MAJOR-IN-ENGLISH PDF

The National Policy describes the level of educational qualifications outcomes: Philippine Qualification Framework (PQF) Course: Teaching-learning experiences. Conversion: Uses the same word. Or add -ed. Semantic: Same word, same meaning. Purpose of Filipino folk narratives: natural phenomena. Washb...

The National Policy describes the level of educational qualifications outcomes: Philippine Qualification Framework (PQF) Course: Teaching-learning experiences. Conversion: Uses the same word. Or add -ed. Semantic: Same word, same meaning. Purpose of Filipino folk narratives: natural phenomena. Washback: The relationship between the teaching process and the test. Positive washback: expected test results. Negative washback: unexpected test results. Priority for remedial instructions: find out students' difficulty. Mast head: name of the newspaper Bylines: Popularity Nose for news: Newman's 6th sense Learning best: Formal and informal manner Basic understanding of English: Organize sentences into a paragraph A deep examination of the usage of grammar in second language teaching, classical method, translations of grammar, texts, rote of learning vocabulary: grammar translation method Total direct approach: focus on oral skills Total physical response: aural and kinesthetic Grammar translation method: deep examination Suggestopedia: learners learn when relaxed & interested Motivation, self-confidence & anxiety: Affective Filter Hypothesis Monitor hypothesis: consciously learning the rules, self-correction in language acquisition, internal editor Affective filter hypothesis: motivational aspect, self-confidence, anxiety Natural order: acquired language form, and grammatical structure in a predictable sequence Input hypothesis: acquire language best when receiving input slightly above their current level of understanding An integral part of Chinese Classical Drama: Movement Appositive: modifies a noun Direct object: receiver of the action Subject: Diphthongs: Aw, Ew, Iw, Ow, Uw Intensive verb: linking verb (checklist on Google) Gerund can function as: SUBJECT: Reading is my hobby. VERB: Jenny is speaking. ADJECTIVE: I find the movie very interesting. Metaphor: a direct comparison, simile without "like, as" Metonymy: representation (Crown represents King or Queen) Synecdoche: a PART IS PUT for the whole (Nice wheels!) Wheels part of the car. Simile: as, like Onomatopoeia: literal sounds, "BOOM" Hyperbole: exaggeration Personification: giving human attributes to objects, animal Irony: Sarcasm Euphemism: positive statement but means negative (vertically challenge- short, adult entertainment-porn) Apostrophe: direct address, calling to an abstract idea, object, or a person who passed away (Love, please come and take me!) Oxymoron: two contradicting words (LOUD SILENCE, SERIOUS FUN) Alliteration: repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of the words (INITIAL CONSONANT SOUNDS) (Steve saves seven seagulls) Idiomatic expression: figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. "Bring home the bacon!" Dante's Divine Comedy's original name: Comedia At War at Illiad: Trojans and Achaeans Indian fables: Panchatantra Indian Hymn: Rig Veda Text: Upanishad Indian Shakespeare: Kalidasa Deus Ex Machina: God from the machine, divine intervention Task-based strategy: writing notes, memos, reports Study texts of the bible: Hermeneutics (science of interpretation) Semiotics: symbols (logos, signs, gestures, linguistic or non) Formalistic: scientific approach to literature (format) Dialogic: learning through conversations The era of decadence, against realism or naturalism: Symbolism New criticism: discourages intertextuality Modern period: French and industrial revolutions Teaching preparation about literature: select a literary work that relates to the nature of learners Structure covertly: audio-lingual method CIA lapses: Lack of infrastructure & expertise in CIA integration Blended words: a combination of two words that combines a new word. (brunch- breakfast and lunch) Sequencing: chronological order Virgil's crowning achievement: The Aeneid Positive transfer: e.g., Filipino + English (should also sound right) Interlanguage Coreference: same referring Processing information: Using fillers (hmmm, I think) Harry Potter: JK Rowling Research proposal: to suggest Directly in the text: literal Oral examination: performance Autobiography: first person Physiological barrier: Biological Physical barrier: environment Psychological barrier: Brain Mode: Broad, which could be audio, words, or gestures. Channel: Specific. One branch of linguistics only focuses on what's inside of linguistics. Feedback: Response (confirmation) Compound-complex sentence: One dependent clause + two independent clauses. Complex sentence: One dependent, one independent. (Google complex words) FANBOYS: Compound Direct object: answers the question what? (receiver of the action) Indirect object: for whom is the action? Punctuation mark for business letters: Colon Dictionary: Compelling: Convincing Covert: Hidden, Concealed Overt: Obvious Apprehension: fear Latter: last Felicitous: suitable/pleasant Chastised: punished Bona fide: Genuine Altruism: unselfishness Deranged: crazy Futile: useless Oversight: mistake/inadvertent error Indignant: angry Diurnal: Linguistic Linguistics: Scientific study of languages. Branches of linguistics: Internal and External branches. Internal branches of linguistics: External branches of linguistics: Minimal pair: words that have the same pronunciation WORD FORMATION: ETYMOLOGY Coinage: the invention of totally new terms, usually can find of brands of product (zipper, granola, xerox) Borrowing: taking words from other languages Etymology: the origin of the word, the study of the origin of the word. Compounding: joining 2 separate words to produce a single form (wallpaper, doorknob) Blending: a combination of 2 separate forms to produce a single new term (like a literal blender with different fruits) gasohol (gasoline and alcohol) Clipping: one word cut to shorten (ad-advertisement, pub-public house) Acronyms: every letter has a meaning, but some don't. (CD, scuba- self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) Backformation: like clipping but its noun changes into a verb (donation-donate) Conversion: same noun just different word from chair and butter noun. (chair and meeting) (chair (v.) the meeting) (butter (v.) the meeting) Derivation: adding prefixes a. Prefixes & suffixes: mislead, disrespectful, foolishness b. infixes: Singabloodypore! Eponym: proper name of a person or place; can be based on both real and fictional people, places (diesel- Robert diesel) Inflectional morphemes: If connected to the root word, it will still have the same classification. (Dog-dogs) It remains a noun. Derivational morpheme: it changes meaning once you add suffixes, etc. (meaning - meaningful) (meaning-noun) (meaningful-adverb) STYLISTICS, LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE Sociolect: teenagers only use language and common ground other than geographical locations Ethnolect: ethnic tribes Dialect: language variety of one language (Tagalog) Idiolect: trademark in terms of talking, individual uniqueness (E.g., Mike Enriquez's way' of talking) Motif of Edgar Allan Poe: Gothic Pastoral: rural PH Lit most impacted during Spanish colonization: Religion PH Lit before Spanish colonization: Early Traditions & culture The Road Not Taken: Robert Frost Read Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Florante at Laura: Francisco Baltazar Epistolary: Exchange of letter Didactic: Morals 5 Elements of a Plot Exposition- beginning of a story, introduces conflict, character, setting Rising action- rises, leads up to the climax Climax- a turning point, suspense, or action Falling action- occurs after the climax Resolution- next step of the character's lives Foot- distance Kilometer- distance Cetrigade- temperature Mile- distance Prosodic features: use of speech sounds in connected speech and include elements. 1. stress- emphasis on certain syllables or words 2. accent- words pronounced based on regional or linguistic factors 3. intonation- the rise and fall of speech Language interference: language transfer Nativization: a foreign language or linguistic feature becomes fully integrated and accepted as a native element in another language. Accommodation: the process of adjusting one's language or communication style to be more similar to that of others. Pidginization, a simplified language, emerges when speakers of different languages interact and need a basic means of communication. It is a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact. Discourse competence: organize and present information coherently in spoken or written communication Linguistic competence: knowledge of understanding grammar, vocabulary, and syntax of a language (technical) Sociolinguistic competence: knowledge of social and cultural norms that influence language use (they know their audience) Pragmatics: a study of language, the study of how we interpret & make meaning of communication Synctatic: grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence Graphophonic: letter-sound of the sound-symbol relationship of a language Immersion: a most natural way to learn a language, surrounding yourself with the language you are leaning Direct method: values oral training and learning foreign language L1: First language or native language L2: Second language or target language Code-switching: switching two or more languages Haiku: 3 lines, 17 syllables Sonnet: a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter Tanka (57577)- 5 lines with 31 syllables, with love and nature as topic Tanaga- Filipino poem using four lines, seven syllables each line Angle: point of view STYLISTICS Interpretive stylistics: create meaningful art, subjective, personal response (own meaning) Literary stylistics: linguistic features and devices used by authors to create specific effects and create meaning, linguistic ambiguities, uncover deeper layers of meaning (more technical) Corpus stylistics: large collection or corpora of texts, to study language patterns, variation, and usage in different genres or contexts. Diverse, advanced computational tools (uses other texts) Evaluative stylistics: how language choice conveys attitudes, emotions, or evaluations. (how impactful is the work) Psycholinguistics: representation in the