BTEC First Award Unit 1 Principles of Applied Science PDF

Contents Hazard Symbols, Acids and Bases Questions........ 66 PH and Neutralisation Questions.......

Contents Hazard Symbols, Acids and Bases Questions........ 66 PH and Neutralisation Questions.......ccccceeeee 67 EXAM HDS couscscsasanmenesrommemenansen onan mmreres 2 Acid and Metal Reactions........cccccccesscceceseeeteetteeees 68 Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides............::006 69 Acid and Metal Reactions Questions...............0006 70 Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides Questions.... 71 Secrion One — Brotocy Acid and Metal Carbonate ReactiOns........ccccee 72 Cells, Tissues And OF Gans....ccccccesceeeseeeteeteeeeeneees 4 Uses of Neutralisation REACTIONS.......ccccccccceseeeeeees 73 Cells, Tissues and Organs Questions......::cccee 6 Acid and Metal Carbonate Reactions Questions... 74 Animal Cells...ccccccccccccccccscccccescsseecceeceeceeetssteseeeeees 8 Uses of Neutralisation Reactions Questions.......... 75 Animal Cells QueStiOns iccccccccccccccceeeceeccepeeeeenenees 10 Plant Cells and StruCtures....ccccccccccesccccccsseeeeseees 12 Plant Cells and Structures Questions..............665 14 Genes, Chromosomes and DNA..........cccccccceeeees 16 Secrion THREE — PHYSICS Genes, Chromosomes and DNA Questions....... 18 Types Of [email protected] oa svevaus cranenmeenncoste 76 Genetic Diagrams... cece e eect ne eeeeeens 20 Energy Transters....ccccccceccceseeecceseseeeesteeeessesaes iA Genetic Diagrams QUESLIONS secccccsercsccaesceossees 22 Types of Energy QUEStIONS....ccccccssccsste ene ceeseneeees 78 Genetic Mutations.........cccccccccceeeeeereeeeeeeeeeeneeees 24 Energy Transfers QUESTIONS.....cccceceeeeetetetetteeeee 79 Genetic Mutations Questions........ccccccccseeeeceeeeee 26 More Energy Transters....ccccccccccceeteeseeteeeeteenees. 80 The NEFVOUS SYSEOM cc ccccreusiremamnramenmacesesnns 28 More Energy Transfers QUESTIONS......:cccccseeee 82 The Nervous System Questions........:ccceceeeee 30 Energy and Calculations........cccccccecceeseeeeeteeeecees 84 Tin (0) 816) 8 = 32 Energy and Calculations QueStiONS.......cccceee 86 HOrMONeS QUESTIONS.....ccccccccecccsecce secs eceeneesaneees 34 Renewable Energy SOUrCES 1........ccccccceseetenteeees 88 HOMEOSTASIS «oc. ceccecceccnsccueceucececcesceeceucenecenecuecenes 36 Renewable Energy Sources 1 QuestiOns.........:00+ 90 Renewable Energy SOUICES 2 v...cceececceeeteteeeee 92 Renewable Energy Sources 2 QuestiOns...........00 94 Non-Renewable Energy SOUICES......cccceeceteeeee 96 Section Two — CHEMISTRY Non-Renewable Energy Sources Questions........... 98 Wave BASICS....cccccescccccsessneeeetessnseeeeeeetesssssseeenaeees 100 Atoms and ElQMent......cccccccccceceeeesseteceeeseeestsees 40 Wave BasiCS QUESTIONS.....ccccccecccsseeeecceeeeteeeeeeeees 102 Atoms and Elements Questions............00000eeeeeeees 42 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 1.......cccceceees 104 The Periodic Table.......cccccccccccccceeetesttseeeeeeeeeeteees 44 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 1 Questions....... 106 The Periodic Table Questions..........cccccccceeseseeeees 46 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 2..c.cccccccceecees 108 Chemical Substances and Formulas........c:00c0008+ 48 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 2 Questions....... 110 Chemical Substances and Formulas Questions... 50 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 3... 112 Electron SHeIS..occcccccccccccccccccssscecceeecesesetsssseeeeess 52 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves 3 Questions....... 114 Electron Shells QueStiONS.....ccccccccccccccccseeessseeseees 54 Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes.........:.0.:006 56 Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes Questions... 58 EQUATONS i.0...inn yas tecvameninbdduaois Woke raswaarbiaaa cemeeETd 60 Balancing EquatiOns......c..ccccsseseeteeereeseenteneeenes 61 EGUATIONS QUESTIONS sccvessasvesusboowdesrvvestvasssseeaetows 62 Balancing Equations Questions.........:cecceeseees 63 Hazard Symbols, Acids and Bases.........c0.0000 64 PH and Neutralisation........ccccceeeseeeeseeteeeteentees 65  This book is for anyone studying BTEC First Award in Principles of Applied Science course. _Here is What Will Happen... There are four units in this course. ya Unit 1 is worth 25% Z ¥ of the total marks. For Unit 1, you'll have to do an exam. ~ sft 1 o\ ey NS “ Units 2, 3 and 4 will be assessed by your teacher. Your teacher will set you assignments. mee » This Book This book is to help you with the Unit 1 exam. 1) The revision pages have all the facts you need to learn. ° Read a page. * Cover it up. ° Scribble down what you remember. ° Do this until you can write down all the key points on the page. 2) Now use the question pages to test you really know your stuff. Top Exan 1) Make sure you read all the information given to you in the question. 2) Look at the number of marks on offer to give you an idea of how much to write. 3) If you are asked to calculate something, make sure you show your working. 4) Make sure you understand what the question is asking you to do. Take a look at the guide on the next page for some handy tips. Exam Help Types of Exam Question © Certain words in an exam question tell you what to do. It's a good idea to learn what these words mean. Then they won't be able to trip you up. 1) Describe ™ 1 (a)CDescribeDone difference between a reflex and HVooOOQOQOQOCO0C0CO Write about what a voluntary response. (1 mark) something's like. = = = 5 & S > S$x cS 3 (b) CExplaimhow an electrical impulse crosses a synapse. 