Managerial Economics Week 4 PDF

Managerial Economics Production and Cost Analysis and Short-run & long-run production functions Week 4 (Aug. 26 to Sept. 1, 2024) I. Production and Cost Analysis II. Short-run and long-run production functions I. Production and Cost Analysis Production and cost analysis are crucial concepts in...

Managerial Economics Production and Cost Analysis and Short-run & long-run production functions Week 4 (Aug. 26 to Sept. 1, 2024) I. Production and Cost Analysis II. Short-run and long-run production functions I. Production and Cost Analysis Production and cost analysis are crucial concepts in managerial economics that help businesses understand the relationship between inputs and outputs. In this blog, we’ll explore the basics of production and cost analysis and how they relate to managerial decision-making. Production cost analysis details the expenses a company incurs when producing a product or service. It covers costs like labor, raw materials, and manufacturing tools.  Production cost analysis includes all the costs a business faces when it offers a service or delivers a product. However, most manufacturers who use production cost analysis to manage costs have a large inventory. Many distributors, retailers, and other businesses also use it to track the cost of goods and services they offer. Total product cost is the actual direct material plus labor cost. It contains total manufacturing costs as well. Sometimes, companies add government taxes or royalties. The cost of each production unit helps manufacturers estimate the finished goods' price.  Production cost analysis clarifies pricing and resource utilization for businesses. With better management of input and output costs, companies can create a profitable system. Production costs influence a business's pricing and cash flow. An increase in production cost will result in a decrease in cash. Production costs are the primary cost spent by a business. Matching production costs with the budget can result in profits. Manufacturers can only deliver low-quality products by decreasing production costs and cutting labor and raw material budgets. Purpose of Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-benefit analysis systematically manages costs to achieve the desired profit margin. It helps in choosing the best investment options. It Identifies direct, indirect, intangible, and opportunity costs. It also includes the cost of managing possible risks. Businesses targeting to reduce production costs need a cost-benefit analysis. It helps manufacturers to check which areas can handle cost-cutting and how to manage those that cannot. It is a useful way to examine production lines to make sure profits are high after decreasing production costs. The Production Function The production function describes the relationship between inputs and outputs in a production process. It shows how much output (quantity of goods or services produced) can be produced from a given amount of inputs (such as labor, capital, and materials). The most common form of the production function is: Q = f(K, L, M) where: Q is the output K is the capital input L is the labor input M is the materials input f is a function that shows how changes in the inputs affect output Cost Concepts Cost concepts describe the different types of costs associated with producing a good or service. The most common types of costs include: Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the level of output, such as rent or salaries Variable costs: costs that vary with the level of output, such as materials or labor Total costs: the sum of fixed and variable costs Marginal costs: the additional cost of producing one more unit of output Types of Production Costs Production costs can be divided into the following types: 1. Fixed Cost Also called indirect costs, this is independent of how many products a business produces or services it offers. They are paid at an interval. For example, the monthly rent or employee salaries are fixed costs. 2. Variable Cost This production cost is dependent on how many products the manufacturer produces. More raw materials, shipping costs, and packaging costs are needed to produce a large quantity of products. They increase with increasing production value. 3. Total Cost Total cost is calculated by adding both variable and fixed costs. It is also dependent on the production amount. With an increase or decrease in production quantity, total cost also changes. 4. Average Cost The total cost of production, divided by the total units produced, is the average cost of production. It is necessary to check the average costs to decide the selling price of the product. 5. Marginal Costs Marginal cost is similar to variable costs. It should be less than the average cost to make the business more successful and cost-effective. It is a small increase in total cost when manufacturers produce one more product. How to Determine Production Costs? Production costs are what a business spends to generate revenue. It includes all the costs to buy raw materials, and machinery and to hire employees and workers. It also includes the service industry offers to deliver support. Production costs include taxes and royalties demanded by resource extraction companies. It is the input cost that businesses pay to produce goods. How to Calculate Production Costs? You can calculate production costs by summing direct and indirect costs. It covers all fixed and variable costs. Total production costs do not include all manufacturing costs but labor costs. To find the price of the per unit product, manufacturers must divide the total production cost by the number of units produced. With all the costs businesses have spent, it is difficult to find the production cost of each unit the manufacturer makes. Cost Curves Cost curves show the relationship between the level of output and the cost of producing that output. The most common cost curves include: Average fixed cost (AFC) curve: the fixed cost per unit of output, which decreases as output increases Average variable cost (AVC) curve: the variable cost per unit of output, which may increase or decrease depending on the level of output Average total cost (ATC) curve: the total cost per unit of output, which is the sum of the AFC and AVC curves Marginal cost (MC) curve: the additional cost of producing one more unit of output, which may increase or decrease depending on the level of output Importance of Production and Cost Analysis Production and cost analysis are crucial for businesses to make informed decisions about pricing, production, and resource allocation. By understanding how changes in inputs affect outputs and the costs associated with producing those outputs, businesses can make adjustments to their strategies to maximize revenue.  