General Biology 1 (Grade 12) Module 1 PDF

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 1 – Module 1: Characteristics of Life First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or offi...

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 1 – Module 1: Characteristics of Life First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City Development Team of the Self-Learning Module Writer: Joseph M. Ocate Editors: Ephraim M. Villacrusis, Joseph M. Ocate Reviewers: Ephraim M. Villacrusis, Joseph M. Ocate Illustrator: Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division Education Program Supervisors Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE) Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM) Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City  General Biology 1 12 Quarter 1 Self-Learning Module 1 Characteristics of Life Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Characteristics of Life This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource. This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.  For the Learner: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Characteristics of Life This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module. Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand. Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson. Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform. Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the lesson. Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson. Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.  EXPECTATIONS The module is about the characteristics of life. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify and describe the characteristics of an organism; 2. apply knowledge on classifying whether living and nonliving; and 3. appreciate the importance of microorganisms. PRETEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things? a. growth and development c. ability to move b. response to environment d. ability to reproduce 2. Which of the following are characteristics of living things? a. homeostasis, food, living space b. food, water, stable internal conditions c. grow and develop, water, stable internal conditions, DNA d. reproduce, respond to stimuli, DNA, cells, metabolism, grow and develop 3. Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why humans sweat when they get hot? a. use of energy c. growth and development b. ability to reproduce d maintain a stable internal environment 4. When the level of sugar in the blood is too high, the excess sugar is stored in the muscle to be used later as needed. Which characteristic of life is described? a. use of energy c. respond to environment b. ability to evolve d. maintains an internal balance 5. The following are useful effects of bacteria EXCEPT ___. a. bacteria can manufacture food. b. bacteria are sources of antibiotics. c. bacteria can decompose dead bodies. d. bacteria cause tumors in plants and animal.  RECAP Figure 1. Ilog Pasig (Photo credit to John Carlo Solisa) Pasig is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines. It was created by the Augustinians in 1572. According to Dr. Jose Villa Panganiban, "Pasig" is an old Sanskrit word referring to a "river flowing from one body of water to another." The Pasig River flows from Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. The 25-km long river is also rich in history as it was part of Dr. Jose Rizal's books - Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Written in Chapter 7 of his first book were words depicting its lead couple on a balcony overlooking the Pasig River, the same spot where Crisostomo Ibarra offered his heart to Maria Clara. Then on his second book, he wrote about the Bapor Tabo that is filled with life and energy while sailing on Pasig River with women washing clothes, fishermen casting nets, and ducks wading through waters. Pasigueños have embraced the worth of the river as it is part of their activities of daily living. It has become a source of goods, where trades are being done, apart from its ability to provide sustenance. The Pasig River is full of life back then where many organisms strive - ducks and crocodiles seen along river banks. Nila (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea) is also found abundant along the river, thus giving birth to the name of nearby town, Manila. Since the term organism has been recurring already, when can it be said that an organism exists or when something has life? Some of the organisms present during the early times along the Pasig riverbanks. Figure 2. Domesticated ducks Figure 3. Nila Activity 1.1. What common characteristics do both organisms (duck and nila) have? _________________________________________________________________________________ LESSON CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Biologists have identified various characteristics common to all the organisms that we know about. While nonliving things may show some of these characteristics, only living things show them all. 1. Growth and Development All organisms have the ability to grow and develop. These organisms utilize nourishment from their environment together with instructions coded by their genes. Examples of growth and development in multicellular organisms include cell growth and cell division. Figure 4. Blooming flowers at Sirao Garden Cebu City. (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) Plants germinate, sprout, root, leaf out and bloom mainly through the cellular level process of