2) Explain (2 marks) Say how or why When the electrical impulse reaches the end of a OOQOO0O0000 something happens. Show your working O Lalculatdhe energy efficiency of the light bulb.. 5) (2 marks) and give your answer with the right units. OOOOPpPo 4) Name / Give a o3 ane renewable source of energy. Give a one or two (1 mark) word answer, or a short sentence. (b) Guggesdone advantage and one disadvantage of using OQ 5) Suggest the source of energy named in part (a) to generate Use what you electricity. O0OOO00009 (2 marks) know to work out the answer. Advantage: it caw be used to generate electricity on a Disadvantage: wind turbines only worl Uf it’s windy, Exam Help 4 Section One — Biology Cells, Tissues and Organs _ All living things are made up of tiny building blocks known as cells. You need to know all about eukaryotic cells — that's animal and plant cells to you and me... Animal Cells Animal cells contain the following things: Nucleus oe Cytoplasm The nucleus has genes a Oe aig This is where most of in it. Genes control Ain Pith / the chemical reactions what the cell does. in the cell happen. ee x a Mitochondria Cell membrane = \ s | Where respiration happens. This is a thin layer ~ nd Oyama onli” 7 around the cell. It lets — — Respiration is the way that — — cells turn food into energy. = substances in and out “Ab 1 11 1 RINE ES Plant Cells Plant cells contain the same things as animal cells. But, they have other things in them as well. Plant cells contain the following things: Cell wall Nucleus An outer layer which The nucleus has genes._ doesn't bend so the cell in it. Genes control x keeps its shape. This gives what the cell does. the cell structural support. Vacuol Cell membrane eure A large space filled with This is a thin layer around the cell. I+ lets cell sap. It helps the cell keep its shape. substances in and out. Cytoplasm Mitochondria This is where most of Where respiration happens. the chemical reactions SSE), A eye eiiaarae 7 WA in the cell happen. SS ~ ie Photosynthesis is where plants use — rz, - energy from sunlight to make food. — Chloroplasts es) | p77 ime i ce A Where photosynthesis happens. Section One — Biology  oer All living things are made up of cells. Cells make up tissues and tissues make up organs. Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems 1) A group of similar cells come together to make a tissue. 2) A group of different tissues work together to make an organ. 3) A group of organs work together to make an organ system. NN NV VE VE EL oe Example: The Cardiovascular System — The cardiovascular system is the system = — that moves blood around the body. ~— 1) Groups of cells make up different tissues. “sre I ot \ \ VV NS 2) Some of these tissues form the heart. The heart is an organ. 3) The heart and blood vessels make up an organ system called the cardiovascular system. Cell heart blood vessels =m (the heart) Organ system (the cardiovascular system) 1) What does the nucleus have in it? 2) Where do most of the chemical reactions in a cell happen? 3) Name one thing that is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. 4) True or false: a group of organs work together to make a tissue. Section One — Biology  Cells, Tissues and Organs Questions Q1 Use the words below to label the diagram of an animal cell. An animal cell Nucleus | Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Q2 Draw a line to match the part of the cell with its job. The first one has been done for you. Nucleus Where most of the chemical reactions in the cell happen. Cell membrane Where respiration happens. Cytoplasm Has genes in it and controls what the cell does. Mitochondria Lets substances in and out of the cell. Q3 a) Which part of a plant cell contains cell sap? Section One — Biology  Cells, Tissues and Organs Questions Q4 Use some of the words below to label the diagram of a plant cell. A plant cell Cytoplasm Chloroplast Vacuole Mitochondria | Nucleus | Cell membrane Cell wall Q5 Label the diagram using the following words: Organ Tissue Cell Cee e rece reer e eres reese eee es =§«-_—«— eee eee eereernereereesesees === -_=«-—«—d ewe eereresscesersecrcsesees Q6é What is the cardiovascular system? Circle the correct answer. An organ — A tissue | An organism | A cell An organ system Section One — Biology  ot anes : : os gen ia aie Yi ee” e AV lows i) raid: en ¢ yi igs: ee a ee? Ge ee nHir | he me OD ie oY : y ear 4 [om a ys 4 4g wees | —, \ (| HWtidadl Ve pik kite) ee es i; é v ; : ¥ : te i. weet. s ay ie aa a: be ¥ Pu ges} wi (i s8 38 S 4 Lad ‘ eb Different cells do different jobs. This means that their structure (shape) needs to be right for their function (the job that they do). Here are some examples: Neurones 1) Neurones are nerve cells. 2) Their job is to carry information. Drectoniofmmpulee 3) This information is sent as nerve impulses. 