MARINES OPS SYLLABUS FOR HET EXAM PDF

MARINES OPS SYLLABUS FOR HET EXAM Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 1 of 56  AMBUSH 1. DEFINITION:An ambush is a minor operation of war involving the use of a small force. The action is usually violent but short live...

MARINES OPS SYLLABUS FOR HET EXAM Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 1 of 56  AMBUSH 1. DEFINITION:An ambush is a minor operation of war involving the use of a small force. The action is usually violent but short lived and finishes on a pre-arranged signal. 2. AIM: The aim of an ambush is to: a. Destroy the maximum of the enemy troops, his vehicles and animal transport. b. Obtain information of intelligence value i.e, identifications and documents. c. Harass the enemy causing him to use additional troops for protective duties. d. Deny enemy patrols freedom of action in no-man’s land. 3. TYPE: a. The Hasty Ambush. (1) This is an ambush, forced upon a commander by circumstances beyond his control. This type of ambush is normally laid by a fighting patrol, which sets out for a particular task and suddenly comes across an enemy patrol which it cannot avoid. Success is dependent largely upon the wit and action of each individual member of the patrol who must have had pervious training to act correctly by instinct and with the minimum of orders or instructions. b. The Planned Ambush. This is the type of ambush that is based on through intelligence and detailed planning. The force employed for laying such an ambush a basically a fighting patrol composed of selected men and a leader. 4. CHARACTERISTICS: Successful ambushes have the following characteristics: a. Surprise. This is achieved by: i. Silence and stillness. ii. Intelligent layout, siting and concealment. iii. Carefully selecting positions on inconspicuous looking terrain. iv. A high standard of security at all stages of the ambush. b. Control. i. Factors effecting control (a) Dispersion of ambush parties (b) Need of silence (c) Position of leader ii. Control can be achieved by: (a) Careful briefing and detailed orders. (b) Repeated rehearsals. (c) Field signals. (d) Positioning of ambush commander. (e) Discipline. (f) Individual Training. (g) Battle drill. c. Fire Power. As the execution of an ambush is quick and violent, a high concentration of fie is imperative and it is achieved by: i. Good orders. ii. A good fire plan. iii. “Shoot to Kill” with rigid fire control. iv. Maximum use of automatics. v. Skilful use of mines and grenades. d. Simplicity of Plan. The simpler the plan the greater the chances of success. e. Determination. Once executed it has to be pressed without remiss and with ruthless determination. f. Self-Discipline. Training is necessary to develop the requisite patience and self- discipline. Without them an ambush may spell failure and may cost lives. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 2 of 56 5. PLANNING:- a. Phases: i. The Preparatory Phase: It includes:- (a) The selection of the site (b) Detailed planning (c) Issue of orders (d) Rehearsal of the whole operation ii. The Execution Phase: It includes:- (a) Occupation of the site (b) Carrying out of the ambush iii. The Withdrawal Phase: It includes:- (a) Withdrawal to selected RV (b) RV to own position b. Selection of Site: In selecting a site, the following points must be borne in mind: i. The size and type of target that is to be ambushed. ii. Method of movement of the target, i.e, on foot or in MT. iii. Times of movement of the target, i.e, day or night. iv. Composition and position of enemy guards or escorts. This will decide strength, arms and equipment. v. General conduct of the enemy guards of escorts and their habits. vi. Location of enemy reinforcements and other protective arrangements. This may force the ambush party away from what could be an ideal site for an ambush. vii. Tactical considerations, which will include: (a) Ground which will allow the maximum view of the target either from the main position or by observers posted nearby, this will give early warning and enable the ambush commander to make any last minute adjustments to his positions. It must at the same time provide the ambush party with good cover from view. (b) A good field of fire, normally at a short range to gain maximum effect. (c) Good lines of withdrawal. (d) A position which restricts enemy maneuver, e.g, a defile or a road with hill on one side and a drop on the other. (e) A position which renders the main target out of sight of those who are not intended to be ambushed, e.g, a bend in the road or a track with a spur jutting out. c. Points of Consideration in Planning:- ii. The killing area should be where the enemy is forced to move on a narrow front and where he has to close up to maintain contact and control. iii. Siting individual positions will vary but the light machine guns must have priority. Exits must be sealed by fire, mines or natural obstacles. iv. A reserve must be detailed. This must be capable of moving and acting on its own initiative but is initially sited on the same side of the ambush position as the RV to be used on withdrawal. v. Lookouts must be on watch at both ends of the position; they must be in contact with the main body by means or a cord or cable so that they can give a silent warning. There must also be cleared paths t their positions to allow silent relies. vi. If the ambush is to last for 24 hours or more, an administrative are is necessary. This must be defendable, out of earshot from the main position and have lanes to it cleared for silent approach. A local supply of water is desirable. The RV and the administrative area will often, for convenience, be in the same place. 6. OCCUPATION OF THE SITE: The following points will be borne in mind when considering the occupation of the site:- Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 3 of 56 a. It is better to occupy the site at night to avoid observation. If occupation has to be carried out by day, it should be done in small parties by a good covered approach; if this is not available, day occupation should be ruled out. b. Disturb the natural location as little as possible to aid camouflage. Digging, if any, must be camouflaged and the concealment of the whole part must be absolutely perfect. c. Movement, smoking, coughing or talking must not be allowed. d. Positions of each individual must be so selected that the maximum number of weapons at the shortest range possible can open accurate fire. e. Always post a sentry at a good view point to give early warning of the target’s approach. Early warning from an observation post with a wireless set can sometimes be arranges. 7. EXECUTION OF THE AMBUSH: Lookouts may or may not withdraw after warning the main position. This point requires careful thought and a clear decision. The commander will give the signal to open fire either by tapping a light machine gunner on the shoulder or by firing the first round himself. At night, illumination is needed the moment fire is opened, trip flares can be used. Flares may be set off by mistake or by animals and so give away the position, it is best if they are operated by hand. At the required moment, the commander must be able to stop the fire at once; the only practicable way of doing this is by voice or whistle. This enables the previously detailed search party to go forward and search the area for enemy dead and wounded and pick up any information available before withdrawing to the RV. Following are essential to ensure success in this phase: Clear understanding of orders by each individual and their strict compliance by them. a. No talking, coughing or smoking. b. Patience, if the target does not appear on the scene at the estimated time. The pary may have to sit for long hours in wait for the target, and if men lose heart and become disinterested, they may fall asleep and be ambushed themselves. c. Constant alertness for the signal. d. Bold and swift action on receipt of the action final. e. Each individual must concentrate primarily on his own allotted task. f. Each individual must use the weapon he is told to use. g. The party must not become involved in a pitched battle. h. Individuals must watch for the “break off” signal and withdraw from the site immediately after the action is over. 8. WITHDRAWAL: Withdrawal is normally carried out in two stages firstly from the site to a pre-selected RV at a reasonably safe distance (say from 750 to 900 meters) dependent upon the ground and the enemy dispositions), secondly from the RV to the base. The signal to withdraw can be given be whistle, very light or smoke grenade. Groups then move independently to the RV as fast as possible, covered by a reserve. Time spent in the RV must be kept short to lesson the chances off being outflanked. The withdrawal must be fully rehearsed. 9. ORGANISATION OF AMBUSH FORCE a. Action Group: i. Forward Command Party. This party includes command and communication elements controlling and coordinating the actions of the entire action group. ii. Main Firing Party. This party is responsible for destroying the advance guard, main body and rear guard. The party should further be divided according to the enemy personnel moving or the number of vehicles i.e:- (c) 1 Vehicle/firing party. (d) 2 vehicle/firing party. (e) 3 vehicles/firing party. iii. Special Task Party. The use of special task group or killer team in conjunction with the ambush is often desirable. The purpose of this group is to physically move through the ambush site and ensure the destruction of vehicles and material, search enemy dead and vehicles or any other duties considered necessary by the ambush commander. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 4 of 56 iv. Signal Party. Two or three personnel with signal set or visual signal aids position themselves on a vantage point on the main axis of advance of the enemy column or convoy. v. Road Bock Party. The party is responsible to create effective obstacles in front of the moving column and block its further advance. Following are some of the suggested type of road blocks:- (a) Conventional. i. Rocket Launcher/MG. ii. Anti-Tank/ Anti Personnel mines. iii. Mine necklace. iv. Mine necklace. v. Abates. vi. Craters with 40 lbs crating charge. (b) Unconventional. i. Jumping grenades. ii. Lay more type improvised mines. iii. Blocking road by animals, goats, carts etc. iv. Fake barrier check posts. v. Coal tar drums. vi. Strong wire stretched between trees. vii. Burning POL material on the road. viii. Sharp nails struck through a wooden plank. a. Essentials of an Effective Road Block i. Should be able to achieve surprise. ii. Enemy should not be able to by-pass it. iii. Should be able to cause effective damage on vehicle/personnel in the lead. iv. Should have an alternative method if primary fails. v. Should not be obviously located. vi. Should be covered by fire. vii. Should be created/ placed only when specific target being ambushed is approaching. b. Covering Group i. Rear Command Party: Can consist of second in command or third in command or any JCO/NCO along with participating troops or left over personnel with packs etc at the final RV. They would be manning the final RV and “CHECK IN” withdrawing personnel. ii. Flank Protection Party: Two or more parties guarding/covering the flanks of the main force. The party would allow the target to enter into the ambush site and be trapped without interference. iii. Covering Party: Well sited with automatic weapons ie machine guns and 60 mm mortars etc to take on enemy in the target area or create effective flanking fire on any reacting/counter attacking enemy, after own groups/parties have withdrawn. iv. Reserve: Since all parties have been allotted specified tasks and would be briefed, located and positioned accordingly, the commander must heave personnel in reserve to supplement a particular party or allot a new task altogether not previously catered; according to any emergent necessity. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 5 of 56 10. DIFFERENCE IN AMBUSH BY DAY AND NIGHT:- a. By Day: i. Men should be well dispersed and concealed from ground view as well as view from the air. ii. Fire can be opened at longer ranges, as the target can be seen well. iii. There must be perfect stillness. iv. All parties can act simultaneously with reasonable safety. v. Supporting fire including artillery fire can be obtained and directed by observation. b. By Night: i. Men must be closer together and fire should be opened at point blank range. ii. Fire must be for a specified period, after which the ask must be completed using bayonets or knives. iii. Stricter discipline must be observed with regard to noise (talking, coughing etc) as this can be heard farther away. iv. Men can take up position in the open without much camouflage and can move their limbs more freely. It will not be possible, however, if positions are close to a road and vehicles and using lights. 11. DEFENCE AGAINST AMBUSH: The best defence against an ambush is not to present an ambush target. This can be achieved by:- a. Dispersion b. Frequent varying of formation c. Size of force d. High degree of alertness If despite all precautions, a convoy is ambushed; its reactions must be swift and aggressive. Personnel in vehicle must dismount immediately, take cover and fire. Cover should never be taken under vehicles, as they are death traps. RAID 1. GENERAL: Raids of platoon size will normally, by ordered by the battalion commander. In some situations company commander and platoon commander may order and carry out raids against any opportunity targets. This is likely to happen quite often particularly in the advance. Such raids are normally within the supporting distance of the parent unit and the battalion commander issues instructions covering the purpose of the raid, the fire support to be made available, the size of the force and the time of raid. 2. DEFINITION:A raid is an attack by a force to accomplish a specific purpose the enemy position with no intention of holding the invaded objective. 3. PURPOSE: A raid at platoon level may be conducted to:- a. Capture prisoner(s) b. Capture of destroy specific enemy material. c. Obtain specific information on enemy locations, strength, dispositions and intentions. 4. CHARACTERISTICS: a. Quick Hard Blows b. Timely disengagement and withdrawal 5. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: a. Selection of Targets i. Close Targets: (a) Enemy Headquarters (b) Field gun areas (c) Close landing grounds (d) Tank Harbour areas (e) Close reservoirs (f) Close Administration areas Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 6 of 56  ii. Deep Targets: (a) Deep Reservoirs (b) Deep Admin Areas (c) Air ports/Landing strips (d) Radar stations (e) Medium/heavy gun areas (f) Important communication centers b. Routes: Enemy forces, usually, cover the tracks therefore cross country move will be possible. c. Compositions: Strength can be platoon to company size, it will depend on:- i. Task ii. Distance iii. Duration d. Mobility: For long distances, APCs, camels & helicopters can be used if situation permits. e. Surprise: To achieve surprise security be maintained at every cost. f. Communication: In raid operations wireless is the only means of communication therefore it should be used in imminent situations. g. Planning: Special attention should be paid to following:- i. Selection of good leader. ii. Reconnaissance (to see approaches, cover, water resources & enemy probable location). iii. Confirmatory reconnaissance in RV. iv. Move during darkness. v. Order of march during move to objective. vi. Signals for identification of parties/groups. vii. Completion of quick withdrawal during darkness. 6. PHASES: The planning and coordination of a raid should be as detailed and complete as possible. Irrespective of the type of mission, a raid operation will usually be divided into the following three phases: a. Preparatory phase. b. Execution phase. c. Disengagement and withdrawal phase d. Approach phase. a. Preparatory Phase. Any raiding operation requires detailed preparations by the commander and troops selected for the task. The commander must be provided with: i. Maximum possible information about the target/objective from all available sources i.e. maps, air photographs, local population/prisoners and patrol reports etc. ii. The necessary weapons and equipment considered in relation to the nature of the mission. A platoon may require machine gun support to accomplish its mission. Wherever possible Artillery/Mortar observers must be provided and suitable means of communications i.e. better wireless sets etc catered for with due regards to the range of operations. iii. Adequate time for detailed reconnaissance. If the raid is to be made at night, the commander should carry out night reconnaissance in addition to the daylight reconnaissance. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 7 of 56 iv. Opportunity for rehearsals particularly in stabilized situations. These rehearsals should be conducted on ground similar to the area to be raided and the troops carry and use the equipment for the mission. b. Execution Phase. Composition of Raid Force Action Group: It consists of the following parties: i. Forward commander Party. Composed of the commander and his runner and is responsible to control the entire operation. ii. Sentry Disposal Party. Normally two men are employed. One disposes off the sentry while the second covers him. Silent disposal of the sentry will add to success of a raid. In case this is not possible, sentry disposal will be carried out ny other means. iii. Action Party. This party is responsible to carry out the final mission for which the raid has been designed i.e. destruction of a target. The strength of this party will depend upon the size and type of target. iv. Special Task Party. Any special task which is not undertaken by the above parties, such as destruction of automatic weapons on fixed lines, cutting telephone lines, destroying wireless set or a command vehicle. These tasks are usually carried out simultaneously in conjunction with other parties. v. Holding Party. Carries light/medium machine guns sited at a reasonable distance with a task to bring effective fire on personnel who may directly interfere with the action party. Covering Group: It comprises of following parties: i. Rear Command Party. Normally consists of second n command to take over in case the commander becomes a casualty. ii. Covering Party. The task of this party is to provide a secure base from which the action group will develop its raid on the objective. It is also responsible to cover the withdrawal of the action group. iii. Reserve Party. Elements not employed in the action or covering groups will constitute this party. This is required to meet any unforeseen situations which may develop during the conduct of the raid and the rapid withdrawal. iv. Flank Protection Party. To protect the exposed flanks and block reinforcement/ escape. The principle duties of the raid commander during the conduct of a raid are to decide when to call for, shift or lift supporting fire, to be constantly on the alert for unexpected reactions and t take prompt measures to meet them and to decide when to disengage and order the withdrawal. c. Disengagement and Withdrawal: i. This is the most difficult phase of the operations and the success of the entire operation depends upon the raid commander’s ability to make timely and correct decision for disengagement on completion of the task and skill of the section/group leader to move their men with speed to the rallying points and effective retaliation against the enemy reactions after the blow has been struck. ii. A rallying point is prescribed some distance from the objective for the purpose of assembling parties/groups, which have become separated during the raid. A series of rallying points may be prescribed along the route of withdrawal right into the parent unit area. iii. Parties/groups should be able to cover the withdrawal of each other by providing covering fire, if possible, otherwise, this should be arrange within each group/party during their withdrawal from one rallying point to another. 7. FACTORS EFFECTING CONDUCT OF RAID a. Morale b. Leadership c. Comrade ship Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 8 of 56  d. Will Power e. Admin f. Quick Blow g. Camouflage & Concealment h. Good Planning j. Good Training k. Co-ordination among different parties PATROLLING 1. INTRODUCTION: In war a commander cannot plan a successful operation without accurate and up to date tactical information. Patrolling is one of the most reliable means of obtaining this and is carried out by day and by night in all operations of war. Successful patrolling calls for a high standard of individual training, good field craft, confidence, initiative and determination. 2. AIMS OF PATROLLING: a. Obtain information about the enemy or confirm and information received previously from other sources. b. Disorganise or destroy enemy troops or material. c. Maintain initiative and dominate No Man’s Land and gaps between formations and units. 3. DESIRED INFORMATION: a. Natural and Artificial Obstacles: This includes information regarding type and conditions of terrain, nullah, defile, minefields and ditches etc. b. Enemy Defences: Extent and depth f enemy defences, location of automatic and anti-tank weapons. c. Enemy Movements: Enemy supply, routes, patrol habits, stands to and stand down timings, tank leaguers and rally areas etc. d. Enemy Strength and Composition: The strength and composition of enemy in the defensive position. e. Enemy DFs and DF (SOS): Likely DFs and DF (SOS) of enemy. f. Enemy Fixed Lines: Fixed lines of enemy automatic weapons. g. Enemy Identification Signs: Those signs which help us to identify enemy composition. These can be obtained by capturing enemy prisoners or material. 4. STRENGTH AND COMPOSITION OF PATROLS: The strength and composition of a patrol will depend upon its role. Generally the factors which affect the strength and composition of a patrol and as follows:- a. Task. b. Strength and habits of enemy patrols. c. Type of terrain, including available observation and cover. d. Duration for which patrol has to stay out. e. Strength which can be easily controlled b one man. f. Minimum personnel required to accomplish the mission should be taken. 5. TYPES OF PATROLS: There are two main types of dismounted patrols:- a. Escort patrol b. Standing patrol PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF PATROL 1. SEQUENCE OF PREPARATION a. Warning order to Patrol Leader (usually given by the Company Commander). b. Commanding Officer/Intelligence Officer/Company Commander briefs the patrol leader. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 9 of 56  c. Selection of observation Post from the map. d. Patrol Leader carries out time appreciation and makes a reconnaissance plan. e. Patrol leader gives warning order to his second in command. The following will be included in it (catch work MPDEWARST). i. M Mission. ii. P Personnel. iii. D Dress. iv. E Equipment. v. W Weapons. vi. A Ammunition. vii. R Rations/Rehearsals. viii. S Security. ix. T Time and RV for orders. f. Any special preparations. g. Reconnaissance from observation posts alongwith supporting arms representatives, if given. h. Reconnaissance and planning, company commander will usually help in planning j. Patrol leader prepares his orders. k. Prepares model, if required. l. Shows Area to the Patrol From Observation Posts. If the ground permits then the whole patrol will be taken together, otherwise they will be taken in small groups or individually. m. patrol Leader issues his Orders. If ground permits this will be done from the observation post otherwise after showing the area from the Observation post, the orders will be given off a model. If the orders are being given off a model then the model should be close to the observation post. Even if the orders are being given from the observation post, the action on the objective will be explained on the model. A large and clear model of the target area should be prepared to explain the patrol. n. Co-ordination with those sentries through whose positions the patrol will go out and come in and who will be on duty at that time. p. Day rehearsals. q. Preparation and inspection. r. Testing of weapons by actual firing. s. Administrative arrangements including food and rest. t. Night rehearsals and final inspection. u. Patrol action. v. Debriefing of patrol leader. w. Detailed debriefing of the whole patrol. What a patrol leader must know:- Before leaving on patrol, the patrol leader should ensure that his orders cover the following points:- a. All available information about the enemy. b. Information about our troops such as disposition of forward troops, minefields, lanes, gaps in wire and details of other patrols going out. c. The aim of the patrol – MISSION. d. Time out and where; time back and where. e. Any limitations affecting his choice of route, particularly our defensive fire areas. f. Fire support, if any. g. Recognition, password and any special signals. h. Action to be taken on meeting enemy. i. Any special subject on which information is required. j. Any special administrative arrangements. RECONNAISSANCE PATROL Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 10 of 56 1. DEFINITION:These are patrols, of a minimum strength for the task, which gain information by observation and operate generally by stealth. They avoid combat except for self protection or to take advantage of an unusual opportunity. FIGHTING PATROL 1. DEFINITION:A Fighting patrol is organized for a particular task with sufficient strength and armament to accept combat. INFILTRATION 1. INTRODUCTION The word ‘Infiltration’ means to inject something into the body. In military tactics, by it, we mean, the method of going into the enemy rear areas using gaps in enemy defence. This tactics was adopted, very effectively by Germans during world war-II. Since then, till today forces with less weapons & equipment use this tactics against strong and well equipped opponent forces. 2. DEFINITIONS a. Infiltration: Infiltration is the technique of undetected movement used in conjunction with several types of maneuver. b. Lane: A gape in enemy defence which can be used as a track/route approach the RV n the enemy rear. c. RV: A pre-selected place in enemy rear, where parties and groups of infiltrating force, concentrate for further coordination of operation. An alternative RV is always selected to deal with any unforeseen situation. d. Contact Point: A prominent landmark 100 – 200 mtrs short of RV, where infiltrating groups concentrate before going into the RV, it provides protection these groups. e. Ex-filtration: Infiltrating force exits the enemy area and reaches own defence by using infiltration tactics. This operation is called Ex-filtration. f. Linkup: In general, it means to keep in contact with each other. When infiltrating force and main force coordinate enemy rear during main operation, they establish a linkup. g. Jump off Point: A place in own defence, where infiltrating force concentrate before infiltration. 3. PURPOSE AND TASKS: The purpose of infiltration is to deploy strong enough forces in the enemy’s rear for the execution of one or more of the following tasks in conjunction with any of the tactical maneuvers launched by the main force: a. To destroy/neutralize selected enemy localities, gun areas, tanks, headquarters etc. b. To size important tactical features such as bridges, defiles, high grounds, entrees of communication etc. c. To disrupt and delay or hold movement of enemy supporting units and reserves. d. To stage deception for operations in other sectors. e. To harass and interdict his rear areas including administrative installations. f. To obtain and communicate information about the enemy and terrain. g. To direct the fire of long range weapons and air. h. To capture and old important tactical grounds like bridges etc for an eventual link up. 4. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS a. Enemy Deployment: i. Gaps in defence ii. Lack of surveillance b. Terrain i. Broken/dead ground ii. Mountainous area iii. Forests/vegetation c. Weather i. Rain/hailstorm ii. Night iii. Fogy/smoggy days Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 11 of 56 5. BASIC TECHNIQUES a. In small parties/groups of individuals. b. In sub units or larger bodies. Small Group Infiltration a. Infiltration in small groups can be attempted in most types of terrain. It is suitable for operation where enemy deployment is close with narrow gaps. It offers better chances of successful infiltration by the major part of the force even where movement of one or more parties may be detected and prevented by enemy. b. However, a large number of small operating over enemy territory present may targets, the detection of any which may result in loss of surprise and thus jeopardizes the success of t he whole mission. Such a movement is also difficult to control and collection of the force at the RV also becomes difficult. c. The hazards involved in small group infiltration can be overcome by achieving high standard of field craft and navigation, both by day and night, of all individuals forming part of the infiltrating force during peace time. Advantages disadvantages a. Small groups can infiltrate effectively a. More detection chances. through small gaps. b. If one group is detected it does not b. effect Command & Control problems. the whole operation. c. Troops feel themselves insecure when they operate independently. d. Change in plan at any stage is not possible. Solution: a. Thorough plan/briefing b. Well trained troops in field craft and navigation. Infiltration by Platoon/Company Size Groups a. Infiltration in larger bodies is suitable where enemy positions are widely dispersed having wider gaps, or when enemy defences are weak and his patrolling and counter-infiltration activities poor. Hilly terrain, jungle and broken country would apply to be ideal for such a type of infiltration. b. The entire force moves together, or in two or three major groups, and the commander has complete control at all times. Changes in plans are possible. Fewer number of targets presented afford less chances of detection by the enemy. c. However, infiltration by a large force may be difficult to conceal. Its detection and interference by the enemy may jeopardize the whole operation. Movement through one or two lanes where individuals or small groups may have to follow each other would take considerable time. Advantages Disadvantages a. Whole force can infiltrate in a short a. time. Whole operation fails if one group is detected. b. Less chances of detection becauseb. Large of group’s activities can not be hidden. limited number of groups. c. Commander can change the plan at any stage. 6. PHASES/STAGES OF INFILTRATION a. Preparatory stage. b. The passage through enemy defences. c. The assembly of the force in enemy’s rear and preparation for th accomplishment of mission. d. The execution of mission. e. The link up or ex-filtration. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 12 of 56 Basic Considerations Intelligence: Detailed information about the ground and enemy dispositions is essential for the success of the operation. Information is necessary to enable election of objectives, routes, and RVs, to decide upon the strength and grouping of the force, and to plan fire support, and deception. The bulk of such information is secured through intensive patrolling, air reconnaissance/photographs and detailed study of maps. Information required includes details of: a. Gaps in enemy’s defences. b. Patrolling activity and presence of any surveillance devices. c. Depth of enemy’s defences. d. Enemy strength and depositions in the objective area. e. Location and strength of reserves, and their reaction capabilities. f. Ground cover, concealment, dead ground, natural and artificial obstacles, tracks and routes. Offensive Attitude. The operations of infiltrating force should be planned as an offensive. Defensive attitude or concept, such as suicide squads, generally results in heavy losses without achieving any decisive results. Boldness in planning and execution is a prerequisite for success. Once launched, initiative, audacity and swift bold actions help ensure security of the infiltrated force, as well as capitalize on the far reaching effects of surprise on enemy morale. Security. As infiltrated force is vulnerable to defeat in detail. Its security against enemy reactions, during the period it is isolated and detached from the main force, needs detailed consideration. Adequate fire support and administrative backing for the duration of the operations essential. Plans should also provide for an early link up, unless it is planned to ex-filtrate the force in completion of its task. Selection of Objectives. Objectives must be selected with great care, and should be those which contribute directly to the accomplishment of the overall mission. As a matter of principle, organically vital spots like depth positions, blocking positions against reserves, gun areas etc which will hurt the enemy most and induce psychological responses are selected as objectives. Their capture should be possible within the resources available to the infiltrated force. Control. Infiltration, which is conducted by small groups, during periods of darkness, and often across difficult ground, and in which ultimately these groups have to assemble, and the fore reorganized for operations, is a difficult operation to coordinate and control. Through planning and necessary rehearsals both by day and night on a similar possible piece of ground, of the essential elements of the scheme of maneuver are a must in order to ensure effective coordination and control of the operation and also any deviations in the plan of the link up operations, and other actions of friendly forces. Rehearsals must follow through briefing and comprehensive orders both on ground and model. 