human mind. Relationship between Language and Society Neurolinguistic: language is represented and processed in the brain, through neural mechanisms. Language and productions. (more physical) Historical linguistics: evolution from common ancestral languages BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills): communicate language in informal settings. Context and nonverbal cues play a vital role. STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH POV: 1st pov- I 2nd pov- you 3rd pov: he, she, it, they Did- past Do- present (plural, 1st and 2nd person) Does- present (singular) Had- past Have- present (plural, 1st and 2nd person) Has- present (singular) Fragment: incomplete or not a stand-alone, missing subject or a verb Prefix: front (unkind) Suffix: end (fearless) Circumfix: front and end (imprisonment) Infinix: middle Lexical ambiguity: more than one meaning (I saw her duck) Syntactic ambiguity: can be interpreted in two or more ways (the chicken is ready to eat) Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS Subordinating conjunctions: dependent to an independent clause Correlative conjunctions: how two words or phrases within a sentence relate to each other Determiners: word before a noun Basic patterns in English: Subject + object + verb Intransitive verb: does not have a direct object (the sun rises) Transitive verb: has a direct object (she gives a gift) Ditransitive verb: takes a direct object of an indirect object of a sentence. (she showed her friend a picture) Reflexive verb: verb whose direct object is the same as its subject (I wash myself) Ascriptive verb: be-verb (Jenny looks happy) Possessive pronoun: ownership and possession (mine, yours, hers, his, its theirs) Personal pronoun: replace proper nouns (I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it, we, us, you, they, them) Relative pronoun: describes other nouns or pronouns (whose, which, that, who, whom) Reflexive pronoun: refers back to the subject (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) Indefinite pronoun: do not refer to any person (anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody, each one, anyone, everyone, no one, someone, anything, everything, something, nothing each, either-neither) Demonstrative pronoun: point to specific (this, that, these, those) LANGUAGE CULTURE AND SOCIETY Language: vocal symbols used for human communications and are arbitrary. Symbols, rules of grammar. Culture- perspectives, values, beliefs, customs. Shaped by experiences. Society- lives distinctive from other groups, a sizable gathering of individuals. Sociolinguistic- investigation of the interrelation between language and society. Dialect- Specific variety of language, unique to a particular region or social group. Code-switching- transitioning Language acquisition- acquiring a new language, whether first or second. Bilingualism- Comprehend 2 languages Anthropology- Scientific inquiry of human cultures and society Cultural relativism- Cultural practices evaluated within the context, rather than applying the standard of one's own culture. Cultural appropriation- the act of taking or utilizing an aspect Artifacts- objects, symbols significance Ideology- principle or morals/ beliefs Ethnocentrism- you think your own culture is right. Evaluate other cultures, based on the norm. Xenocentrism- Preferred others' culture Social Stratification- levels of authority and status Social mobility- move different levels of social hierarchy Social cohesion- a sense of connectedness IMPORTANT NOMENCLATURES First language or L1- Language exposed from birth Second Language or L2- Language after the first language Native language- Cultural Identity Mother tongue- Language learned at home Foreign language- not ones native language Haliday's Language Function Instrumental- fulfill needs Regulatory- Control behavior Interactional- social relationships Personal- express personal identity Heuristic- Explore Imaginative- imagination Representational- facts and information Theories in Language and Culture Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis- Softer Linguistic relativity- language thought, perception. Harder- linguistic determination Ethnopoetics- Recording and analyzing oral poetry and narratives to preserve their formal functional elements. It emphasizes the cultural and performative aspects.  PAST TENSES OF THE VERB Simple Perfect Progressive or Continuous Perfect Progressive Present perfect tense: no time markers (yesterday) Past perfect tense: to show that one action happened before another Past perfect progressive tense form: had + been + present participle (had been washing) there, is a time marker. (months, weeks, etc.) Simple past: simple past (washed) Past Progressive: was/were + present participle Past perfect: had + present participle Countable phrase: plural if not, singular (fraction, percent) Suprasegmental phonology: Prosodic features include timing and intonation rhythm. Adds emphasis to emotions and spoken language. Morphology: Study of the formation of words. Morpheme: Unit, or set of letters, to change the meaning. Bound morpheme: (Remake) Needs a root word, to attach. Free morpheme: Root word, can't dissect. Stand-alone word. (dog) Derivational