4) A nerve impulse is an electrical signal. A neurone 5) Nerve impulses are very fast. 6) Neurones are long and thin, and have lots of branches at the end. This means that an impulse from one neurone can be passed to lots of other neurones. Sensory and Motor Neurones There are two main types of neurone — sensory neurones and motor neurones. eee neurones carry Motor neurones carry information from the brain information about the body and the to parts of the body. For example, they carry outside environment to the brain. information to the muscles to make them move. Red Blood Cells SS AY te ereg, ~ Biconcave means both a— 1) Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs Za Sol $b FUY (RNS to all the cells in the body. 2) They have a biconcave shape. This gives e) » ] - ~ | a large surface area for carrying oxygen. 3) They don't have a nucleus. This makes more room to carry oxygen. White Blood Cells white blood cells | 1) White blood cells defend the body against disease. 2) They are able to change shape. This lets white blood cells © (eo) surround unwanted germs like bacteria and digest them. 3) They do have a nucleus. Section One — Biology Sperm and Egg Cells 1) Sperm cells are made by males. 2) Egg cells are made by females. 3) Sperm and egg cells can join together to make an embryo. This is called fertilisation. 4) An embryo can grow into a child. Sperm Cell 1) A sperm cell is very small. 2) It has a tail which can move. Enzymes 3) This allows it to swim and find an egg to fertilise. 4) Its head contains enzymes. These are chemicals that help it get into an egg so the sperm and e98 Can join. Nucleus containing 5) The nucleus contains genes from the father. = genes These will be passed on to the child. Egg Cell 1) An egg cell is large and bulky because Cytoplasm it doesn't need to move about — it just sits and waits for sperm to find it. Cell 2) It contains cytoplasm. This provides membrane food for the embryo. 3) The nucleus contains genes from —- the mother. These will be passed Nucleus containing genes on to the child. 1) What is a nerve impulse? 2) What shape are red blood cells? 3) What is the job of a white blood cell? 4) Why does a sperm cell have a tail? 5) What part of an egg cell provides food for an embryo? Section One — Biology 10 Animal Cells Questions Q1 a) What is a neurone? Circle the answer. a muscle cell — a nerve signal — someone who is a nerve cell | ei very nervous ee reg aate b) Sensory neurones are a type of neurone. Name one other type of neurone. Q2 Label the animal cells using some of the words below. egg cell = red blood cell = ~—s gpermccell | — white blood cell = == neurone | | f Section One — Biology  i} Animal Cells Questions Q3 Which of these statements are true, and which are false? Tick the correct boxes. a) The job of red blood cells is to defend the body against disease. b) Red blood cells have no nucleus. laiel Cc) White blood cells have a biconcave shape. @ d) Red blood cells have a large surface area. [| Q4 The following statements are about egg and sperm cells. Circle all the statements about egg cells. They contain genes _ They have a tail. from the father. They contain genes They pontain eutepeer: from the mother. They are large and bulky. Challenge Yourself Q5 The picture shows a sperm cell. Enzymes Describe how the features shown help a sperm cell to join with an egg cell. Section One — Biology  Roots A plant's roots are the bits of the plant below ground. They have two jobs: 1) They stop the plant blowing away or falling over. This is called anchorage. 2) They take in water from the soil. Root Hair Cells root 1) The cells on plant roots form long ‘hairs’. These stick out into the soil. | 2) Each root has millions of these tiny hairs. ees 3) “This gives the plant a big surface area for taking in water from the soil. ~ 4) Root hair cells have really thin cell walls. This makes it easier for water to move from the soil into the root hair cell. eo” le Phloem and Xylem Water and sugars are moved around plants in phloem and xylem tubes. Phloem and xylem are found in the stem. Phloem Tubes 1) Phloem tubes move glucose (a sugar) up and down the stem. 2) Phloem tubes are made up of cells joined together end to end. 3) The ends of each cell have little holes in them. This means glucose can move from one cell to the next. Xylem Tubes 1) Xylem tubes carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. 2) They are made up of cells joined end to end. S\\. 111 177-4, 8) The cells have no walls between them. Minerals are things like — This means that water and minerals can BR en acai ae are ge Vitis iron and calcium which — Fi = plants and animals need. — YY fH £E LN N ,vYN™N Section One — Biology Leaves 1) The leaves are where photosynthesis takes place. They make all the food that the plant needs. 2) Leaves contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis. 3) During photosynthesis gases need to enter and exit the plant. They do this through tiny holes called stomata. stomata Stomata and Guard Cells stomata 1) Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata. 2) When the stomata are open, gases can move in and out of the leaf. 3) The guard cells close the stomata when the plant doesn't have water. This means the plant loses less water vapour through the leaves. guard cell Transpiration Transpiration is when water is lost from a plant. Here's how it happens: oO Water vapour is lost from the leaves through the stomata. water vapour is lost 2) from.the leaves There's less water in the leaves, so more water is drawn up the > plant through the xylem tubes. 3) This draws water up from the roots. 