mitosis. Most of the action takes place in meristematic tissue that includes undifferentiated cells that are capable of specialization. The cell cycle begins with an interphase in which the cell secure nutrients, metabolizes, enlarges, synthesizes proteins and replicates organelles. When conditions for cell division are optimal, the cell chromosomes condense and line up in the middle of the cell before being pulled apart by spindle fibers. In each cell a nucleus reforms to contain the chromosomes, and a cell plate divides the two cells by cytokinesis. Plant growth is the process through which the plant increases in size. A mature plant has healthy leaves and strong stem. The light energy is used during photosynthesis while the growth process is enhanced by the uptake of nutrients. Have you ever wonder, how the tallest tree grows from a tiny seed? 2. Maintain Homeostasis In order for higher forms of organisms to function properly, they must maintain appropriate concentrations of different chemicals, pH level, optimum temperature, etc., because these conditions may change from time to time depending on changes in their environment. Organisms must maintain a steady state of internal condition despite these varying conditions.  The temperature regulation requirements determine dietary caloric requirements and thus the use of niches and resources. Like other mammals, primates regulate body temperature through physiological, morphological and behavioral changes. Large mammals have smaller surface areas relative to their mass, greater energy reserves as fat, and can have longer coats of hair or fur for insulation. While for smaller mammals have larger surface areas relative to their mass, can accommodate only minor energy reserves as stored fat, and cannot grow long coats for insulation. Small mammals like the Philippine tarsier, require high levels of activity and food consumption in order to preserve thermal homeostasis; when these conditions cannot be met, they must compensate Figure 8. Tarsier of Bohol (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) through hibernation and torpor. Piloerction is a common method of modification of the heat exchange for most mammals. Bodies of smooth muscle that extend from the fibrils of the dermis into connective tissue investment of the hair follicle cause the contraction of the musculi arrectores pilorumor MAP. The sympathetic nervous system supplies an innervation to the MAP and muscle contraction is involuntary. MAP contraction elevates the hair and increases the coat loft, thus increasing its insultative value. In some species like dogs, cats and chimpanzees, hair raising acts as a secondary social alert feature of impending aggression. 3. Reproduction Organisms have the ability to reproduce or generate more organisms of their own kind. Reproduction is the process of succeeding generations thru sexual or asexual processes, which involves passing down of genes from parents to their offspring. Sea stars are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. In sexual reproduction, fertilization occurs in water, with sperm and eggs Figure 5. Seastars at Cagbalete Islands, released into the water by males and females. The Quezon (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) fertilized embryos, which in most species are free- swimming animals, become a part of the zooplankton. The larvae eventually undergo metamorphosis, it will then settle at the bottom and grow into adults. Asexual reproduction is by fission. A part of an arm and central disc becomes detached from the “parent” and develops into an independent individual sea star. 4. Response to Environment or Stimuli Organisms have the ability to respond to different environments and diverse stimuli. Adaptation is a process of an organism adjusting to better match its environment. Reaction towards stimulus is considered a positive response while reaction away from stimulus is a negative response. Along the coastlines, the mangrove forests are distributed and inundated periodically with seawater. Mangrove are capable of growing under extreme environmental conditions such as high and changing salinity and frequent tidal inundation. The salinity makes an important factor particularly in the habitat of mangroves limiting the germination of propagules, seedling growth and its reproduction. Seed germination at high salinities is reported to be extensively reduced, Figure 6. Mangrove in the middle retarded or completely inhibited. The inhibition of seed of the sandbar in Alibijaban germination either by impeding water absorption or by Island, Quezon facilitating toxic ion intake because of high salinities. (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) Salinity affects both the initiation of the leaves and the expansion of the leaf area, and high salinities generally result in dwarfed plants with small and thick leaves. Therefore, understanding species-specific responses to salinity is an important concern in mangrove planting projects. 