Production and cost analysis guide businesses in decision-making. They offer insights into pricing and resource usage. It also tells about all the input costs and how they affect the production line. With the right production and cost analysis in managerial economics, the business can succeed with ideal advice. Cost and production analysis helps businesses balance input and output costs for profit. With this analysis, companies can make informed decisions based on data and facts.  Production and cost analysis are essential concepts in managerial economics, as they allow businesses to understand the relationship between inputs and outputs and make informed decisions about pricing, production, and resource allocation. By understanding the different types of costs and the relationship between cost and output, businesses can optimize their strategies and maximize revenue. II. Short-run and long-run production functions The short-run production function refers to a period where at least one input is fixed, limiting the ability to adjust production levels. In contrast, the long-run production function represents a period where all inputs can be adjusted, allowing for greater flexibility in production choices.  In the short-run production function, at least one resource is seen as fixed and it can't be changed. The other resources can be adjusted as needed. A company's capital, like machinery and equipment, is seen as unchangeable in the short run. So, to increase what they make, they have to adjust other things like labor or raw materials because it's hard to change their capital equipment quickly.  The short-run production function refers to a period in which some inputs are fixed, while others are variable. In the short run, a firm can adjust its production output by varying the number of variable inputs, such as labour and raw materials, while keeping certain inputs fixed, such as capital or plant size.  Fixed and Variable Inputs In the short run, there are both fixed inputs and variable inputs. Fixed inputs are resources that cannot be easily adjusted in the short term, such as the size of the production facility or machinery. Variable inputs, on the other hand, can be changed to adapt to changes in output levels, such as labour and raw materials.  The long-run production function is when a company can change all its resources. It can work at different levels because the company can adjust everything based on how business is going. So the company can switch between different sizes as needed. In this situation, we have the law of returns to scale, which explains how output changes as production levels change. Increasing returns to scale happen because of economies of scale, while decreasing returns to scale happen because of diseconomies of scale. Law of Diminishing Returns The law of diminishing returns applies to the short-run production function. Initially, as more variable inputs are added to fixed inputs, the marginal product of the variable input increases. However, after a certain point, the marginal product starts to diminish, indicating decreasing returns to the variable input. Key Differences Between Short Run and Long Run Production Function The following shows how the short-run and long-run production functions differ from each other: 1. The short-run production function refers to a period when the firm cannot adjust the quantities of all inputs. On the other hand, the long-run production function represents a time period during which the firm can change the quantities of all inputs. 2. In the short-run production function, the law of variable proportion is at play. Meanwhile, in the long-run production function, it's the law of returns to scale that governs the relationship between inputs and outputs. 3. In the short-run production function, the activity level remains constant, while in the long-run production function, the firm has the flexibility to expand or reduce its activity levels as needed. 4. In the short-run production function, the factor ratio changes because one input varies while the others remain fixed. Conversely, in the long-run production function, the factor proportions remain the same as all factor inputs vary in proportion to each other. 5. In the short run, there are barriers preventing new firms from entering the market, and while firms can shut down temporarily, they cannot exit the market permanently. However, in the long run, firms are free to enter or exit the market as they please. Implications and Significance Understanding the difference between short-run and long-run production functions has significant implications for decision-making and resource allocation: 1. Decision-Making in the Short-Run and Long-Run: The distinction between short-run and long-run production functions helps firms make appropriate decisions regarding resource allocation, cost management, and capacity planning based on the time horizon and input flexibility. 2. Capacity Planning and Resource Allocation: Differentiating between short-run and long-run production functions allows firms to strategically plan their production capacity, optimize input usage, and allocate resources effectively for long-term growth and profitability.  The production function is essentially a mathematical representation of the relationship between inputs and outputs in technology. The short run and long run are relative terms that depend on the specific context of the production process. It's not about specific durations like days, months, or years but rather about whether all inputs are variable or not. In the short run, at least one input is fixed, while in the long run, all inputs can be varied. The short-run and long-run production functions represent different time frames and levels of input flexibility in the production process. The short run involves fixed and variable inputs, while the long run allows for adjustments to all inputs. Understanding these differences enables firms to make informed decisions, plan production capacity, and allocate resources efficiently to achieve their production objectives. Performance Task #