1) What do phloem tubes move up and down a stem? 2) Give one job done by a plant's roots. Section One — Biology 14 Plant Cells and Structures Questions Q1 The picture shows a plant cell. a) What type of plant cell is it? Circle the correct answer. guard cell root hair cell xylem cell b) Where would you find this cell? Tick the correct box. Roots [| Leaves [ | Stem [] c) What job does it do? Circle the correct answer. It controls the opening and It takes up water It carries glucose up closing of the stomata. from the soil. and down the stem. Q2 Which substances are carried by xylem and which are carried by phloem? Use the words below to fill in the table. Xylem Phloem water minerals glucose Q3 Are these statements about roots or leaves? Tick the boxes. a) They provide anchorage for the plant. c) They have stomata. [ | d) They have cells which form long ‘hairs’. Section One — Biology  15 Plant Cells and Structures Questions Q4 Circle the right words to complete the sentences. Guard cells are found in plant roots / leaves. They control the opening and closing of tiny holes called root hair cells / stomata. The holes close when the plant doesn’t have much oxygen / water. This stops the plant from losing water vapour / minerals. Q5 The diagram below shows a plant. a) Draw an X on the diagram where water enters the plant. b) Draw a Y on the diagram where water exits the plant. c) Draw an arrow on the stem to show the direction that water moves in. Challenge Yourself Q6 Describe how water moves through a plant and is lost by transpiration. Section One — Biology  These pages are all about genetics. Chromosomes nucleus cell a single chromosome 3) Each chromosome 1) Cells in your body 2) Chromosomes are is one very long have a nucleus. found in the nucleus. bit of DNA. D NA SCN VV VE : i isa 1/1 4 4 >A double helix is a spiral spiral — = strands — that has two strands. 1) DNA is a double helix. yp oo f J & Via NOX SS 2) Each of the two DNA strands contain "bases". 3) DNA has four different bases — bases on one strand Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine are joined to bases A C G T on the other strand 4) A always pairs up with T ~—... and... ~—-C._ always pairs up with ©. Sw A+T c+o & This is called ENA strand complementary base-pairing. Pp ig DNA strand Genes 1) A gene is a short bit of DNA. 2) Genes control your characteristics. 3) Characteristics are features. For example, dimples. Section One — Biology Alleles gene for eye colour 1) In the nucleus of each cell there are two copies of every chromosome. 2) This means that each cell has two copies of every gene. For example, you've got two copies of the gene that controls your eye colour. 3) You can have different versions of the same gene. These are called alleles. Allele for Allele for blue eyes. brown eyes. 4) You might have two alleles the same. You might have two different alleles. This is called homozygous. This is called heterozygous. For example, For example, an allele (( W two alleles for v for blue eyes and an blue eyes. allele for brown eyes. N N NX \ VV rrryy Characteristics < Controlling Characteristics oa means features, = ce ae eA ee Os 1) Scientists use letters to show the alleles that an organism has. 2) You have two alleles for each gene. Each one can be either dominant or recessive. 3) Big letters like 'D' are used for dominant alleles. Small letters like 'd' are used for recessive ones. If both alleles are dominant, If both alleles are recessive, the dominant characteristic the recessive characteristic a | i. will be shown. will be shown. _|] If you have one dominant and one recessive allele only the dominant characteristic will be shown. 4) Genotype means what alleles you have. For example, Bb. 5) Phenotype means the actual characteristic you have. For example, brown eyes. 1) Which base does cytosine (C) always pair up with? 2) What are different versions of the same gene called? Section One — Biology 18 Genes, Chromosomes and DNA Questions Q1 Use the words below to write the correct label on each diagram. a) b) C) Chromosome — Nucleus Gene | Q2 Write letters in the boxes to show which bases pair up together in DNA. Muscles or glands. ~— “7TH ITV yyyy Brain — decides what to stimulus Receptors —= do about the stimulus. Effoctore 2 detect a stimulus. , respond to the impulses. Section One — Biology Reflexes 1) Voluntary responses (reactions) are controlled by the brain. 2) They are things you decide to do. You have to think about them. 3) Reflexes are automatic responses. This means they just happen. 4) Reflexes are really fast because they're involuntary — you don't have to think about them. 5) They stop you from hurting yourself. ~ atYou don't hdlthink about te reflexea s4 / s v because— > they don't go through the brain, — i re A ee Reflexes — Example 4) The impulse then travels 3) The impulse along a motor neurone. goes through the spinal cord. spinal cord 5) The impulse reaches a muscle. 2) The impulse (message) travels The muscle contracts along a sensory neurone. to move your hand away from the bee. This is the response. 7N 1) Receptors in the skin detect pain (a bee sting). Synapses 1) Where neurones join together there's a tiny gap. This gap is called a synapse. 2) Here's what happens at a synapse: (3) The neurotransmitters set (1) The electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone. off a new electrical impulse in the next neurone. neurone 1 synapse , neurone 2 impulse impulse neurotransmitters © (2) This makes chemicals move across the synapse. The chemicals are called neurotransmitters. 1) Name two types of neurones. 