Science 10 Quarter 3 Past Paper PDF

SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 3  THEORY TYPES OF TYPES OF OF CONVERGENT PLATE PLATE BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES TECTONICS  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learners will be ab...

SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 3  THEORY TYPES OF TYPES OF OF CONVERGENT PLATE PLATE BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES TECTONICS  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: - Explain volcano formation, and earthquake occurrences - Identify the most geologically active region of volcanoes and great seismicity - Relate the location of the distribution of active volcanoes, and earthquake epicenters, to plates through map analysis - Name specific volcanoes, and earthquakes that occurred along plate boundaries - Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory - Realize the importance of inclusive, safe, resilient cities during the 2020 Taal eruption. (UNSDG # 11) - Applying goal-setting skills to promote academic success (SEL)  VOLCANO is a rupture in the crust of a planetary mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface EARTHQUAKE refers to any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks  MOUNTAIN is a landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, generally exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively confined summit area, and considerable local relief Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters, and Major Mountain Belts  VOLCANO A volcano is described as any opening in the ground where magma or molten rocks comes out. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), a volcano is considered active if any of the following is satisfied: - The volcano has erupted within historical times - Accounts of the eruptions were documented - The volcano has erupted at least once within the last 10,000 years  Where Are Most Volcanoes Located? The ‘Ring of Fire’ is an area of the Pacific Ocean that is shaped like a horseshoe. It is home to 90% of the world's earthquakes and 75% of the world's volcanoes.  ACTIVE VOLCANOES Approximately 1,550 subaerial volcanoes in the world today are thought to have erupted in the last 10,000 years These active volcanoes mainly occur in curvilinear belts that define tectonic plate boundaries Island arc nations such as Indonesia, Philippines, and Japan host the largest populations within 100 km of an active volcano ACTIVE VOLCANOES  Where do volcanoes form? The lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. This is broken into extremely large slabs called tectonic plates. The Earth’s surface is divided into seven major plates. Volcanoes are mostly (but not always) found where these tectonic plates meet, called the plate boundaries. Since the establishment of plate tectonics theory, many scholars have established a global volcanic model based on plate theory, they believe that most volcanoes are distributed on the plate boundaries and a few in the plates, the former constitutes four major volcanic belts, namely, the Circum-Pacific Volcanic Belt, the Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanic Belt, the East African Rift Volcanic Belt, and the Alpine-Himalayan Volcanic Belt.  How do volcanoes form? Island arc volcanoes occur when one plate descends, or subducts, under another plate. Subduction allows water from the subducting plate to be driven upward, off the subducting plate, and into the mantle wedge. This lowers the melting point of the mantle, and it melts to form magma. This magma will rise and leak into the crust forming a volcano. This process can create a chain of volcanic islands. Examples of island arcs are the Japanese islands and the Aleutian islands of Alaska.  How do volcanoes form? About five percent of all known volcanoes form in the middle of plates, not at their edges. These intraplate volcanoes are caused by hot spots, unusually hot areas deep within the Earth. Magma rises from the hot spots and erupts as lava through cracks in the Earth's surface forming volcanoes. As a plate moves slowly across a hot spot, a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands can form. VOLCANO  EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes are sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. Remember that the surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates that lie beneath both the land and oceans of our planet. The movements of these plates can build mountains or cause volcanoes to erupt. The clash of these plates can also cause violent earthquakes, where Earth’s surface shakes. The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean.  EARTHQUAKE An earthquake is the vibration of the Earth due to the rapid release of energy. Epicenters are points on Earth’s surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake. Friction creates enormous pressure! Stress  EPICENTER Focus Anatomy of an Earthquake Focus (hypocenter) is the point inside the earth where the earthquake started. Seismic waves are released from the focus. Epicentre is directly above the focus on the earth’s surface where the seismic waves are strongest.  What causes a earthquake? When Plates Collide When plates collide, sometimes one plate sinks, or subducts, below another one. This can trigger an earthquake. When earthquakes cause the ocean floor to move, the water moves, too. Columns of water travel across the ocean and grow taller as they approach land, becoming a tsunami. When Plates Grind When the edge of one plate grinds against another, it sometimes gets stuck and pressure builds up. When it finally breaks loose, rocks break, releasing energy in the form of a seismic wave, or earthquake. Ninety percent of Earth’s earthquakes occur along the ring of fire, including the planet’s most violent and dramatic seismic events.  Locating Patterns of Earthquakes and Volcano Distribution Instruction: 1. Divide the class into 8 groups. 2. Each member of the group will take turns in plotting the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes on the map. 3. Answer the following guide questions. 4. One representative from each group will present the output. Access the file here: Worksheet  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: - Explain the formation of mountain ranges - Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory - Relate the location of the distribution of mountain ranges to plates through map analysis - Name the important mountain ranges in the world - Develop relationship skills – communication, and cooperation with their peers during class activities (SEL)  What are the types of mountains in the World, and how are they formed? The world's tallest mountain ranges form when pieces of Earth's crust—called plates—smash against each other in a process called plate tectonics, and buckle up like the hood of a car in a head-on collision. Mountains form where two continental plates collide. Since both plates have a similar thickness and weight, neither one will sink under the other Instead, they crumple and fold until the rocks are forced up to form a mountain range. As the plates continue to collide, mountains will get taller and taller.  Volcanic Mountains When tectonic plates move about, volcanoes are formed, and when volcanoes erupt, mountains are formed in turn. A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone due to the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily basalt.  Fold Mountains Fold mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks, and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges.  Block Mountains The raising of a fault block leads to the formation of block mountains. Higher blocks are called horsts and troughs are known as grabens. When the surface is spread apart, it leads to tensional forces coming into place when these tension forces split apart; it causes the center block to drop down  Residual Mountains Through erosion of an elevated area residual mountains are formed. Alternatively, such formations are also known as mountains of denudation  Dome Mountains Dome mountains are formed when large globs of magma float up from beneath the crust and push up surface rocks, creating a rounded swelling in the crust. Once the magma cools, it creates a large dome of harder rock under the surface, which erosion sometimes reveals Let us pray… Closing Prayer Our Lasallian Prayer I will continue, O my God, To do all my actions for the love of you. Saint John Baptist De La Salle Pray for Us. Live Jesus in Our Hearts, FOREVER!