5. Energy Processing All organisms require energy for their cellular metabolic activities to occur. Some organisms, like photoautotrophs are able to harvest energy from the sun while converting it into chemical energy, to be utilized in making their own food. Other organisms take in substances as food which is broken down to its chemical form that is required by an organism. Photosynthetic processes are of two types: Oxygenic photosynthesis is the most common and is seen in algae, cynobacteria and plants. Light energy transfers electrons from water (H2O) to carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to produce carbohydrates. The CO 2 is “reduced” or receives electrons in this transfer and the water becomes “oxidized” or loses electrons. Anoxygenic photosynthesis, on the other hand, makes use of electron donors other than water. The anoxygenic Figure 7. The Man-made Forest photosynthesis contains no by-product of oxygen. at Bilar, Bohol (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) 6. Organized Organisms form highly organized and coordinated structures in order to function properly. In multicellular organisms, similar cells forms tissues, tissues of the same function form an organ, a group of organs with distinct functions form organ systems and an organ system which compliments each other to support life forms an individual.  Figure 9. Parcel of deer at Hermana Menor Island, Zambales (Photo credit to Joseph Ocate) The smallest functional unit of all living things are the cells. Plants and animals both contain different cell types. In both plant and animal cells carry genetic material in the form of DNA. Without DNA, livings things would not be able to pass on their individual characteristics or the characteristics of their species to the next generation. Tissues are made up of cells which share a similar structure and function. Four major types of tissues are present in animal bodies. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of the body such as the inside of the stomach and the outermost skin layer. Tissues that supports, protects and binds certain parts of the body such as muscles, together are called connective tissues. Muscles of the body produce movement by contraction and expansion of muscular tissues. Nervous tissue can receive stimuli and conduct electrical impulses. Plants also have tissues. Plants have outer coverings which are formed by dermal tissue. Water and nutrients move through the plant by the vascular tissue. Most of plants’ bodies and performs the majority of bodily functions, such as photosynthesis are made up of ground tissue. Organs are structures consisting of specific tissue types that perform specialized tasks in the body. Plants also have organs. Vegetative organs like roots and leaves help sustain plant life. To facilitate either sexual or asexual reproduction, reproductive organs such as cones, flowers and fruits are temporary structures that help the plants. Organ systems are groups of two or more organs that work together to perform specific bodily function. The human body has 11 systems- some may have overlapping functions. Plants only have two organ systems. Parts above the ground, such as leaves, and stems are included in the shoot system while parts below the ground, such as roots and tubers are included in the root system. Organisms are whole, complete living things. It is now time to find out how organisms maintain life for their survival and able to carry out the life processes. LIFE PROCESSES An organism can transfer from one place to another (movement) with the use of specialized structures like flagella, cilia and pseudopodia. It can also exhibit a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (respiration). Can act on sensing a stimulus that can be either a change in internal or external environment and at the same time responding to it (sensitivity). Each organism can also increase the size of each individual cell or increase of the number of cells (growth). There is also formation of news cells by the process of cell division to replace or repair old cells in which genes are passed from parents to offspring (reproduction). Another process it can perform is to get rid of by-products due to metabolic processes which maybe toxic that can damage the organism (excretion). And last, is that it can break down food, into simple molecules that can be absorbed and be utilized (nutrition). ACTIVITIES Activity 1.2. Read and answer the question that follows Amoebiasis is a common infection of the human gastro-intestinal tract caused by an amoeba, a species that has no definite shape and that moves by means of pseudopodia. Pseudopodia are temporary projections and the word literally means "false feet". The pseudopodia are used for locomotion. The cytoplasm of an amoeba contains the organelles and is enclosed by a membrane. An amoeba uses a process called phagocytosis to obtain food. This is a process in which projections of the cell membrane of the amoeba extend and surround the food particle, totally enclosing it. The food particle is thus internalized in a sort of "bubble" called a vacuole. The food particle can then be digested in the vacuole. The amoeba reproduces via mitosis. Classify amoeba if it is an organism or not and give supporting details based on the passage given. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 1.3. Fill in the blanks using the words inside the box. Nutrition Life processes autotrophs Molecular Stationary Growth The basic functions performed by organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called __1__. Animals can move from one place to another but plants are __2__. Movements which are not directly seen with the naked eyes are __3__ movement. __4__ means increase in size, mass and number of cells. The process by which organisms can synthesize or procure their food is known as __5__. In green plants are __6__ in their mode of nutrition. Activity 1.4. Using the Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the life processes (MRS GREN) of plants and animals.  