2) How is an impulse taken across the gap between neurones? Section One — Biology 30 The Nervous System Questions Q1 Some parts of the body make up the CNS. a) What do the letters 'CNS' stand for? Tick the answer. [ | central nervous system [| cardiac neurone system [| cellular nerve system b) Name the two parts of the CNS. Q2 Draw lines to match the type of neurone with what they do. Sensory neurones...... carry impulses from the CNS to effectors. Motor neurones...... carry impulses from receptors to the CNS. Q3 The diagram below shows how the CNS decides what to do. Label the diagram using the words in the box. effector receptor motor sensory | stimulus oe I co 0 5 ) neurone Section One — Biology  31 The Nervous System Questions Q4 Circle the right words to complete the sentences. a) Reflexes are really fast / slow. b) Reflexes stop you from hurting / protecting yourself. Cc) Reflexes happen with / without you thinking about them. d) A synapse is a tiny gap where two receptors / neurones join together. e) Neurotransmitters / Electrical impulses take messages across synapses. Q5 The diagram shows the path of a reflex. receptor in skin a) Draw lines to match the letters from the diagram ie to their names. One has been done for you. | motor neurone egueres of impulse sensory neurone | muscle any. SM ATR ATE EF oe ow ~~ Onenamecanbe — ~ used more than once. = SL FEO TTS NOY NS spinal cord b) Circle the right word to complete the sentence below. In this reflex the muscle acts as the effector / receptor. Challenge Yourself Q6 Describe what happens at a synapse. Section One — Biology 32 cig ; is ; F oes. Raat 4 Rie heap ieee yi ee a: HOSTEesse - Hormones © Wis EE: ae es ape Nerves aren't the only way information is sent around the body. The body also uses hormones. Hormones 1) Hormones are chemicals. 2) They're released by glands in the body. 3) Glands that make hormones are called endocrine glands. 4) All of the endocrine glands in your body make up the endocrine system. How Hormones Work 1) Hormones are carried around the body in the blood. 2) Some organs respond (do something) when the hormone reaches them. & S\N UA Pee 3) Organs that respond are called target organs. > Organs are things like = 4) For example: >the liver, heart and lungs.— Cea i Ee VN Soo Gland: pancreas Hormone released: insulin. Target organ: liver Blood vessel Nerves vs Hormones Nerves and hormones both carry information around the body. But there are some differences: carry information and the response lasts because they carry quickly... for a short time... information as electrical Nerves... Fe, impulses. ic _ Sr» eee a -— Sweat is released by sweat glands. When it evaporates ce (dries) it takes heat from your skin. This cools you down. (8) Blood vessels in the skin get wider. This is called vasodilation. More blood flows near the surface. This means you can lose more heat. (2) Body hairs lie flat. This stops hot air being trapped close to the body. to the skin's surface Body hairs lie flat | get wider Section One — Biology  When You're Too Cold: (1) You shiver. This movement helps to keep you warm. Blood vessels in the skin get narrower. This is called (2) Body hairs stand on end. vasoconstriction. Less blood This traps air to keep you warm. flows near the surface. This means less heat is lost. fine: > Fd ah ie Blood supply shut off —— | Body hairs stand on end | V N NO ONAN Ae | | / / of 7 “LU ) > Itis very cold so the hair on the backs — _ — __ of these dogs is standing on end. ~ “sg 7 / / / | I \ \ \ \ YV™“~S 1) True or false: homeostasis helps your cells to work properly. 2) What happens to your body temperature when you sweat? 3) When you're too hot, do your blood vessels get narrower or get wider? 4) Give two things your body does when you're too cold. Section One — Biology 38 Homeostasis Questions Q1 a) What does homeostasis mean? Circle the answer. same. | A — Keeping conditions outside your body the B — Keeping conditions inside your body the same. | b) Which of these is an example of homeostasis? Circle the answer. Body temperature regulation The nervous system | Gene mutations c) Homeostasis uses information sent by nerves. What else carries information in homeostasis? Q2 Fill in the table to show whether the actions warm up or cool down the body. One's been done for you. we body hair standing more blood flowing snivering swoating on end near the surface sweating Section One — Biology  39 Homeostasis Questions Q3 The diagrams below show things that happen as part of body temperature regulation. Label each diagram using the words below. NSN NN ONT PF td Gee et You can use the labels — When you're too hot | When you're too cold more than once. x~ ZrttyvyoexunNN™N a) Blood vessels close to the skin's surface get wider. RL Body hairs lie flat shut off C) Challenge Yourself Q4 When Bob goes for a run his body temperature starts to rise. Explain how vasodilation helps to cool him down. Section One — Biology  40 Section Two — Chemistry Everything is made up of atoms. They're really, really tiny. Atoms © Atoms have a nucleus and electrons. Here is a drawing of an atom. The Nucleus 1) The nucleus is really small compared to the whole atom. 2) It's made up of protons Gand neutrons (q) : al _ »— The Electrons Electrons surround the nucleus in shells (energy levels). Charge and Mass in Atoms The parts of an atom have different charges. 1) Protons are positive (+). 2) Neutrons are neutral (not charged). 