7. CONDUCT OF INFILTRATION Preparatory Stage: Preparations for infiltration are similar to other forms of operations except that in the conduct of infiltration certain points require additional emphasis. Having collected necessary information about the enemy and terrain, plans are prepared and finalized: a. Troops are detailed for the operation. b. Reconnaissance are carried out and orders issued. c. Decision is taken on weapons and equipment to be carried. d. Administrative details are worked out and load tables planned. e. Briefing and rehearsals are held. f. Ay send spotters in the enemy territory a night before if possible. g. Patrols sent to dominate no man’s land in the areas of gaps. h. Move forward to forward assembly area (s). Since troops have to operate over unfamiliar terrain over a period of time detailed briefing and rehearsals are essential. Where available air photographs are carefully studied. Troops must be explained in detail the movement plan, action in case of various contingencies, and the detailed Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 13 of 56 actions on the objective. Briefing is done on accurately prepared sand models, and troops rehearse all their actions under as real conditions of terrain an enemy as possible. Passage Through Enemy Defence: a. Having sent forward patrols to dominate no man’s land and to prevent enemy interference, infiltrating units/sub units/groups, move upto the enemy’s forward defended localities (FDLs) along assigned routes. One reaching close to the enemy forward defended localities, the force adopts appropriate groupings and formations for infiltration. b. Grouping for movement through the lanes depends upon the terrain, the number and size of gaps, enemy dispositions and his security measures. The whole force may move through one lance or it may split itself into groups and move through two or more lanes. For a company size force the grouping upto the RV should be made into platoons, which may be further divided into sections or even smaller groups. c. When using more than one lane each group/sub unit infiltrate through its allotted lane. As soon as sage lanes of suitable size are reported by the leading groups the main body follows using those lanes. However, when accurate information is available before hand, it may be possible to dispense with reporting by the leading elements thus saving time. d. Various techniques may be adopted to reconnoiter the gaps ad to move undetected. It is possible that friendly patrols may previously have been through the enemy’s defensive positions or also the spotters and located in advance. In such cases personnel from the patrol/spotters may be employed to guide the sub units or groups. In other cases small reconnaissance patrols, equipped with wireless sets, may be detailed to reconnoiter each lane. Patrols move well ahead of the sub-units/groups, reconnoitering gaps, ensuring that these are wide enough for undetected movement of the group, sub units, or unit, which they lead. The ideal then would be for the patrol to return and lead the ma9n body through the gap. But time may seldom permit this. If so the patrol may send a pre-arranged signal to the main body to follow. e. The patrol must inform the main body of any deviations from the planned route due to presence of enemy obstacles, trip wires or other obstructions, and particularly of the enemy localities found by it. These must either be marked by the patrol on the ground or preferably the patrol should guide the main body past these obstructions. f. Units, sub-units and groups take all precautions to avoid detection by the enemy and if detected to avoid decisive engagement. Procedures are laid down in advance for action in case enemy localities or patrols are encountered. Troops must know how to silently dispose of enemy sentries. This may, however, be down as a last resort in order that no time is wasted enroute and that security is not endangered while the force is on its way to accomplish the mission. With a high standard of Fieldcrest, observation at night and night navigation it is possible to slip through enemy defences without being detected by his sentries. g. Fire support may be employed prior to the start of infiltration in order to neutralize enemy surveillance capability. During the movement fire support is used to impede movement of enemy patrols, to drown noise of movement, particularly if vehicles are accompanying, and for deception in areas away from the planned lanes of infiltration. This however, will have to be carefully decided by weighting the disadvantage of alerting the enemy who may otherwise be complacent. h. Often a lane ay be found blocked by the enemy. In such an eventuality the following alternatives are open to the sub unit or group using the lane: i. It may split into smaller groups/individuals and cross the area. ii. It may be withdrawn to follow a safer lane, provided time bracket permits this. A platoon size well-trained force should be able to crawl through enemy trenches in certain situations. Assembly of the Force a. Having infiltrated through the enemy positions, the groups then move the RV for assembly. All groups in approaching the RV exercise are. To ensure that the RV is not occupied by the enemy, patrols may be sent forward well in advance to carry out reconnaissance. The main body may then move in if the patrol signals that the RV is clear of the enemy. If the enemy is found occupying the RV, then employing the same procedure, individuals groups in one place at the Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 14 of 56 RV should be made by the elements arriving at the RV first. It is recommended patrol for further guidance to the RV. Normal passwords and signals should be used for recognition/identification purpose. b. Despite all arrangements, if the movement has been carried out in small groups, odd group (s) may be found missing, either because their movement was slow or because they could not locate the RV. Plans must exist for their gu9idance, rejoining or ex-filtration. c. Before the force moves from the RV to its objective/firm base/hide out reconnaissance patrol should be sent to get the latest information about the terrain the enemy situation or the objective area. Infiltrating force commander should give this responsibility to the sub unit which is expected to reach the RV first. A lot of time will be saved by this arrangement, because by the time the whole force assembles at the RV, patrol would be back with the required information. For example if a company size force is infiltrating them the company commander should delegate this responsibility to the platoon which is likely to get to the RV first. Execution of Mission a. Having assembled, the force then proceeds to its objective area to execute its mission. Nominal doctrine and procedures apply as for a nominal operation. b. A force may have been assigned more than one task in which case it proceeds to accomplish its second task or be prepared mission, in a similar manner. c. Maximum fir support, including close air support, is employed for the operation. To facilitate night operations on objectives, which may not have been reconnoitered earlier, night vision devices and illumination may be used by the help of own artillery etc. illumination may also be employed in other areas for deception. d. When the infiltrated troops are to stay in the objective area or other areas behind the enemy lines, for any length of time, they must occupy a strong defensive position with maximum speed. It is essenti9al that an area with natural protection is selected. The enemy is likely to react violently. Natural anti-tank protection would therefore be sought and a strong anti-tank defence laid out including lying of anti-tank mines. It would also be necessary to have well planned active air defence. e. Troops infiltrated for harassing and interdiction mission over an extended period would seek security by movement and going into various hide outs. They avoid decisive engagement with strong bodies of enemy troops. f. When infiltrating forces operate to a great depth behind enemy lines, and remain there for extended periods, their maintenance is carefully planned. Where possible supply by air/helicopter is arranged. The force may also live on captured supplies or local resources. Animal transport, if taken with the force, may be used for meet. Link Up: Simultaneous attacks are launched by the main force on the flank or front of the enemy to penetrate his defences, and to a link up with the infiltrated force as early as possible. To avoid a fire fight between friendly troops, at the time of link up, the forces use prearranged recognition signals, both visual and sound. In addition to this, link up points will be pre-designated on the ground and should be known both to the link up and infiltrated forces. In case a link up operation is not planned, or is rendered unsuccessful, the force may ex-filtrate back to the main position or be evacuated using helicopters. Prior planning is a pre-requisite for ex-filtration no matter whatever the situation may be. 8. EX-FILTRATION PHASE: a. Conditions: i. When mission fails. ii. When main effort fails and coordination is not established. iii. When there is a change in plan at high level. iv. When mission is completed. b. Conduct of Ex-filtration: i. As soon as the ex-filtration becomes inevitable, the infiltrated force commander should immediately maneuver his force to escape while the enemy opposition is still this and spread out. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 15 of 56 Surplus equipment if it can not be carried may either have to destroyed or buried to be retrieved if possible at a later stage. ii. If immediate escape is not possible, movement to and occupation of the nearest important tactical ground would be the best course until the time of favorable opportunity for a break-through is available. This break through should best be carried out in the hours of darkness. iii. If the force is not in a position to resist the enemy till the availability of a favorable opportunity, the commander should divide his force into small groups and order them to ex-filtrate through the enemy line at night or hide in the area till the situation permits to ex-filtrate. iv. When a pre-planned ex-filtration is ordered after the completion of the mission, the force ex- filtrates in prearranged order over predetermined routes thorough a series of previously selected RVs. Should the enemy organized a close pursuit some elements of the ex-filtrating force should assist by fire and movement. Co-ordination: The following points need special attention: a. The planned routes/lanes and time of ex-filtration in relation to anticipated tactical situation. b. Passwords and identification arrangements during ex-filtration especially with own troops in the FDLs. c. Assistance required by the ex-filtration force in terms of supporting fire and arrangements of feints. d. Coordination with patrols, commandos or any other friendly parties operating in the area. 9. COUNTER INFILTRATION MEASURES: Taking the following measures can decrease Chances of infiltration: a. Reconnaissance i. Groundrecce ii. Air recce b. Protective Elements i. Screens. ii. Listening posts/standing patrols. iii. Close coordinated patrols. c. Illumination at Night i. Search lights ii. Guns illuminative fire iii. Mortars illuminative fire d. Clearance of area. e. Specific identification signs. f. Mechanical methods, trip flares, wire & mine obstacles. g. Trained dogs. h. Mobile reserves EX-FILTRATION 1. INTRODUCTION: Ex-filtration is the most difficult operation. It may not be possible to airlift such troops from the enemy territory. After completing their mission otherwise, or for some reason when the link up does not take place, the infiltrating force, may have to fight their way back. The tactics and requirements of ex-filtration are similar to these for infiltration. They may have to ex-filtrate in even smaller parties than during infiltration to avoid capture by the enemy which will at this stage be more vigilant. There is an added requirement for maintaining a high degree of vigilance when the ex-filtrating force close in to own FDLs. Close coordination with the forward troops, timings and routes of ex-filtration as identifications are necessary. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 16 of 56 2. DEFINITION:Ex-filtration is a process of reaching own lines from the target area behind the enemy lines using infiltration methods. CIRCUMSTANCES NECESSITATING EX-FILTRATION: a. When the infiltration operation fails. b. When the main operation fails and the link up dies not take place. c. When there is a change in the overall plan of operation and the infiltration operation is called off. d. After completion of the mission. 4. METHODS: The methods and requirements of ex-filtration are identical to those for infiltration: a. Normal patrol tactics, i.e. movement in small groups according to the availability or the terrain. b. The entire ex-filtrating force moves from one hide to another and break their way through enemy lines supported by own troops. This method may be adopted when the terrain offers adequate cover and there are gaps in enemy position. c. 5. CONDUCT OF EX-FILTRATION a. As soon as the ex-filtration becomes inevitable, the infiltrated force commander should immediately maneuver his force to escape while the enemy opposition is still thin and spread out. Surplus equipment if it can not be carried may either have to destroyed or buried to be retrieved if possible at a later stage. b. If immediate escape is not possible, movement to and occupation of the nearest important tactical ground would be the best course until the time of favorable opportunity for a break-through is available. This break through should best be carried out in the hours of darkness. c. If the force is not in a position to resist the enemy till the availability of a favorable opportunity, the commander should divide his force into small groups and order them to ex-filtrate through the enemy lines at night or hide in the area till the situation permits to ex-filtrate. d. When a pre-planned ex-filtration is ordered after the completion of the mission, the force ex- filtrates in prearranged order over predetermined routes through a series of previously selected RVs. Should the enemy organized a closviously some element of the ex-filtrating force should assist by fire and movement. 6. CO-ORDINATION: The following points need special attention: a. The planned routes/lanes and time of ex-filtration in relation to anticipated tactical situation. b. Passwords and identification arrangements during ex-filtration especially with own troops in the FDLs. c. Assistance required by the ex-filtration force in terms of supporting fire and arrangements of feints. d. Coordination with patrols, commandos or any other friendly parties operating in the area. HIDEOUT 1. DEFINITIONS: a. Hideout: It is a place where a force hides themselves from enemy forces and people, for a specified time, till completion of task. b. Force: A group of men operating under a specified commander; it can be a section (10 men) or more. 2. CHARACTERISTICS: A Hideout should be:- a. Located where, there is no possibility of any civilian presence. b. Protected against enemy air/ground observation. c. Provided at least 2 exits/entrances. d. Away from population. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 17 of 56 e. A place with good OPs. f. Comfortable (if possible), but not at the cost security. g. Not close/away from target (approx7 Km). h. Water facility (not inside the Hideout). j. Alternative Hideout should always be thee. 3. SELECTION OF SITE: a. A party should be sent to occupy the Hideout if troops are familiar to the area. b. If area is unknown, select the site with the help of map & air photographs. c. Force Commander goes forward with recee party which consists of:- i. Force Commander. ii. Runner. iii. Guide from each Section. 4. COMMANDER’S TASKS: a. Establish early warning system (OPs etc). b. Selection of CP & areas of responsibility. c. Give out VOs (verbal orders). d. Priority of work. e. Trenches/pits for utensils/latrine. f. Alternative Hideout and routes to it. g. Orders for move, noise and light. h. Inform all under command about latest situation. j. Constant planning. k. Recce/observation arrangements for target. l. Constant observation of activities in Hideout. 5. SECURITY OF HIDE OUT: a. OPs (i) Domination/high ground. (ii) In pairs. (iii) Constant communication. (i) OPs will vacate in the end. (ii) Central OPs for coordination. (iii) Equipment. (a) Binocular (b) Compass (c) OP Log (d) Wireless set (e) Flags for signals (f) Weapons Signals (i) Civilian (s) seen – strength? (ii) Soldier (s) seen – strength? (iii) Vehicle (s) seen – strength? (iv) Advance to Hide Out seen (v) Helicopter/aircraft seen c. Safety Markers (i) All patrols check it before entering the Hide Out. (ii) 300 – 500 mtrs away at each route. (iii) Natural not prominent. (iv) Every one should know. (v) Responsibility for placement/removal. d. Water Point Discipline Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 18 of 56 (i) Always keep in observation. (ii) Used preferably at night time. (iii). Minimum men at one time. (iv) Anti biotic tablets be used. 6. IMPORTANT POINTS a. No longer stay b. No maps marking c. Always useful OPs (sites) d. No light at night and some at day time e. No stay in at night f. No disturbance to surroundings/background g. No unnecessary talk/move h. No permanent use of routes j. information of alternative Hide Out, except for 2 I/C. k. No live animals be kept l. Don’t forget the safety marker m. No move in one direction but bug out drill n. Don’t forget to change passwords daily ATTACK 1. DEFINITIONS: a. Deliberate Attack. It is a type of attack, for which we have a sufficient time for planning and preparation. b. Counter Attack. It is an offensive action by a part or all of a defending force against an attacking force for the purpose of restoring the original positions. c. Local Counter Attack. An attack organized by the local commander to destroy enemy forces which have penetrated his defensive position. d. Main Attack. The principal attack to effort, into which the commander throws the full weight of the offensive power at his disposal, directed against the main objective of battle. e. Spoiling Attack. A tactical maneuver employed to impair or delay a hostile attack. It is normally launched while the enemy is in the process of forming up or assembling for an attack. f. Assembly Area. An assembly area is the place where attacking units/sub-units, organize for an attack. An ideal assembly area is free from enemy observation and harassing fire and has good entrances and exits for transport. g. Forming UP Place (FUP). This is a place where assault troops deploy in the battle formation in which they have to advance up to the objective. h. H Hour. H hour is the time when leading elements of the assault troops cross that start ling. j. Start Line. Start line is the line which leading elements of the assaulting troops cross at H hour. k. Assault Line. This is a line used to coordinate the final deployment of attacking troops. It is generally perpendicular to the direction of attack. 2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS: a. Initiative. The company/platoon/section commanders must maintain initiative to dominate the enemy by active ground reconnaissance. b. Selection of Objectives. It should be ensured that the objectives selected are the positions which will hurt the enemy most and their capture will neutralize him. c. Impetus. The impetus of the attack must not be allowed to die down. d. Fire Support. The company/platoon attacks must be supported by fire upto and beyond the objective. e. Intelligence. The company/platoon commander should at all time get maximum information about the enemy locations, weapons and obstacles which would help him in capturing the objectives. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 19 of 56 f. Speed. The time available to the enemy to prepare his defences must in all cases be kept to a minimum. 3. CONDUCRT OF ATTACK: a. Phases: i. Preparation phase ii. Assault phase: It is further divided as follows: (a) Move upto SL (b) Move upto Assault line (c) Fighting on objective iii. Destruction including re-organisation iv. Exploitation b. Action in Assembly Asrea: i. Post sentries. ii. Site and rehearse alarm posts and start digging if ordered. iii. Carry out a final inspection of the company/platoon. iv. Carry out cleaning of weapons, and changing of magazines. v. Test wireless, if ordered. vi. Rehearse formations and order of march for the move to the FUP. vii. Order equipment to be taken off if there is time for the men to rest. viii. Supervise feeding, if time allows. c. Action in the FUP: i. Assault troops deploy in assault formation. ii. Troops lie down. iii. Objectives are shown to the sections. iv. Weapons are cocked and bayonets fixed. v. Last minute briefing. vi. Normally a company should not stay for more than five minutes. d. The Advance from the Start Line: i. The attacking platoons must be organised into assault and follow up sections. The assaulting sections should advance close behind the covering fire. Having closed up with the objective under the covering fire the attacking platoons assault the objective and go through it at the maximum possible speed. ii. At the time when own artillery fire lifts to the depth objectives, the assaulting troops should except a heavy volume of fire of all types from the enemy positions. As a result, own troops are likely to suffer casualties and the advance may be temporarily help up. e. Breaching in Wire Obstacles: The following drills will be carried out:- i. Fire Base. A fire base will be established to cover the breaching operation, it will consist of; Mortars, Assault section and RRs. ii. Bingalore Torpedo. Under convert the smoke screen and the fire of the assaulting sections, two men (preferably platoon representatives) from each section, crawl/rush forward a place a Bangalore torpedo each inside the wire obstacle. iii. Withdrawal. They cover their withdrawal by throwing another smoke grenade each. iv. Movement Through the Wire. At this stage follow up section will move first so as not to disturb the fire base which has been created by the leading sections. f. Re-organisation: During this phase following sequence will be adopted:- i. Bring forward MGs and RLs (F echelon). ii. Coordination of defence between Platoon/Coy Commanders. iii. Immediate start digging. iv. Forward platoons to send forward standing patrols/listening posts. v. Replenishment of ammunition. vi. Evacuation of casualties. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 20 of 56 vii. Establishment of line communication. viii. DF planning. ix. Lying of mines in front. x. Establishment of OPs. g. Exploitation: Following measures will be taken to dominate the battlefield:- i. Occupation of ITGs in front. ii. Fighting patrols activities well forward of forward platoons. REASOHS FOR LAUNCHING NIGHT ATTACK: a. a greater degree of surprise. b. Facilitate the passage of obstacles. c. Minimize the effect of aimed fire. d. Avoid enemy fixed defensive fires. e. Complete the success of a day attack, which has not reached its final objective. f. Maintain the momentum of attack. 