WRAP-UP Activity 1.5. Make a Concept Map that explains the different Characteristics of Life using the key terms inside the box below: Cell growth Fertilization Photosynthesis Temperature regulation Crepuscular animals Nocturnal animals Diurnal animals Cells Purple bacteria Anoxygenic Tissue Mitosis Organ system Multicellular organis Organ Sexual Plants Negative response Highly variable temp. Constant temp. Adaptation Coldest time is at dawn Asexual Cyanobacteria Reaction towards stimuli Green sulfur bacteria Seastars Evolution Fragmentation Positive response Cell division Oxygenic Dogs Reaction away from stimuli ORGANIZED REPRODUCTION Characteristic RESPONSE HOMEOSTASIS s of Life TO STIMULI GROWTH ENERGY & DEV’T PROCESSING VALUING Not what is seems to be In a number of ways, bacteria are used in the industry which typically exploit their natural metabolic capabilities. They are in food production and in the manufacture of antibiotics, probiotics, drugs, vaccines, starter cultures, insecticides, enzymes, fuel and solvents. Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Streptococcus are used in the food industry in the manufacture of dairy products such as cheese, cultivated butter, sour cream, buttermilk, yogurt and kefir. Bacterial fermentations are used in our everyday lives for the production of teas, chocolate, cocoa, soy sauce, sausages and an enormous range of food. Most of the antibiotics are made from soil-living bacteria. Actinomycetes such as Streptomyces produce tetracyclines, erythromycin, streptomycin rifamycin and ivermectin. Bacterial products are used in the manufacture of vaccines for immunization against infectious disease. The biotechnology industry uses bacterial cells to produce biological substances including foods, drugs, hormones enzymes, proteins and nucleic acids that are useful for human life. Louise Pasteur said it best, “never underestimate the power of the microbe.” Bacteria have their wide range of application in different fields. Because of advancement in technologies, harnessing potential use was possible. But usefulness of bacteria was not actually taught and explained since it was more of the harmful effects of these microbes that is always exposed. Headlines are everywhere about diseases was caused by different genus and families of bacteria as it is the culprit in degrading health. As shown by bacteria, they have two sides, the good and bad side. Let us not rush to judgement and be haste in condemning organisms whatever their size is as they are considered a threat. In the end, we must be able to learn to weigh on the pros and cons to give us a better view of things. Activity 1.6. Essay. What other benefits we get from bacteria? Have you experienced judging a situation that is not what is seems to be? Share your experience and how did you resolve the conflict? __________________________________________________________________________________ POSTTEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is any part of an organism’s environment that causes reaction. a. adaptation c. species b. organization d. stimulus 2. Tissues that support, protect and bind certain parts of the body such as muscles. a. muscular tissue c. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue d. nervous tissue 3. Which of these is not an example of the body maintaining homeostasis? a. lungs absorbing oxygen b. red blood cells delivering oxygen c. insulin production in the pancreas d. emergence of an evolutionary adaptation 4. Which of the following constitutes the basic structural organization of life? a. weather condition in a habitat b. species living in an environment c. cells that make up tissues and structures d. cell organelles that combine to form nuclei 5. Are microorganisms helpful or harmful? a. helpful c. harmful b. both d. neither  KEY TO CORRECTION PRETEST ACTIVITY 1.2. 1. C Amoeba is an organism because it can reproduce via mitosis. It gets 2. C 3. C nutrients by the process of phagocytosis. At the same time, it can move 4. D with the use of pseudopodia. 5. A ACTIVITY 1.3. POSTEST 1. D 1. Life processes 2. B 2. Stationary 3. D 3. Molecular 4. B 4. Growth 5. B 5. Nutrition 6. autotrophs Multicellular Organ Dog Seastars Organism Organ Fertilizati Fragmentat Tissue Coldest Sexual Asexual Highly time is at Cells variable Crepuscula Diurnal r animals ORGANIZED Reaction animals towards Nocturnal Adaptati Positive Temperature regulation Constant RESPONSE TO HOMEOSTA STIMULI Characteris Evolution Negative PH Level tics of Life Reaction away from GROWTH ENERGY & DEV’T PROCESSING Cell Photosynthes Purple Cell Oxygenic Anoxyge Mitosis Plants Cyanobact Green sulfur  References Chaplin, G., Nina G. Jablonski, Robert W. Sussman, and Elizabeth A. Kelley. 2013. "The Role of Piloerection in Primate Thermoregulation." Karger 17. Chen, Yaping, and Yong Ye. 2014. "Effects of Salinity and Nutrient Addition on Mangrove Excoecaria agallocha." PLOS One 15. Cook, Maria. 2019. Sciencing. May 29. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://sciencing.com/levels-cell- organization-6515549.html. Dr. Dowd, Mary. 2019. Sciencing. April 15. Accessed May 20, 2020. https://sciencing.com/reproduction-plant-cells-7989582.html. Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Michael L. Cain, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V. Wasserman, and Jackson Robert B. 2011. Biology, Ninth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson. Roces, Alejandro R. 2009. "Pasig's Place in history." Philippine Star, July 2: 2.