morphemes: changes grammatical category. Inflectional morphemes: same grammatical category. Intricate grammatical properties. (cat-cats) Prefix: Front Suffix: end Infix: Middle Circumfix: front and end Non-gradable pair: unscaled (true-false, dead-alive) Gradable: Can still scaled. If an adjective can still add comparative and superlative form, it's still gradable. Sentence fragment: Either no subject or verb. Or with subject but no verb, and verb with no subject. Active Voice: Doer + Verb + Direct object Passive Voice: Direct object + verb + Doer of the action Subject complement: After the verb; and could be a subject. It could be switch positions. Word or group or words that complete the meaning of the subject. The object of the preposition: Preposition + OP (the next word after preposition) under the fence. Appositive: Two commas, a noun phrase that follows another noun phrase. Explain or rename another noun. Nonrestrictive appositive: Bonus information Mim-mem: mimicry memorization Nominative case: deals with information or details connected with the subject in the sentence. Subject Complement Direct address Appositive Cognitive approach: Language analysis; think-aloud, story grammar, directed reading thinking activity. Functional view of language: Learner-centered; cooperative. Holistic approach: Sees it as a whole cognitive, and affective. Behaviorist learning theory: general, influence by environment Process of Havit (Littlewood 1984): Child imitates sounds and patterns Structuralist: building blocks/ encoding meaning (phonemes-sounds), (morphemes- words), tag memes (phrases/sentences/clauses) Interactionalist: interpersonal relationships Functionalism: learner-centered, expressing emotions, persuading people, etc. Krashner's model: Input hypothesis: i + 1 Methods of instruction: GTM: Grammar translation method- not into speaking, mother tongue, emphasis on grammar and translation (gave poetry to students then have it translated into their language) DM: Direct Method/ Natural Method- listening, speaking, imitation, no memorization. Act, demonstrate, ask, talk naturally, and be inductive. ALM: Audio-lingual method- mim-mem (mimick) (behaviorism and structuralism) drills, army method, aural and oral exercises REPETITION FOCUS CLL: Community (or collaborative) language learning- group dynamics, negative effect: Ringelmann effect, teachers are counselors and paraphrasers, answer in L1, answer in L2 Suggestopedia: students should feel safe. 2 methods: 1. Desuggestion > Removing affective filter 2. suggestion > addition of facilitating memory (music) Silent way: develops self-awareness and discovery, use of color rods (Cuisenaire rods) using physical objects, discovery learning Total physical response: children listen + physical response, instructor = director; students= actors KINESTHETIC MEMORY Natural approach: silent period, listening only until they are ready to speak. SLT: Situational language teaching- oral approach, accurate pronunciation, and grammar to respond quickly, proving vocabularies and sentence patterns with their frequent situations through learning materials, mistakes are banned. TBLT: Talk-based language teaching- writing a letter, reservation, holding a meeting, collaborating to design something SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Intervening phrases: separated by commas, do not affect the number of the subject. Either... or neither/nor: Comes in pairs, proximity rule. Based on whatever is closer to the verb. The number vs. A number: the number singular, a number plural STUDY! SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS PLURAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS MODIFIERS DANGLING MODIFIER VERB AGREEMENT PREPOSITIONS In- General On- More specific, smaller At- Very specific Will- obligation Must- obligation Should- obligation May- possibility All together- everyone or everything together, same place, etc. Altogether- wholly, completely, totally  RELATIVE CLAUSE IF QUESTIONED "GLOTTAL", FIND "H" IMMEDIATELY BLOTTAL "J" MEMORIZE IPA SYMBOLS Oxford comma- to split Phonemes in English: 44 SOME EXPERTS Edward Sapir- linguistic anthropology, language-culture relationship, different languages create different languages, linguistic determinism. Benjamin Lee Whortf- Linguistic relativity, student of Sapir, different languages create different worldviews Clifford Geerz- anthropologist, symbolic anthropology Pierre Bourdieu- french sociologist, cultural capital Erving Goffman- sociologist, impression management LANGUAGE-CULTURE-SOCIETY-NEXUS- communicate thoughts, beliefs, and values to others. Language shapes thoughts and perceptions. Social and cultural dispositions habitus, acquired by experiences. Reflects and reinforces social hierarchies and power dynamics. Gender are related, women reflect and reinforce gender stereotypes and power dynamics. How to apply L-C-S connection Incorporate Filipino Culture Use code-switching Discuss cultural differences teach English varieties (British English, ph eng.) Promote Multilingualism Use authentic materials (news articles, songs) Encourage cultural exchange Teach pragmatics (speech acts) Relate language to identity Reflect on language use.