3) Electrons are negative (—). The relative masses of parts of an atom are: Mass Proton 1 1) Protons and neutrons have the same mass. Neutron I 2) The mass of electrons is much smaller. Electron | Very tiny Section Two — Chemistry Atoms and the Number of Electrons In an atom there will always be the same number of protons and electrons. Example: There are two positive protons. DD o d 6 — There are two negative electrons. ==) Protons and the Type of Atom The number of protons w decides what type of atom it is. One proton 1) For example, all hydrogen atoms have one proton. All helium atoms have two protons. | This is hydrogen | 2) \f a substance only has one type of atom it's called an element. Sever oh @ Oe, One type > Atoms can also be — of atom -Zi shown just as circles. = ERD EASY N SN SS 1) What is the nucleus made up of? 2) Are protons positive or negative? 8) An atom has 4 electrons. How many protons will it have? 4) What is an element? Section Two — Chemistry  42 Atoms and Elements Questions Q1 Use the words in the box to label the picture. Electron Nucleus Q2 Fill in the table. Use the words below. 5 Positive | Neutron | Negative | ] Part of the atom Charge Proton Neutral Electron Q3 Read the two sentences below. Tick the one that is true. The nucleus is made up of protons and electrons. [| The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. [| Section Two — Chemistry  43 Atoms and Elements Questions Q4 Look at these diagrams of substances. Circle the two that are elements. Sw Awl bl OF s — > Elements only have — = Go — onetypeofatom. ® % iy 6 7 a foot ime \ NTE SS Ss f a6 90 copper oxygen water Q5 The diagrams below aren't finished. Write down how many electrons each atom should have. a) ( ? ANumber ofvelectrons........:... b) C) a A == Three protons. Number of electrons............ d) 4 Twelve protons. Number of electrons............ Section Two — Chemistry  The Periodic Table Scientists use a table to organise the elements. The Elements in the Periodic Table columns. Sg Lt ote 1) Elements with similar properties are put into like Ss ~ Properties are things liquid —— — whether it's a gas, 2) These columns are called groups. = or solid OR whether it — — ~— conducts heat. S “prot \\ ™ Group 0 1 4 Group Group H Group Group Group Group Group He 1 2 ieee 3 4 5 6 7 [Been 1 Ve fen Oe | 20 Bie N | O | F | Boron | Carbon | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Fluorine | Neon Ne 8) 6 Wa 8 @) 10 al S| 6Cl.| Ar Sulfur | Chlorine | Argon e re As | Se | Br | Kr Arsenic | Selenium | Bromine | Krypton 133 e 34 35 36 127 metals hap= metals 3) Elements are put in rows in order of atomic number. 4) These rows are called periods. 5) The atomic numbers go up across each period. Metals and Non-metals 1) The elements are either metals or non-metals. 2) Metals are on the left of the periodic table. 3) Non-metals are on the right of the periodic table. Section Two — Chemistry ‘Group Number — Each group in the periodic table has a number. For example, Group 1 or Group 6. 1) All of the elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. 2) This is why elements in the same group have similar properties. 3) The number of electrons in the outer shell is the same as the group number. Example: Oxygen is in Group 6. illite sie This is an oxygen atom. 4 le Za This is the outer shell. 5. There are six electrons in the outer shell. a al ee) Mass Number and Atomic Number Each element in the periodic table has a mass number and an atomic number. This is the mass number. The number of neutrons is the It's the total number of mass number fake away the protons and neutrons. atomic number. E.g. for aluminium, 27 — 13 = 14. This is the atomic number. —See eee. It's the number of protons. \ Remember, number of = as _ 5 proto ns Is the same num ber oO £ electrons. NN > pttii 1) What are the columns in the periodic table called? 2) What are the rows in the periodic table called? 3) True or false: all of the elements in a group have different numbers of electrons in their outer shells. Section Two — Chemistry 46 The Periodic Table Questions Q1 One of the diagrams below shows a group in the periodic table. Circle the one that does. A — Q2 The diagram shows how sodium is shown in the periodic table. 23 11 Na a) Circle the atomic number on the diagram. b) How many protons does sodium have?.........::csceeeees Section Two — Chemistry  47 The Periodic Table Questions Q3 What is the mass number of an element? Tick the box. [ | The total number of neutrons and electrons. [ | The total number of protons and neutrons. [| The total number of protons and electrons. Q4 Elements in the same group have similar properties. a) Tick the pair of elements that has similar properties. naNN NV OV NY a \ ~ Look at the periodic table on the inside uy cS oe é.2 two or more elements are chemically combined Carbon + Oxygen [===> Carbon Dioxide (joined) together. 2) For example, carbon dioxide is a compound. @ + @o >>> CQO It's made from a chemical reaction between carbon and oxygen. Mixtures 1) Mixtures are substances that are not chemically joined up. 2) For example, air is a mixture of gases: nitrogen nitrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide Section Two — Chemistry / Symbols. Scientists use letters for the names of elements. 1) Each element has a one or two letter symbol. 2) For example: C= carbon O = oxygen Na = sodium Cu = copper Mg = magnesium Ca = calcium 3) You can find the symbol for any element in the periodic table. Molecules 1) Atoms joined together make molecules. 