided individual pleasure travel itineraries and other services. 14. 1873 The American Express Company was created by joining the original American Express Company formed in 1850 with the Wells Fargo Company, founded in 1852. 15. 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first successful gasoline- powered airplane flight at 16. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 17. 1908 Henry Ford introduced the famous Model T automobile. 18. 1918 Deutsche Lufthansa provided the first scheduled air passenger service from Berlin to Leipzig and Weimar. 19. 1920 The U.S road system began great improvement. 20. 1926 Varney Airlines and Western Airlines became the first airlines in the United States. 21. 1927 Charles A. Levine became the first transatlantic passenger, flying from New York to within 118 miles of Berlin, his destination, because of a forced landing. 22. 1927 Pan American Airways flew the first international commercial mail flight from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba. 23. 1928 Pan Am flew the first passenger flight on the same route. 24. 1931 The American Society of Steamship Agents was founded in New York. 25. 1936 The Air Transport Association (ATA) was formed in Chicago. 26. 1944 The American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA) was founded from the American Society of Steamship Agents. 27. 1945 End of World War II and the beginning of the area of mass tourism. 28. 1951 Founding of Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)in Honolulu, Hawaii, 29. 1952 The U.S Congress created the National System of Interstate Highways. 30. 1954 Great Britain produced the Comet, the first passenger jet plane. 31. 1958 The Boeing Commercial Airplane Company produced the B-707, the first commercial jet plane built in the United States. 32. 1961 The U.S. Congress created the U.S. Travel Service. 33. 1964 American Airlines inaugurated the SABRE computerized reservation system (CRS). 34. 1970 Pan American World Airways flew the first Boeing 747"jumbo jet" plane with 352 passengers from New York to London. 35. 1978 British Airways and Air France began passenger service on the supersonic Concorde 36. airplane. The U.S. Airline Deregulation Act was passed. 37. 1994 The "age of travel," wherein the most complex trip could be planned and arranged by a single phone call from the traveler; might involve numerous airlines, a cruise ship, sightseeing tours, a local rental car, other ground services, and entertainment-all reserved by amazing, computerized reservation systems worldwide, the entire trip, except for incidentals, paid for by a single credit card. 38. 1994 The “Chunnel" undersea railway opened, providing rail travel under the English Channel between England and France. 39. 1995 Delta Air Lines introduced commission caps, putting a ceiling on payments to travel agents for domestic tickets. Denver International Airport (DIA) opened as the first new U.S. airport in 20 years. 40. The first White House Conference on Travel and Tourism was held. 41. 1996 Alaska Airlines became the first carrier to accept online bookings and take payment 42. though a Web site on the Internet. 43. 1998 Hong Kong opened new $20 billion airport. 44. 2001 Dennis Tito took the world's first paid space vacation. 45. 2003 The Concorde was retired. 46. 2006 Anounsheh Ansari was the first woman to take a paid space trip. 17  of TOURISM and HOSPITALITY MACRO PERSPECTIVE 47. 2007 Singapore Airlines launched the Airbus A380 in commercial service. Books: Lim, R. D. (2019). A Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality Manila, Philippines: Mindshapers Co., Inc. 18