4. REASONS FOR FAILURE OF NIGHT ATTACKS: a. Loss of direction. b. Achieve Difficulty in getting up supporting weapons, especially recoilless rifles. c. Loss of commanders and key personnel. d. Confusion on reaching the objective. e. Loss of wireless sets making it difficult in calling for fire. f. Delays resulting in the arrival of troops on objective in daylight. g. Faulty positions taken up in darkness during reorganization. BASE OF FIRE 1. INTRODUCTION: Weapons provide direct support in attack. These are additional of air shelling and artillery bombardment. It can destroy or neutralize the enemy. Its organization and location is very important. Normally MGs and antitank weapons are port of BOF. It is placed at such location where they can effectively destroy/engage the enemy weapons which resist the advance of attack. 2. CHARACTERISTICS: a. Located on 90º angle, able to give fire support till last time. b. Can effectively fire on whole objective. c. Should have a concealed route upto BOF. d. Should have route for jeep loaded weapons. e. Should have sufficient space for tanks. 3. TACTICAL BRIEFING: a. H Hr/A Hr. b. Direction of attack. c. Objective/phases. d. FUP e. Speed of advance. f. Re-organisation. PRIORITY OF WORK (OBF COMMANDER): a. Gets briefing from Coy Commander. b. Briefs to detachment commanders. c. Recce of following: (i) Routes (ii) Weapons sites (iii) Target/alternative targets for each weapon (iv) During day attack lane of where fire will be stopped. d. Deployment of weapons before last light (in case of night attack) e. Guidance arrangements for move forward in re-organisation. f. Final VOs to detachment commander. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 21 of 56  DEFENCE 1. DEFINITIONS & FUNCTIONS: a. Defended Area. An area of operational responsibility containing a group of mutually supporting localities organised in depth. b. Defended Locality. AN area of ground organized for all round defence. The general line of the foremost localities will be known as the line of the “forward” defended localities (FDLs). c. Defended Post. A position held by a small sub unit such as an infantry section or platoon. Posts are grouped together in mutual support to form a defended locality. d. Original Positions. The fire trenches of sections and other weapons selected within given platoon area, dug and prepared to engage the enemy in the first instance. e. Alternative Position. One or two positions to which a weapons team or a section moves within the platoon area to carry out another task or in some cases the same task (distance 150 – 200). f. Counter Penetration. The action taken by a defender to halt penetration of his defence by the enemy and to destroy by fire enemy forces. g. Counter Attack. Attack by a part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking force. Its purpose is:- i. Regaining ground lost. ii. Cutting off or destroying enemy advance units. iii. Deny enemy to attain his purpose of attack. h. Local Counter Attack. An attack organized by the local commander to destroy enemy forces which have penetrated his defensive position. j. Area of Responsibility. A defined area of land in which responsibility is specifically assigned to the commander of the area for control and conduct of tactical operations: k. Arc of Fire. An area of ground, for which a fire unit or a weapons responsible. i. Primary Arc of Fire. It is the arc which is the basic task or responsibility of a fire unit or a weapon. ii. Secondary Arc of Fire. It is the arc which is the subsidiary task or responsibility of a fire unit or weapons, taken on only when not engaging the primary task. l. Field of Fire. The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover effectively with fire from a given position. m. Fixed Line. A weapon so laid that its fire can be directed to a predetermined area regardless of darkness of fog. n. Enfilade Fire. When the longer axis of the beaten zone covers the longer axis of the target it is said to be enfilade fire. p. Defilade. A weapon which is so placed that it is covered or protected from the enemy fire o its own front, is said to be defiladed. q. Overhead Cover. It is covered from view and is generally obtained by siting defences under natural cover such as hedgerows and trees. Where natural cover is not available, CGI sheeting, timber planking and brushwood, may be used. r. Overhead Protection. Protection provided to occupants of field fortifications against air burst and splinters. It is normally provided by 45 cm (18 inches) of loose earth, placed overhead supported on CGI sheets, timber planks etc. s. Bunker. A dug out with narrow port/holes for firing weapons. It is provided with overhead protection against splinters of a near miss, variable time (VT) or airburst shells. t. Pill-Box. A small low fortification, usually made of concrete, steel or filled sandbags, which houses weapons such as machine guns and anti-tank weapons, and may be deemed to withstand the direct hit of a particular weapon. u. Fire Trench. A field work, dug below the normal level of ground and designed to enable one or more soldiers to use their weapons (rifle, pistol machine carbine or light machine gun) effectively from cover. v. Slit Trench. A field work, dug below ground level, designed to provide protection during short halts or against an air threat, when fire trenches or weapon pits are not necessary. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 22 of 56  w. Listening Posts. A listening post normally consists to two to four men and it s mounted during night to give early warning of enemy movement. x. Defensive Fire (DF). Pre-arranged fire which can be brought down quickly on actual or suspected enemy movement. It will include: i. Tasks close to defended localities to break up the enemy attack. ii. Tasks in depth to disorganise enemy preparations just before and during his attack. y. Defensive Fire Tasks (SOS). Defensive fire (SOS) tasks cover the most vulnerable approaches, usually close to the position. The guns will remain laid on their defensive fire (SOS) tasks same as the mortars when not otherwise engaged. z. Harbour Party. In defence this party is charge of laying out the assembly area and guiding the main body into it. It is normally commanded by OC HQ company and comprises of at least one guide per rifle platoon. 2. ECHELONS OF DEFENCE: a. Protective Detachments. i. Reconnaissance Elements. ii. Covering Troops or Advance Positions. b. Main Position. i. Forward Defended Localities. ii. Depth Localities. c. Reserves: At battalion level one Coy may be placed in reserve for some special task; e.g. counter attack or counter penetration task. Types of Protective Detachments i. Reconnaissance Element: This force consists of mobile troops. ii. Covering Troops. A force generally of all arms with the task of harassing and delaying the enemy from making contact with the main defences. Its composition depends on:- (a) Enemy (strength & composition) (b) Terrain (c) Task Tasks of Covering Troops are:- (a) Engage the enemy at longer ranges. (a) To occupy larger frontages. (b) Gain time for preparation of defence. iii. Advance Position: Advance position is used when covering troops are not being employed. This had comparatively smaller force, consisting mainly of infantry reinforced with mobile detachments. iv. Screens: Screens are Company/Platoon/Section size outposts established laterally with intervals in-front or on the exposed flanks of the main defensive position. (a) Deny closeobservation of the main positions and its obstacles. (b) Provide information about the enemy. (c) Inflict casualties upon the enemy. 3. PLANNING OF DEFENCE: a. Sequence of Preparation. i. A quick analysis of the tasks and all available information. ii. A quick reconnaissance either from map or ground. iii. Issue of out line plan, which should include:- (a) Platoon/section localities. (b) Obstacle plan in general. (c) Location of anti-tank weapons in general. (d) Defensive fire tasks. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 23 of 56 (e) Surveillance and security tasks. iv. Detailed reconnaissance. v. CO-ordination of defences by company/platoon commanders. vi. Issue of confirmatory orders and briefing. b. Points of Consideration (for Platoon Commander): i. Suitable deflated positions for the RRs, MGs and Anti Tank Missiles. ii. Site for Rocket Launcher. iii. Possible section localities. iv. Suitable location for the platoon Command Post. v. Suitable alternate positions for weapons and sections. vi. How fields of fire can be improved with minimum clearance effort. vii. How the dead ground if any will be covered. viii. How best observation can be achieved. Where should observation post be located? ii. How best security can be achieved. Where if any should be the out post. iii. Surveillance and Security:- Surveillance system to operate during day and night is as under:- (a) Observation Posts. Normally one or two observation posts in a company area will be sufficient. (b) Listening Posts. These are deployed at night ahead or on the flanks to provide early warning of enemy approach. (c) Sentries. Single sentry by day and double sentries by night will always be posted all along the front and depth localities. (d) Patrols. Apart from the patrols sent ahead of the defences ‘Link Patrols’ for surveillance of the inter platoon and inter company gaps at night will be sent. c. Fire Support Plan: Company/Platoon will normally have the following types of fire available to them. i. Indirect Fire. Following points should be borne in mind while selecting targets for defensive fire: (a) The enemy is brought under fire as soon as his approach is detected. (b) Enemy is held under increasingly heavy volume of fire as he approaches close to ht defended localities. (c) Enemy is subjected to concentrated fire even after penetration is own defences. ii. Direct Fire. Direct fir is provided by infantry weapons and tanks. LMGs & MGs fire is planned to form a mesh of grazing fire in front and on flanks. iii. Anti Aircraft Fire. d. Obstacle Plan: There are two main types of obstacle:- i. Natural Obstacle. ii. Artificial Obstacle (man made). e. Natural Obstacles: Natural obstacles may be available to a defence force depending on the terrain they are operating in. following are the types of natural obstacles:- (a) Mountains: Cliffs, gorge etc. (b) Water Obstacles: Rivers, seasonal nullahs etc. (c) Boggy areas (like Run of Kuch). (d) Forests (for mobile troops). j. Artificial Obstacles: (a) Canals (b) Embankments (Bund) (c) Wire obstacles (d) Mine fields: Even if natural obstacles are available, mines will have to be used in either of the following ways:- Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 24 of 56 (i) Improving or strengthening of the natural obstacle. (ii) Filing gaps between obstacles. (iii) Laying minefields in depth to contain penetration. (e) Trip Flares: Trip flares are used in defence to give early warning of enemy approach. They are usually sited along wire obstacles and mine fields. (f) Booby Traps: These should not be sited within wire obstacles except on specific orders from the battalion commander. SPOILING ATTACK: A spoiling attack is a tactical maneuver employed to impair r delay a hostile attack. It is normally launched while the enemy is in the process of forming up ro assembling for an attack. It is executed to: a. Destroy a portion of enforce. b. Throw the enemy off balance. c. Deny the enemy surveillance of the forward defended localities. d. Discourage and disorganize all further attempts, to attack own defensive position. e. Gain time and force enemy to disperse his strength for providing protection to his launching areas: f. Essential Requirements: i. The success of spoiling attack will depend upon the initiative nd violent action by the junior leaders no physical assault on the enemy is envisaged. Only attack by fire is advocated. ii. The plan will have to be well rehearsed and fire support coord. At times the troops may have to be kept in the close proximity of the likely enemy FUPs and Assy Areas. iii. The decision to commit a force in spoiling attack must be carefully considered against the possible piecemeal loss in light of overall mission. At company level up to a section strength may be adequate. iv. The plan for spoiling attack will normally not be initiated below company level. v. Before launching spoiling attack it is important to detect, identify and confirm enemy intentions as easily as possible. g. Early Detection: Deliberate effort must be made at all time to detect, identify and pinpoint enemy echelons of attacks as early as possible some of the means are: Observation Posts (Intelligence and Artillery). Listening post/standing patrols on likely avenues of enemy approaches. Patrolling. Radio Interception. Air Observation posts. Interrogation of prisoner of war or civilians of the area. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 25 of 56  BATTLE PROCEDURE 1. DEFINITION:It is laid down procedure in a unit, a unit can perform with minimum orders and in a minimum orders and in a minimum time, an operation effectively. 2. GROUPS: Before an operation takes place, reconnaissance is carried out, a plan is made and orders are issued for its execution. during this process, commanders of units and sub-units involved are included in one or both of the groups: i. Reconnaissance group (R group). j. Orders group (O group). R Group: R group consists of the commander and those whose presence is essential to him during his reconnaissance and planning. If too may people are included, they may be seen by the enemy resulting in casualties and loss of surprise. R group will usually consist of: i. Company Commander ii. Wireless Operator iii. Runner iv. Representative of any supporting arm O Group: O group comprises of those to whom the commander gives his orders, as under: i. Company O group. (a) Company R group. (b) Platoon Commander (c) Weapon Section Commander. (d) Supporting Arms Commander. ii. Platoon O group. (a) R group. (b) Section Commander (c) Number 1 of RPG-7. DUTIES OF PLATOON COMMANDER: a. Deploy all sections (including LMGs, MG, RPG-7 & Platoon HQ). b. Check Fix line & Range Card. c. Select DF & DF(SOS) on ground. d. Establish communication with CHQ. e. Establish warning system. TASKS OF PLATOO 1. Provide sentries. 2. Provide Patrol Parties. 3. Digging of Trenches, Weapon pits etc. 4. Lay obstacles (mine & wire). 5. Lay trip flare. 6. Assist supporting arms to complete their task in platoon locality. 7. Provide working parties to Coy/Bn task i.e. preparation of RAP, CHQ, CP, CAP etc. METHOD OF BRIEFING IN DEFENCE 2. SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS: a. Order the Pl/Sec for “Stand to”. b. welcome the visitor & introduce yourself as follows:- i Name ii Rate iii Appointment; Pl/Sec Cdr iv Pl/Sec; No. 1 Sec/Pl etc. c. Request visitor to proceed to ‘visitor’s stand/OP’. d. Brief n following sequence:- Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 26 of 56 i. Enemy Situation: (a) Strength and composition. (b) Org and layout. (c) Intentions ii. Own Force: (a) Location (b) Composition (c) Right and left Platoon/Company (d) Task/mission iii. Out Line Plan: (a) Layout of Sec/Pl (right/left limits). (b) Area of responsibility. (c) Major of Weapons. (d) Command Post/Pl HQ. (e) Area of obstacle. ADVANCE 1. AIM: To obtain a position of tactical advantage for development of further operations. DEFINITIONS a. Axis. The line giving the general direction of movement astride which a formation or unit moves. b. Bounds. A tactical feature of importance, present both on the map as well as on the ground, used for coordinating movement during an advance. Troops, except armoured units, will halt at bounds unless otherwise ordered. As the enemy is likely to be encountered on bounds, it is essential to secure them before passing though. Therefore, the forward troops, i.e. point section/platoon, must always approach a bound by leap frog method. if enemy is present he will be attacked and the bound secured. After securing the bound, the forward troops will halt, inform the next senior commander and await his orders. Bounds are designated by nicknames. c. Control Point. A point designated on the ground either to control movement or as a reference point for reporting location of friendly units. this point should be a conspicuous feature such as a cross road, village, bridge which lies in the zone of operation. it is designated by a number consisting of 3 digits and is shown on maps and traces with a circle round it i.e. 301. Numbers allotted to control pits should be in jumbled from and should not follow a consecutive sequence. Control point may be used in any of the following ways: PURPOSE/CAUSES OF ADVANCE c. Advance to contact (when contact has not been there with the enemy). d. Advance in contact (to maintain the contact with enemy). e. Pursuit (to chase the retreating enemy). 4. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS A company commander must bear in mind the following basic considerations: a. Advance to Contact. The company commander must do all in his power to retain the initiative and force the enemy to conform to his own actions. He must keep his aim in mind and refuse to be drawn from it by enemy actions. b. Maintenance of Momentum. By continuous and relentless offensive action prevent the enemy from carrying out an organised withdrawal. c. Balanced Grouping. The company should be correctly balanced in order not to react to enemy moves. Grouping should be flexible so that the order of march can be changed, without loss of time to meet new situation. Grouping will depend on: Aim. Type of country i.e. close or open. Strength and nature or enemy opposition. Resources available. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 27 of 56 d. Good Battle Procedure. This will ensure that action is taken without delay. Commander moving well forward with their groups, and ready to receive orders will ensure that troops are not drifted into battle piecemeal. e. Simplicity of Plan. A simple plan with good initial orders enables junior leaders to use their initiative. 5. ORGANISATION AND GROOUPING a. Organisation: The advance is organised as under: i. Covering troops. ii. Advance guard. iii. Main body. Covering Troops a. Mobile Troops. Operate ahead of advance guard are organised round mobile elements most suitable to area of ops and perform the following tasks: i. Reconnaissance on a wide front and provide early information of enemy movement, strength etc. ii. Clear minor opposition, or may by pass it (only with the permission of higher commander). iii. Secure features of tactical importance. iv. Prevent the advancing force being surprised or committed unnecessarily. b. Flank Guards. Watch exposed flanks and give early warning of enemy approach. WITHDRAWAL 1. DEFINITION:Withdrawal is an operation of war in which a deployed force disengages from the enemy and executes a planned maneuver to the rear or away from it. AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE 1. INTRODUCTION: Amphibious warfare integrates, virtually all types of ships, aircraft, weapons, and landing forces in a concerted military effort against a hostile shore. The inherent naval character of the amphibious operation is reflected in the principles which govern the organization of the forces involved and the conduct of the operations. The essential usefulness of the amphibious operation stems from mobility and flexibility that is, the ability to concentrate balanced forces an to strike with great strength a selected point in the hostile defense system). The amphibious operation exploits the element of surprise and capitalizes upon enemy weaknesses through application of the required type and degree of force at the most advantageous locations at the most opportune times. The mere threat imposed by the existence of powerful amphibious forces may induce the enemy to disperse his forces and this, in turn, may result in his making expensive and wasteful efforts in attempting to defend his coastline. 2. PURPOSES: Amphibious operations are conducted primarily to establish a landing force on a hostile shore in order to: a. Prosecute further combat operations. b. Obtain a site for an advanced naval or air base. c. Deny the use of an area or facilities to the enemy. 3. TYPES: Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 28 of 56  a. Amphibious Assault on Hostile Shore. The principal type of amphibious operation is the amphibious assault. It is distinguished from other types of amphibious operation in that it involves establishing a force on a hostile shore. b. c. Amphibious Assault on Potentially Hostile Shore. An amphibious assault may also be undertaken to insert forces over a potentially hostile shore. In this case, although the landing may be planned to take place on a friendly shore, it must be mounted on the contingency that the objective shore may become a hostile one before completion of the operation. d. Other Types. Other types of amphibious operation which are governed by the doctrine contained herein, but do not involve establishing a landing force ashore, are as follows: i. Amphibious Withdrawal. The withdrawal of forces by sea in naval ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore. ii. Amphibious Demonstration. An operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of deluding the enemy into a course of action unfavorable to him. iii. Amphibious Raid. A landing from the sea on a hostile shore involving swift incursion into, or a tempo0rary occupancy of, an objective, followed by a planned withdrawal. Raids are conducted for such purposes as: (a) Inflicting loss or damage (b) Securing information (c) Creating a diversion (d) Capturing or evacuating individuals and/or material. FIGHTING N BUILT UP AREA 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILT UP AREA Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 29 of 56 a. Restricted Fields of Fire and Observation: Inside buildings, weapons will be sited well back from windows thereby given concealment to the firer, fields of fire being sacrificed to achieve surprise and protection. Supporting weapons will have to be much further forward to support the attacker (in attack). b. Cover from View and Fire: A built up area offers excellent cover and concealment for both the attacker and the defender, the defender has the advantage, as the attacker must expose himself to move through the area. c. Difficulty in Locating Enemy Fire: The attacker will have difficulty in locating fire as the majority of weapons will be sited back from windows and doors and in a number of cases they will be fired through small slits or loopholes. d. Close Quarter Fighting: The fighting will be at very close quarters. The enemy will be in the next room, the next building, the other side of the street. e. Snipers: RPG-7 is the most efficient weapon with which to deal with enemy snipers in built up areas. f. Vehicle Movement: Vehicle movement is restricted as they are subject to ambush and close range attack. vehicles will require protection. g. Supporting Arms: The use o artillery will be limited but its support on occasions can be extremely effective. Tanks can give effective close support, but they will need all round protection. h. Communication: Effectiveness of VHF radios will be considerably reduced due to screening by buildings and interference from high tension wires. Us of light signals, flags and torches will be useful. j. Civilians: The presence of civilians may hamper operations especially in a friendly country. k. Devastation: Devastation caused by indiscriminate air attack, shelling or nuclear weapons will severely hamper movement, particularly that of the attacking force. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 30 of 56  2. REQUIREMENTS OF BUILT UP AREA: At Company/platoon level, the requirements of village clearing and street fighting are:- a. Control b. Balance c. Speed d. Thoroughness The Company/Platoon commander should make a simple plan. He will achieve this by:- a. Choosing short bounds and limited objectives. b. Having firm bases form which all movement in the open can be covered by fire. c. Clearing his objective thoroughly. d. Reorganising rapidly. SECTION DRILL FOR CLEARING A HOULE: a. ORG OF SEC: Section commander. i Assault group two entry men Two bombers One lookout iii. Covering group Section 2 I/C and GPMG No. 1. b. Sequence of Preparation: i Warning Orders ii Recce iii Out line plan iv Issue Verbal Orders which include:- (a) Point of entry. (b) Covering fire (to include smoke in necessary). (c) Any support from other section or tanks. c. Clearing Drills of Groups: i Throw a grenade into room and, immediately after it as exploded, enter, Engage the enemy with bullet and bayonet. ii Shoot into any cupboard or likely hiding place. Move furniture to ensure it is not concealing a ‘Mousehole’. iii Shoot into the ceiling or floor to discourage enemy who may be above or below. iv Fire into the upper story and then rush the stairs. When mounting stairs movement must be covered by fire and by swift. d. Clearance drill of section: i The covering group will take up a fire position to cover the point f entry, and ay act as cut off group. ii When the MG fires, the two entry men will enter the house preceded by a grenade from the bombers. They will clear the room shooting into the ceiling or floor and any cupboards, and shout “Clear” and make the pre-arranged signal to the section commander and top story. RPG-7 or pole charges should make a suitable mean of entry. iii The section commander, bombers and look out enter the house on the ‘all clear’ signal. The bombers clear the house, room by room, story by story, from the roof to the cellar, leaving the look out at the point f entry and the entry men covering stairs and landings. iv When the house is clear the section commander will reorganize in the area of the house. He will cover all likely enemy approaches including the roof and cellars. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 31 of 56  EFENCE IN BUILT UP AREA 1. EXTERNAL DEFENCE: First select arcs of fire. Then: a. Make fire ports where necessary. b. Remove useful items from all outbuildings then demolish them to clear fields of fire. Tanks and APCs can assist with the demolition. c. Place dannert wire firmly outside the house to prevent the attacker getting near enough to place pole charges. Anti-personnel mines should be placed in and around the wire. d. Consider fixing CLAYMORE mines to the walls covering the wire. e. Block, lock and nail external doors. All glass should be removed. f. Remove all window glass and replace it by wire netting. When time permits windows should be sandbagged, starting downstairs. One result of this is that rooms will be made dark, a disadvantage to an attacker coming in from the light. g. Cut down drainpipes, creepers, creepers and vines and so remove aids to climbing. If possible a drainpipe should be led inside to act as a water collector. 2. INTERNAL DEFENCE: a. Undertake the following: i Build a small ‘coffin’ around a fire post. This will give protection against enemy grenades and enable a defender to throw his own inside the room. ii iii Remove floorboards underneath downstairs windows. An attacker forcing a window will get a nasty surprise when he jumps through. iv Block internal doors. Cut ‘mouseholes’ for communication. v Cut small holes in floors so that grenades can be dropped on an enemy below. vi When all other work has been done, remove or block stair ways. Movement thereafter should be via holes cut in the ceilings through which ladders or knotted ropes can be lowered. b. Wire and other obstacles inside rooms will slow down an attacker. CLAYMORE mines can be detonated in vacated rooms. (f) Early warning system: (i) Listening Posts (ii) Ops (iii) Standing Patrols (iv) Air Sentries (g) DF & DF (SOS) (h) Admin Area e. Request visitor to see weapon pits (MG, RPG-7 etc). f. Say ‘Goodbye’ to visitor & order Sec/Pl to ‘Stand Down’. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 32 of 56  WEAPON SECTION The details of technical data of rifle G-3 is appended below: Weapon system Semi rigid locking system Ammunition feeding Flat magazine of 20 rounds Muzzle velocity 780 to 800 meters per second Rate of fire 550 to 650 round per minutes Rapid rate of fire 40 rounds per minutes Deliberate ROF 5 rounds per minutes Effective range 300 meters Section fire 400 meters Maximum range 3500 meters Projection of firing pin 1.45 mm Caliber 7.62 mm Length of rifle without bayonet 102 cm Length of rifle with bayonet 126.86 cm Width of rifle 4.46 cm Height of rifle with magazine 22.08 cm Height of rifle with out magazine 21.9 cm Length of barrel 45.26 cm Number of groves 04 turned right,12 gas groves in chamber Weight of standard rifle 3.84 kg without magazine Weight of empty magazine 0.26 kg Weight of filled magazine 0.74 kg Weight of bayonet 0.45 kg Total weight of rifle 4.100 kg Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 33 of 56 TYPES OF WEAPON a. Standard Rifle. b. Rifle fitted with bayonet and metal hand guard. c. Rifle fitted with retractable butt (use for para troops). d. Rifle fitted with telescopic sight (for snipers). CHARACTERISTICS The details of characteristics are: a. Quick and accurate fire at short range opportunity targets. b. A high rate of accurate rate of fire and range up to 300 M. c. Effective section fire at range up to 400 M. d. When fitted with the bayonet, it is suitable for close quarter fighting. e. When fitted blank cartridge recoil booster, blank cartridge can be fire. f. When fitted with a telescopic sight, it is an accurate rifle at range up to 600 M. g. When fitted retractable but, overall length of the rifle is reduced, making it especially making it suitable for use by air borne. h. When fitted a grenade with the help of cartridge, it can be fired in anti tank. 5.Don’t unlock safety or operate trigger while stock group is separated from the weapon because with the hammer unlocked position, the bolt will not be removed forward during assembling. MAIN PARTS OF RIFLE G-3 The main parts are as under: 6. Bayonet (1) Bayonet (2) Scabbard (3) Bayonet Catch b. Magazine Group (1) Body (2) Follower with follower spring (3) Platform (4) Magazine lips c. Butt Group (1) Butt plate (2) Retaining pin (3) Butt stock (4) Guide rod (5) Guide ring (6) Recoil plate d. Pistol Group (1) Safety lever (2) Ejector rod (3) Release lever Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 34 of 56  (4) Trigger guard (5) Hammer (6) Elbow spring (7) Shank rod spring (8) Seer (9) Pistol grip e. Bolt and Carrier Group (1) Firing pin (2) Firing pin spring (3) Firing cone (4) Extractor (5) Bolt (6) Gas tube (7) Carrier f. Body and Receiver Group (1) Flash hider (2) Bayonet post (3) Front sight tip (4) Front sight guard (5) Snap ring (6) Barrel (7) Hand guard (8) Rear sight (9) Magazine way (10) Magazine catch (11) Chamber (12) Receiver FUNCTIONING OF RIFLE G3 (OPERATION) 1. Cocking: It is the process by which the working parts are prepared for action. Cocking takes place when the bolt head and the carrier group moves back by either the blow back operation or with the help of force applied by hand through the cocking handle. The lower surface of the bolt head and carrier group exerts a rearward and downward force on the hammer. The hammer thus gets engaged in the hammer catch. The bolt head and the carrier group strikes the buffer and moves forward. The climping ramp of the bolt head carrier applies pressure on the release lever. The hammer is thus free from the hammer catch and gets engaged with the sear. Thus the process of cocking is complete. 2. Feeding: It is the action of placing the cartridge in the line of the breach lock and making it ready for chambering. When the bolt head and the carrier group moves back, the first round is pushed up by the follower spring in the magazine. The first round comes in the front of the feed rib of the bolt. 3. Chambering: It is a process in which the bolt head pushes the round into the chamber. When the bolt head and the carrier group moves forward, feed rib of the bolt pushes the round into the chamber. 4. Locking: It is the process which protects the firer and the weapon from the gases produced by the firing of the weapon. In this process after the forward movement of the bolt head has been completed there still exists a gap of 4 millimetres between the bolt carrier and the bolt head. The guide rod and guide rod spring apply pressure on the carrier and the bolt carrier presses the locking piece that in return apply the pressure on the locking rollers. The locking rollers with the help of the locking roller recess are flung outwards and the bolt is tightly locked with the barrel. This type of locking is also termed as semi rigid locking system. The extractor gets hold of the grooves of the cartridge. The weapon is thus completely locked. Prepared and finalized by Adeel Mar-I Page 35 of 56  5. Firing: This is the process in which the firing pin protrudes out of its hole and strikes the primer at the base of the cartridge. The round is then fired. The action of firing and safety can be considered in the following situations a) Weapon at Position ‘S’: In this position the round portion of the selective lever comes in front of the trigger lever thus preventing any movement of the trigger lever. In this situation the trigger cannot be pressed any further. b) Weapon at Position ‘E’: In this position the selective lever is so placed that half of the round portion and half of the notch in the selective lever comes in front of trigger lever thereby enabling some movement of trigger lever. During the rearward movement of bolt and carrier group, it presses the hammer towards rear and downwards and as a result the upper notch of the hammer is engaged with the release lever. During the forward movement of the bolt and carrier group the climping ramp presses the release lever and the hammer moves forward. The front of the sear now gets engaged w