Pols 312: Philippine Foreign Policy and Relations (PDF)

POLS 312: PHILIPPINE Mr. Joshua Bernard B. Espeña FOREIGN POLICY AND Course Instructor, Dept. of Political Science and RELATIONS International Studies CPSPA-PUP Manila  INTRODUCING FOREIGN POLICY Module 1...

POLS 312: PHILIPPINE Mr. Joshua Bernard B. Espeña FOREIGN POLICY AND Course Instructor, Dept. of Political Science and RELATIONS International Studies CPSPA-PUP Manila  INTRODUCING FOREIGN POLICY Module 1 ANALYSIS (FPA) LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define foreign policy Explain how foreign policy analysis (FPA) subdiscipline informs and diverges from International Relations (IR) theory Survey selected IR theories’ core assumptions in terms of descriptive, explanatory, and predictive power in foreign policy Discuss the various levels of and variables in FPA Demonstrate understanding of FPA’s contribution in studying Philippine foreign policy and relations DISCUSSION IN CONTEXT International Relations (IR) is not Foreign Policy… - Kenneth Waltz (1996) DISCUSSION IN CONTEXT Why do Why did states non/states actors decide to behave behave the way that way?/how did they do? they arrive at such decision? – jurisdiction of – focus of Foreign International Policy Analysis (FPA) Relations (IR) theories INTRODUCING FPA Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) a distinct subfield in studying IR (Morin & Pacquin, 2018) focuses on decisions made in foreign policy (Morin & Pacquin, 2018; Hudson & Day, 2020) the centrality of HUMAN decision makers (unlike some IR theories leaving out human factors) (Hudson & Day, 2020) continuous interaction between human actors and their [domestic and international] environment (Morin & Pacquin, 2018) Only states have foreign policies (Morin & Pacquin, 2018) Beyond Waltz (neorealism) and Wendt (constructivism): human decisionmakers of states create norms that shape the system – a call for agency in the structure INTRODUCING FPA Many IR theories, so what for FPA?  DEBATE THEORIES 1st Great Classical Liberalism Classical Realism Marxism Debate (Idealism) Ontology What is in the English School world? Pluralism (Interwar Solidarism Period: 1919- 1939) 2nd Great Traditionalism (history, law, & philosophy) Positivism (scientific method) Debate Classical Realism Neoliberalism Methodology English School Neorealism (1950-60s) How to understand the world? 3rd Great Neoliberalism Neorealism Neo-Marxism Debate Neofunctionalism Offensive Realism Dependency Theory Inter- Democratic Peace Theory Defensive Realism World Systems Theory paradigm Liberal Institutionalism Rise and Fall Realism/ (Neo-Neo) Hegemonic Stability Theory Debate (1970-80s) 4th Great Positivism ‘Eclectic’ Approaches Post-Positivism Debate Neoliberalism Realist Constructivism Critical Theory Epistemolog Neorealism Liberal Realism Constructivism Neoclassical Realism Postmodernism y INTRODUCING FPA Many IR theories, so what for FPA? INTRODUCING FPA International System (and its Actors) Domestic Politics (and its Actors) Foreign Policy Culture and Identity Of the Philippines Individual (Psychological) Characteristics of Leaders INDEPENDENT VARIABLE/S: DEPENDENT That/those which will VARIABLE: explain What to be explained Mapping the course of foreign policy analysis of the Philippines (Morin & Pacquin, 2018; Hudson & Day, 2020) FOREIGN POLICY: THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE What is Foreign Policy? : a set of actions or rules governing the actions of an independent political authority deployed in the international environment (Morin & Pacquin, 2018) States are the only independent political authorities States embark on a set of actions and rules to arrive at a certain action (decision) States’ environment of actions/rules-set are shaped by the domestic and international environment IT DEPENDS: THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Level of Analysis – a useful analytical method for scholars (Singer, 1961; Morin & Pacquin, 2018; Hudson & Day, 2020): INTERNATIONA Distribution of Power in the System (Nation L STATE Institutions; Bureaucracies; Social Actors (Public Opinion; Interest Groups; Media; Experts like Academia, Think Tanks, Epistemic Communities); Culture (Gender Norms, Strategic/Organizational Cultures, Discourses) INDIVIDUAL Political Psychology of Leaders/Decision-Makers/Elites: Cognitive Capabilities; Emotions; Reasoning; Situations, and Personal Backgrounds) FIRST LEVEL: INDIVIDUALS Hudson & Day (2020) FOOD FOR THOUGHT Will the PH foreign policy in the WPS be different if Robredo, not Marcos Jr., became the president? If so, why and how? FIRST LEVEL: INDIVIDUALS Hudson & Day (2020) Hudson & Day (2020) SECOND LEVEL: STATE LEVEL Hudson & Day (2020) Hudson & Day (2020) Hudson & Day (2020) SECOND LEVEL: STATE LEVEL Morin & Pacquin (2018) SECOND LEVEL: NATIONAL ATTRIBUTES Geographic Size and Configuration Natural Resources Demographics Political System Military Capabilities Economic Capabilities Morin & Pacquin (2018); Hudson & Day (2020) THIRD LEVEL: STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM Configuration of the system: 1. Unipolar – sole superpower 2. Bipolar – two competing major powers 3. Multipolar – three or more competing powers Would the Philippines be at a better place and pace in a unipolar/bipolar/multipolar world?  IT DEPENDS: THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Challenges in levels of analysis: (Singer, 1961) Domestic (Second Level) International (Third Level) Advantages Emphasizes description over Emphasizes explanation over explanation description Emphasizes uniqueness of a unit Emphasizes generalizability of a unit among others Disadvanta Tendency to overemphasize Tendency to overemphasize ges uniqueness of a unit generalizability of a unit Tells nothing about trends Tells nothing about the uniqueness of each unit  No matter how good their intentions, policy makers must bear in mind the implications of the HOW TO ANALYZE FP? third image, which can be stated in summary form as follows: Each state pursues its own interests, however defined, in ways it judges best. Force is a means of achieving the external ends of states because there exists no consistent, reliable process of reconciling the conflicts of interest that Third Image: inevitably arise among similar units in a condition International of anarchy. A foreign policy based on this image (and Regional) of international relations is neither moral nor immoral, but embodies merely a reasoned Second Image: response to the world about us. The third image National describes the framework of world politics, (and subnational) but without the first and second images there can be no knowledge of the forces that determine policy; the first and second First Image: images describe the forces in world politics, Individual but without the third image it is impossible to assess their importance or predict their results. Kenneth Waltz (1958) MOVING FORWARD… Philippine Foreign Philippine Foreign Policy (and Policy (and Relations) Relations) may not be so much is unique on its own unique WHAT IS AHEAD Oct 26 – asynchronous (comply with the requirements Requirements: News Clippings and Comparative Matrix (see Google Drive for instructions) Nov. 2 – reading break Nov. 09 – MIDTERM Exam