2) For example, (0(0) = an oxygen molecule. 3) If the atoms in a molecule are the same it's called an element. So oxygen (0\(0) is an element. 4) If the atoms in a molecule are different it's called a compound. So carbon dioxide (0\@{0) is a compound. Formulas Formulas are a quick way to write chemicals — they save you from writing out the whole name. 1) Molecular formulas show you what kind of atoms there are and how many there are. 2) For example, the molecular formula of carbon dioxide Q@O) is CO... % ~The O means there is an oxygen atom. The C means there CO 2 is a carbon atom. X= The 2 after the O means there are two of the O atoms. 1) True or false: mixtures are substances that are not chemically joined up. 2) What is a compound? Section Two — Chemistry 50 Chemical Substances and Formulas Questions Q1 Some chemicals are shown below. Which ones are molecules? Circle three answers. CO ©) ©) COO 0) Q2 Some chemicals are shown below. Which ones are compounds? Circle two answers. SUN USS ETCER ESSER ROSE Eee = Don't get elements and compounds mixed up. = Co) ©) ©) COCO GO) Q3 a) Which of these is a molecule? Tick the right answer. Two atoms joined together. L | A mixture of two elements. [| Two substances not chemically bonded together. [ | b) Which of these is a compound? Tick the right answer. A molecule made of two atoms the same. [ | A molecule made of two different atoms. [ Two substances not chemically bonded together. req Section Two — Chemistry  51 Chemical Substances and Formulas Questions Q4 Answer the questions below by circling the right formula. a) Which chemical has two oxygen atoms in it? H,O b) 3 H,O 2 Cc) Which chemical has hydrogen and oxygen atoms in it? CH 4 CO 2 O 3 H,O 2 Q5 Write the symbols for the elements below. a) Oxygen Y& a aeeeeeeceeeees SS XS UN TL ee Fr Dg ~ Use the periodic table on the inside Z b) Magnesium caeeeeeeeeeseeeees 7 front cover of this book to help you. Te EE Er EE yyy yy AYR C) Copper —— haaeeeeeeeetteeeee Q6 Look at the formula. NH 4 Are these sentences true or false? Tick the boxes. True False a) The substance is an element. [ | [ | b) The substance contains five atoms. [| [ | Cc) There is carbon in the substance. L] [ d) The substance contains nitrogen and hydrogen. LJ L Section Two — Chemistry  Electrons move round the nucleus in shells. Electron Shell Rules You need to learn how many electrons go in each shell. FIRST RULE The inside shell fills up first. It takes two electrons. SECOND RULE The other shells can take up to eight electrons. ~~ YOY 1 Pe Paz, sh n The number of electrons > Electrons can be be show in each shell is called ; an s crosses. — ; By a ae electronic configuration. The First 20 Elements Here are the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements. H Hydrogen H @ Helium So {2} 1 2 | Protonno. =! _Proton no. =2 Lithium ec Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen g Oxygen Fluorine Neon olofelelolalale |i 10. =3 Proton ae "4 ear no. ce = _Proton ot =16 t ae no. Sy = ra im, oy = : oe fi. ss = Fea nes ous = Sodium Mg Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Ar Argon OLOleSOoeee A fa\ Protonno. = 11 | 2,8,2 Protonno. = 12 P 2,8,3 Proton no. = 13 2,8,4 Proton no. = 14 2,8,5 Proton no. = 15 2,8,6 Protonno. = 16 | 2,8,7 Protonno. = 17 2,8,8 Proton no. = 18 K Potassium ; Ca Calcium 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2 Proton no. = 19 Proton no. = 20 Section Two — Chemistry Using the Rules Example: Nitrogen has seven protons. That means it's also got 7 electrons. Follow the ‘Electron Shell Rules' to work out its electronic configuration. Step 1: The inside shell can only take 2 electrons. Step 2: carbon dioxide water NC A oo The chemicals that react The chemicals that are made are called reactants. are called products. 3) You can write out a chemical reaction using words or symbols. 4) For example... This is called a methane + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water «= Word equation. + 2H0 MgCl, + H, There are 2 Hs, 2 Cls There are 2 Hs, 2 Cls and | Mg on the left and | Mg on the right of the arrow. of the arrow. The equation is now balanced — there are the same number of each type of atom on each side of the arrow. 1) Is this equation balanced? H, + 0, — H,O 2) Is this equation balanced? 2H, + 0, — 2H,O Section Two — Chemistry 62 Equations Questions Q1 Name the reactants and the products in the reactions below. a) nitrogen + hydrogen -— ammonia REACTAMIS®:.ninninnnonanaitasignineienniiwindianoninsieainasitesinanne desiewilsissinadi nnsinsinnieslaesiisamanlaamaamannmenagsiine saaneemsnnauieenundasiasiindt Ase aiRee JOC ae b) lithium + water -> lithium hydroxide + hydrogen REACIANIS!..cccncsnennneenneinecns sinenenen asenineenenes ste etanniene snneaent dusensinnnen sain onenaaenutteaneenneneeneunsonnedinenenedigledtnnee PrOCUCHS:.oeeeeeceeeeecesceeeseeceeeeeeceeeeceaeeeceaeecsaeeeseeceaeeceseaeeeseaeeseaeeseaeeceteecseeecsteeeeeeaaeeeeeseeteeteseaaeeeesas Cc) methane + oxygen -— carbondioxide + water REACTANIESE...ie- nine cenennnnnianeninnent vain sininisietsiene neibnsitcine'intesinniinteinel th les Jaae tae gua ulna See ane OSs ie Sas SMES SoA ec PrOCUGtS i si wessguttieles sosecaaesen eacananenexeees sevauelllwa causamsasmupsamsmsaesivonmn ammestatdealecshentsanteemae teal vobaneeted Dawes Q2 Write a word equation for the reaction below. Magnesium reacts with oxygen. Magnesium oxide is made. Word equation:.......cceccecceeescescsecesceseceseesseseccsececseeeceeseessesseessessesesecseessesesesesesseessseseessesseseaeenatens Q3 Copper oxide (CuO) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCI). Copper chloride (CuCl,) and water (H,O) are made. What is the symbol equation for this reaction? Circle the right answer. | ou0 + QHCl > CuCl, + H,0 | CuCl, + 2HCI — CuO + H,O Section Two — Chemistry  63 Balancing Equations Questions QI This is the equation for burning hydrogen in air: 2H, + 0,— 2H,0 a) How many H and O atoms are shown on the left-hand side of the equation? b) C) Q2 Tick the boxes to show which of the equations below are balanced and which are not balanced. Balanced Not balanced a) H, + Cl, > 2HCI LJ [ b) CuO + HCI — CuCl, + H,0 C) N, + H, > NH, EE d) CuO + H, — Cu + H,O Ll Fe,0, + 3CO > 2f@ + 300, CaCO,—> CaO + CO, CL} e) Section Two — Chemistry  64 Bae eae a ey a aed a (MY eea TER oy Veer Leone ee Lee ery , el Peer ee aie e Fey a a Ze oe a OEfee 5 Fag ga a oat | [pennies ~ pa oe Za dg Moos, A Sang BAaAces oat ete Pen, a : as) i alr re oe a4 eS Se ee Se RIBS —— You'll see hazard symbols all the time in the lab — learn what they mean. Hazard Symbols 1) Some chemical containers have hazard symbols. 2) These tell you how the chemical is dangerous. Toxic Harmful Can cause death, for ara agh5 is ; Like toxic but not example if you swallow : it or breathe it in. quite as dangerous: Corrosive Damages living tissues, for example, eyes and skin. Highly Flammable Irritant Catches fire easily. Can cause a nasty red rash or blisters. Acids and Bases 1) The pH number of a chemical tells you if it's an acid, a base, or neutral. 2) An acid has a pH of less than 7. 3) A base has a pH of greater than 7. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water. 4) Chemicals with a pH of exactly 7 are neutral. pH numbers O 1 9 10 Ti 12 13 14 Acids Bases (pH less than 7) Neutral (pH more than 7) (pH of 7) a Nee ee — Water is neutral. — “4 FTV VV NN 1) What does this hazard symbol mean? ===> EA 2) Is the pH number of a base more or less than 7? 3) What is an alkali? Section Two — Chemistry You can use indicators to find out if something is an acid, a base or neutral. Indicators 1) An indicator is a dye that changes colour when you put it in an acid or a base. 2) Universal indicator solution gives the colours shown below: Match colour change to pH chart pH1 2345678 91011121314 Colour Colour Change 3) Litmus paper is another indicator. I+ only tells you whether a liquid is an acid or a base — it does not tell you the pH. Chemical Reactions 1) Chemicals react with each other to form products with different properties. 2) For example, this is what happens when you react an acid with an alkali: acid + alkali -— asalt + water & VV VV T | roth py = ~ Salts aren't always like the — salt you put on chips. = o Ae A, YK 3) The salt and water are neutral. So it's called a neutralisation reaction. 1) What is an indicator? 2) Universal indicator turns red when added to a solution. Is the solution an acid or a base? 3) What two things are made when you react an acid with an alkali? Section Two — Chemistry 66 Hazard Symbols, Acids and Bases Questions Q1 What are hazard symbols? Tick the box next to the answer. Hazard symbols tell you the name of the chemical. [ | Hazard symbols tell you how much of the chemical to use. [| #. Hazard symbols tell you how a chemical is dangerous. dust Hazard symbols tell you if a chemical is neutral. [| Q2 Circle the right words in the sentences below. a) The pH / indicator number of a chemical tells you if it's an acid, a base or neutral. b) A chemical with a pH of 7 is acidic / neutral. c) The pH number of an acid is more / less than 7. Q3 Here is a list of chemicals and their pH numbers. Fill in the gap for each chemical by writing if it's an acid, a base or neutral. pH Number Acid, Base or Neutral ‘ a) Lemon juice \ | ESSE ESOS ESOS SE SSSSSOSSOSSOOSSOESS. EEE b) Pure water rr c) Soap | \ Wiis A he AAP acm ua estes aatdccaxsed Hatten d) Vinegar ee e) Baking soda Qi iicaanececeueccesseeseseueeeceeeeeeeeeeeeees Section Two — Chemistry Q1 Are the sentences true or false? Tick the boxes. True False a) Indicators change colour when you put them in an acid or a base. El lee b) Universal indicator can turn a range of colours depending on the pH of the solution you put it in. is] i c) Litmus paper can tell you the exact pH of a solution. iF] i Q2 Draw lines to join up the pH numbers with the colours. One has been done for you. pH Number Colour with Universal Indicator pH 2 _ Green pH 7 pH 12 pH 6 Q3 Complete the equation below. Use words from the list. Water Alkali Salt Challenge Yourself | Q4 Robert wants to know the pH of a solution. Should he use universal indicator or litmus paper? | Section Two — Chemistry  Reactions of Acids with Metals 1) Metals react with acids to give salts and hydrogen: Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen 2) The more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction will go. 3) The rate of reaction is shown by how fast the bubbles of hydrogen are given off. 4) You can test for hydrogen using the burning splint test. It will give a ‘squeaky pop’. \ \ | ° old Nos BIS 7 Fat oy amall ~ 2s _quexs a ry oper = equeaky por’ Dilute | | Dilute Dilute acid acid acid NS, Sx y Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Very Reactive Te Unreactive Salts 1) The metal and acid decide what the salt will be. 2) Hydrochloric acid will always make chloride salts: