History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential Provision PDF

History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential Provision Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of Rizal December 30 Laurel believed that Filipino youth will gain incorruptible...

History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential Provision Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of Rizal December 30 Laurel believed that Filipino youth will gain incorruptible confidence, direction, courage and determination to move anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death made by Gen. Emilio forward in our people’s journey towards an abundant life. Aguinaldo Teaching Rizal course in higher education are anchored on the Philippine National Hero in 1901 patriotic policy statements of Rizal Law and goals set by the Trinidad Pardo de Tavera renamed the district of Morong Board on National Education into Province of Rizak o to recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, teachings Act No. 243 was enacted on September 28,1901 granting as well as life values in relation to present conditions the right to use the public land upon the Luneta in the and situations in the society Manila City which to erect a statue of Jose Rizal o to apply Rizal’s ideas in the solutions of social problems and issues in the contemporary; Rizal National Centennial Commission o to develop an appreciation and deeper understanding was issued by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 of the qualities, behavior and character of Rizal; and became Rizal Presidential Committee on July 1 1962 o to foster the development of moral character of the during Diosdado Macapagal administration Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship. History of the Rizal Law Republic Act of 1424 (Rizal Law) Republic Act 1425 or the Rizal Act An Act to include in the curricula of all public and private issued on June 12, 1956 schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, an act to include in the curricula of all public and private works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Sections Senator Jose P. Laurel sponsored the law o included in the curricula of all schools, colleges Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality and the architect and universities, public or private: of Filipino o obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies o The Board of National Education shall cause the translation  o prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines 5. That heroes are those who have a concept of o P300,000.00 is hereby authorized to be nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the appropriated out of any fund not otherwise nation’s freedom (they must have desired the appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out country’s freedom in any situation especially the purposes of this Act. when there’s a threat of invasion in any form). o This Act shall take effect upon its approval 6. That heroes are those who define and contribute Objectives to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation To re-dedicate the youth to the ideals of freedom (one who helps in the orderliness and betterment and nationalism for which our heroes lived and of the country). died 7. Those who contribute to the quality of life and To pay tribute to the heroes particularly our destiny of a nation. national hero for devoting his life and works in 8. A hero is part of the people’s expression (the shaping the Filipino character; citizen must have recognized and acknowledged To gain inspiring source of patriotism thru the the person as a hero). study of Rizal’s life, works and writings with which 9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future the minds of the youth, especially during their generations, his concern for the generations must formative and decisive years in school, should be be seen in his decisions and ideals). suffused. 10. The choice of a hero involves not only the The Gates of Heroism: Defining A Filipino Hero recounting of an episode or events in history, but 1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the entire process that made this particular of the country. person a hero. 2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (was his ideal purely for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives, most of all the method of attainment should be morally valid). 3. The moral character of the person concerned ( the person should not have any immorality issue that affected his ideal). 4. The influenced of the person concerned of his age and or the succeeding age.  The Philippines in the 19th Century: Social and Political lands were owned by the wealthy Spanish Structure native Filipinos became tenants (peste ning kastila gidaog daog gud bagag nawong) Peninsulares o pure Spaniards born in Spain but lived in the Philippines Insulares o also known as criollos o Spanish-held in South America o pure Spaniards born in the Philippines o called them Filipinos Indio/s o native Filipino Mestizos o mixed of ancestry o ex: Chinese-Filipino, Spanish-Filipino The Filipino Level 1 was used only in 1898 or after the Spanish rule o upper class refer to the natives of the country but only used after the o peninsulares Spanish rule o held the most important government jobs and Filipino Social Structure made up the smallest number of the population o group of friars who were members any religious the feudalism established by the Spanish colonial orders of men government in the Philippines in the 19th century resulted o three mendicant to master-slave relationship by the Spaniards. ▪ Augustinians (1565) Spanish collected all forms of taxes and tributes from ▪ Dominicans (1587) native Filipinos ▪ Franciscans (1577) required them polo y servicio or forced labor by the o because of the union of Church and State these government people have the power and authority  Level 2 Education o middle class o the social pyramid manifested also the privileges o insulares and mestizos and rights of people according to their rank in the o principalia (ruling class of native elites) composed society. of the gobernadorcillio , cabeza de barangay, o first school were the parochial schools opened by landowners, merchant and wealthy native families the missionaries in their parishes. Filipino native Level 3 children were taught reading, writing, arithmetic o lowest class and some vocational and practical arts subjects o native Filipinos or indios but most of the time centered on teaching of fear Social Pyramid of God and obedience to friars o manifested superiority complex o the primary education was not given attention, o racial discrimination many Filipino native children attended were not o members in the middle and lower class were able to develop self-confidence and only considered inferior by the upperclass and developed inferiority complex unworthy of education and higher government o separate colleges for boys and girls were also positions opened by the missionaries, subject taught were Social Structure history, Latin, geography, mathematics and o Highest Class philosophy ▪ include the Spaniards, peninsulares and o originally, these colleges open only to Spaniards the friars and those with Spanish blood or mestizos. During ▪ have the power and authority to rule over 19th century colleges began accepting native the Filipinos Filipinos ▪ friars are members of any certain religious o during 17th century education began in the orders of men, especially the four Philippines. Santo Tomas remained as the higher medicant orders (Augustinians, education Carmelites, Dominicans, and o On 1853, the Educational Decree was Franciscans) implemented in the country which required the o Middle Class establishment of one elementary school for boys ▪ includes the native, mestizos and the and one elementary school for girls in each town criollos of the Philippine provinces. The decree also o Lower Class provided for the establishment of school for the ▪ includes the Filipinos or indios only training of teachers mostly girls with a mastery of  the Spanish language as the medium of o He was the Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs; instruction in all schools but under the direction of thus he could choose priests for ecclesiastical the Jesuits. administration of the parishes. o The friars reacted negatively to the teaching of the o He was the Commander-in-Chief of the colonial Spanish language to native Filipinos. army. Political System (administrative organization) o He was an ex-officio president of the Royal o only the peninsulares or pure blooded Spaniards Audiencia; the Supreme Court in the Philippines could have higher position in the government during Spanish colonial period usually through appointment o He had legislative powers to make laws for the o Philippines was governed by the Spanish Crown colony. through the Ministry of Colonies in the 19th o He had the power of cumplase or the power to century. decide which law or royal decree should be o It was centralized colonial government in the implemented or disregarded in the colony Philippines that was composed of a national o He had the power to appoint and dismiss public government and the local governments that officials administered provinces, cities, towns and o Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru municipalities with roles: Ministry of Colonies (appointing Governor- ▪ maintenaned peace and order General) ▪ collected taxes o Policies were unitaryt ▪ built schools and other o Manila was the seat of government ▪ public works Alcaldias ▪ governed directly by the Spanish Crown o pacified provinces thru Ministry of Colonies o headed by alcalde mayor; represented by the ▪ policies were unitary Spanish King and the governor general in their ▪ Manila was the seat of government respective provinces Governor- General Head of the Spanish colonial o managed day-to-day operations of the provincial government government, implemented laws and supervised o head of the Spanish h colonial government in the by the collection of taxes country; represented the Crown in all o indulto de comercio a privilege to engage and governmental matters monopolize commercial matters Corregimiento o unpacified or not yet fully under Spanish contro  The Residencia Economic Development o ensure the government efficacy opened foreign trade at the end of the 18th century o special judicial court that investigates the there were foreign firms established in Manila which gave performance of a governor general who was about opportunity to the Filipino natives engaged in business; to be replaced. basically, agricultural produce such as sugar, rice, hemp o The residencia, of which the incoming governor and tobacco. general was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King. These opportunities increased Filipino contacts with foreigners and peninsular Spaniards, gave knowledge The Visita about the privileges, freedom and rights of people o The Council of the Indies in Spain (1565-1837) sent a government official called the Vistador General It was an economic development in the country where to observe conditions in the colony. He reported many of the natives engaged in agriculture his findings directly to the King. The rise of the Chinese-Filipino is also one of the results of Union of the Church and State this event which able to send their children to school in o Friars were supervising representatives of the Manila and some went Europe. Spanish government for local affairs. These Filipinos, who were educated abroad, were able to Guardia Civil absorb the intellectual developments in Europe and later o Organized in 1867 as a corps of native police played significant roles in nation-building Increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle and upper The Philippines in the 19th Century: Economic Development classes and the Rise of Nationalism Agricultural products (rice) Those who controlled rice, sugar and abaca growing lands Pre-colonial Economic Activity in Central Luzon, Batangas, Bikol, Negros and Panay Trading relationship with profited much Development of inquilino of friar haciendas China India Indonesia Malaysia Borneo  The Rise of Nationalism curious minds of the middle class and even to the lower class. Definition of Nationalism Factors of the Rise of Nationalism belief creed Opening of the Philippines to World Trade political ideology that involves an individual identifying Influx of liberal ideas with, or becoming attached to one's nation. secularization movement Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological liberal regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre attachment members of a nation share, based on Cavite Mutiny common language, history, culture and desire for Execution of GOMBURZA independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000). It is a condition Opening of the Philippines to World Trade of mind, a feeling and sentiment of a group of people (cited by Agoncillo, 1990) Rise of the middle class (intelligentsia or ilustrado) transformed Philippines as the center for world trade Nationalism in the Philippines Provincial ports were opened to foreign merchants: rice, the birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to sugar, abaca, tobacco and indigo o topography broke her dependency on the treasury of Mexico o language problems the economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local o colonial policy industries developed nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst of Influx of Liberal sentiment. it is brought about by certain factors that gradually develop. The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a means According to John Schumacher, the development of to solve existing problems in the country nationalist’s thoughts was due to the development of The intellectuals of the country gained access to western these social factors: economic, political and cultural. political thought from the books and newspapers brought Economic growth brought changes as the middle class by foreign travelers -- Ideologies of the French and emerged that later became prominent and, politically, American Revolution -- Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, became leaders in society. Lastly, the cultural Montesquieu, Jefferson development due to the spread of education, where liberal ideas and foreign nationalist thoughts reached the Secularization Movement Execution of GOMBURZA Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main February 17, 1872 task was to spread Christianity o executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of Secular priests were trained to run the parishes and were subversion (charged as supporters of the Cavite under the supervision of the bishops Mutiny Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the Rizal’s Family And Ancestry parishes that were being run by regular priests Secular priests must fill in the vacancy left by the regular clergy Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre Calamba was a hacienda town where people engaged in welcomed by both Filipinos and Spaniards -- June 23, agricultural activities. 1869 Massive production of sugar practiced liberal and democratic principles Lands were almost owned by the Dominican friars. abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began Birth of Jose Rizal limited secularization of education Developed a close relationship with the ilustrados June 19,1861 in Calamba Rizal was born The peaceful settlement of agrarian unrest in Cavite Her mother almost died because of his big head but was believed being relieved by the Virgin of Antipolo. Cavite Mutiny Baptized by: Father Rufino Collantes and Father Pedro Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre ended and replaced by Casañas. General Rafael Izquierdo - marked the end of liberal Jose was derived from St. Joseph. policies 200 Filipino Soldiers (Cavite arsenal) Rizal’s Ancestry o abolition of exemption from polo y servicio and payment of annual tribute Rizal’s races: Chinese, Filipino, Spanish, and Japanese January 20, 1872 ancestry. o the mutiny broke out under the leadership of Rizal genealogy started from Lam Co who became Sergeant La Madrid Domingo Lamco a Chinese immigrant from Changchow, January 27, 1872 China, who arrived in Manila 1960. He was married to Ines o 41 mutineers were execute dela Rosa a Chinese mestiza in 1731. General Rafael Izquierdo boasted that he ruled with a Assumed the surname Mercado crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other Moved to Binan The Mercado o presence of personal servants taking care of the needs of the children Francisco Mercado married to Cirila Bernacha. o private tutors to improve Spanish language and Became a gobernadorcillo of Binan because of his the academics of the children economic status o participated prominently in some social and His son Juan Mercado became a gobernadorcillo married religious affairs in the community to Cirila Alejandro: has 13 childreen; youngest son was Francisco Mercado (Rizal’s father) Don Francisco Mercado The Alonso An educated man studied Latin and Philosophy courses at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila Started from Eugenio Ursua believed to have Japanese Rizal described him “ a model of all fathers” because of his ancestry who married to a Filipina Benigna honesty, frugality, and industry. Their daughter Regina Ursua married to a Chinese mestizo lawyer, Manuel de Quintos. Teodora Alonso Regina de Quintos married to Lorenzo Alberto Alfonso; Educated woman who completed education at the had five children, second was Teodora Alonso. Colegio de Santa Rosa. Rizal’s Family “a woman of more than ordinary culture” a dedicated wife and mother Raised in a middle class family considered as principalia Inspire Rizal in literature particularly poetry. Family source of income was agriculture, farming and There family practice Angelus during sunset, attending stockraising. mass during Sundays and Catholic Holidays. Rented the lands and owned farms of rice, corn and Rizal’s parents were strict and taught them to love God, sugarcane. behave well, obedience and to respect people especially Evidences as an affluent family the elderlies. o Stone house of adobe and hardwood located in First teacher of Jose RIzal calle real o a carriage which is a status symbol of the ilustrados o a private library in their house with numerous volumes of books o sent their children to Manila for education Rizal’s Childhood Memories and Influences Story of the Moth Home Education in Calamba At the age of 3, Rizal knew how to lead the prayers his first private tutor was Maestro Celestino then next was Five years old when he was able to read the bible in Spanish Maestro Lucas Padua He appreciated Father Leoncio Lopez, one of the esteemed his third tutor was Leon Monroy, a former classmate’s of and respected men and the town priest of Calamba. his father. He taught Rizal Spanish and Latin He witnessed violence acts by the Guardia Civil and Moves To Binan Gobernadorcillo Unforgettable memory Rizal has was his trip to Laguna de Bay sunday afternoon of June 1869 travel to Binan on June 6, 1868, to give thanks to the Virgin of Antipolo. Then was accompanied by Paciano visited Saturnina. he was visited by his cousin Leandro but instead he felt homesick Story of the Moth Formal Education In Binan It was Dona Teodora influenced Rizal on the love of stories. Paciano brought Rizal to the village school uunder the This story left a deep impression on Rizal which turned out charge of Maestro Justiniano Cruz to have the same fate as him. Pedro, teacher’s son made fun of him Rizal was involved in numerous school brawls From Calamba to Binan: Early Education Best student in Spanish, Latin, and all subjects. Friars controlled the educational system in the Philippines. Rizal received a letter from Saturnina informing himt he Primary level were taught of the Christian Doctrines, to read arrival of steamer Talim. Spanish and a little of the native’s language. He left Binan on Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870. Science and mathematics were not much introduced to the From Ateneo to UST : Higher Education students. Students were taught how to speak and understand Latin instead of Spanish. Don Francisco Mercado decided not to send him in the in the late 19th century wealthy ilipino were able to attend Colegio de San Jose. school Ateneo was formerly known as Escuele Pia, a school for boys most schools were only exclusive for Spanish boys in Manila, established in 1817. Rizal’s family belongs to the principalia and his parents were 1859 Jesuits administered the school. ilustrados. The school became Ateneo Municipal, most prestigious college for boys. Enrollment at Ateneo ▪ Mathematics and Sciences (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, mineralogy, Rizal took the entrance exam in Colegio de San Juan de chemistry, physics, botany and zoology) Letran on June 10, 1872. It covers Christian doctrine, and the arithmetic and reading. ▪ Classical disciplines (poetry, rhetoric and Dominicans exercised the power of inspection and philosophy). The school also offered regulation over Ateneo. vocational courses in agriculture, Ateneo was run by the Jesuit rival of Dominican ownded commerce, mechanics and surveying Colege de San Juan de Letran. Two competing empires: Romans and Carthaginians Fr. Margin rejected Rizal to enroll because: late for o Roman Empire- boarding students at Ateneo registration and looked very frail and undersized for his o Carthaginian Empire- non-boarding students age. Emperor the best scholar Upon the intervention of Manuel Burgos, Rizal was o Tribune admitted. o Decurion Jose was the first to adopt the surname Rizal which was o Centurion decided by his father to avoid suspicion. o Standard bearer Jesuit System of Education Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877, only placed second in the class. Ateneo was known for best secondary education for boys. He graduated the degree, Bachiller en Artes with the Trained the character of every student by rigid discipline highest academic honors. and religious instruction. Rizal’s academic triumph at Ateneo can be attributed to Students were required to hear Mass in the morning three factors; racial pride, monastic discipline, and before the beginning of the daily classes. seclusion of boarding school life Ateneo offered six-year program that entitled their student to the academic title, Bachiller de Artes. Extracurricular Activities in Ateneo o Five learning areas He became a member and an officer in the religious ▪ Christian doctrine confraternities at Ateneo-Sodality Club of Our Lady and ▪ Languages (Spanish, Latin. And French) Apostleship of Prayer. ▪ History and Geography (World Geography o Were opened only to students who demonstrated and History, History of Spain and the the highest degree of scholarship and leadership. Philippines) Literary Works At Ateneo Literary Works At UST Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) which was A la Juventud Filipina dedicated to his mother on her birthday. o Written when he was 18 years old Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo ( A Memory of My Town). It was o An inspiring poem which beseeched the Filipino written in 1876 of his way of paying homage to his youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly birthplace, Calamba. swifter than the wind and descend with art and Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through science to break the chains that have long bound Education Our Motherland Receives Light) , significant the spirit of the people role which education lays in the progress and welfare of a El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods) nation. o Rizal joined the competitions to prove one thing- La Alianza Intima Sobre Religion y la Buena Educacion, that the Filipinos can equal and even surpass the showed the importance of religion in education Spaniards in literary prowess Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas Decision to go to Europe Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo to make a name for himself in the realm of journalism Municipal entitled for admission to higher studies at a to observe and study European society university. and to prepare himself for the task of liberating the His mother opposed to Rizal’s pursuit of higher education. Filipinos from Spanish tyranny Don Francisco decided to send him to UST, the Pontifical Rizal as Lover Catholic University in the Philippines managed by the Dominicans. Rizal is knows for his nationalistic, ideas, bravery, and as a Rizal enrolled the course Philosophy and Letters during national hero in the Philippines. his first year in the university. Rizal has his duty towards his family and the country He also took one year vocation course in Ateneo land Rizal focused on uniting Filipinos, building networks through surveying. connections, creating links with the Propaganda Movement Father Ramon Pablo advised Rizal to pursue medicine. He was not happy in UST because: Rizal His Love For Education o the Dominican professors were hostile to him Through education our motherland receives light o racial discrimination against Filipino students, and the method o instruction was obsolete and repressive.  The demand for sacrifices to obtain an education Life Abroad Education is the most precious gift and treasure that Motherland can give to us Rizal leave the country to complete his medical studies in A nation where educated people outnumbers uncivilized Europe ones, excavates treasures more cherished than any May 3, he departed on board Spanish steamer Salvadora stones of the earth. bound for Singapore Education is portrayed as a torch lighting darkness May 9, docked at Singapore. On May 11, Rizal transferred Rival offered that the power or light of education is endless to another ship Djemnah which shall ferry him to France. From his boarding point, the ship had its stopover at Point His Love For His Country Galle in Ceylon, Aden, and in Port Said at Suez Canal. To the Filipino youth The steamer reached Naples on June 11, 1882. The poem’s theme, Grow, O timid Flower. Shows From Naples, the steamer reached and docked at persuasion Marseilles, France on June 12. He advocated for rising and waking up Pen as mightier From Marseilles, he took the train for Barcelona. He than a sword reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882 Rizal wants to communicate the means of making Barcelona peaceful process Filipino youth, must maximize their knowledge and skills It was in Barcelona that Rizal wrote El Amor Patrio (Love of in chosen their fields Country) under the pseudonym Laong Laan. He was just 21 years old. It came out on August 20, 1882 in the Love of Family Diariong Tagalog in Manila My first insipiration Madrid It was his mothers birthday On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in Universidad His mother was freed from prison Central de Madrid in two courses-Medicine and The environment was rich during Rizal’s time Philosophy and Letters A return of a love one is very important We should honor studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of fine Arts our parents of San Fernando, took private lessons in French, German Let your parents be a role model or inspiration in your life and English under private instructors, practiced fencing We need to value God’s wonderful creation and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell. awarded the degree of Licentiate in Medicine.  joined with fellow expatriates had formed the Circulo While at Heidelberg, Rizal wrote letters to his sisters Maria Hispano-Filipino and Trinidad about the Germany a country of order and exposed to liberal ideas, stressing the value of individual obedience. freedom of action on matters of religion and expression He described the German students as affectionate, joined the Masonry for two probable reasons: the abuses respectful, modest and not boastful. On German women, committed by the friars against the Filipino, and the he described them as serious, studious, simple, possible assistance the masons can extend him in his industrious, not afraid of men and concerned about struggle against Spanish tyranny and oppression. education had speech of salute to Luna and Hidalgo who were Wilhelmsfeld, Germany (Summer of 1886) winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition (Lunas was awarded a gold medal for his painting, the Spoliarium spent summer in Wilhemsfeld, a mountainous region of while Hidalgo a silver medal for his entry, Christian Virgins Heidelberg at the house of a protestant Pastor, Dr. Karl Exposed to the Populace Ulmer His sojourn on the village was quite memorable for him Paris, France because of the hospitality he received from the Ulmers in November 1885, Rizal who was then 24 years old was and the kindness of the people. He appreciated much the living in Paris where he sojourned for about three months religious tolerance the people practice in the community worked as an assistant to an ophthalmologist Dr. Louis de Leipzig, Germany Weckert from November 1885 to February 1886 Rizal became closely associated with the Pardo de in August 1886, Rizal attended lectures on history and Taveras, Felix Hidalgo and Juan Luna who lived in Paris psychology in the University of Leipzig he was able to translate the Schiller’s William Tell from Heidelberg, Germany German to Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the story worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of the champion of Swiss independence. He also of Dr. Otto Becker, a German ophthalmologist translated into Tagalog the fairy tales of Hans Christian attended lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuene at Andersen for his nephews and nieces. the university. he worked as a proofreader in a publishing company to He was a member of the law students’ Chess Players’ augment his allowance. Club of Heidelberg after he was recommended by his board mates. Berlin, Germany Rizal gave his host lessons in Tagalog language. In a meeting with Tourists’ Club of Leitmeritz, He went to Berlin due to the following reasons: Rizal extemporaneously talked in German language about o to further enhance his knowledge of the pleasant and relaxing scenes of Austria and its ophthalmology hospitable, nature-loving and noble people. o to supplement his studies of languages and sciences Prague, Czechoslovakia o to study and observe the political and economic conditions of Germany Blumentritt gave Rizal and Viola letters of o to join the circle famous German scientists and recommendations to Dr. Welkomm, a history professor at scholars and to complete and publish his novel, the University of Prague. The professor welcomed them Noli Me Tangere. and accompanied in visiting the historic places and spots in Prague. he met Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of the book Travels in the Philippines. The book stated the author’s prediction on Vienna, Austria the collapse of the Spanish regime in the Philippines and its prophecy on the coming of the Americans into the Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna on May 20, 1887. They Philippines. spent four days visiting the beautiful buildings and March 21, 1877 when Noli Me Tangere came off the press examining holy images and statues. They were impressed with the financial assistance of Maximo Viola with the songs and beautiful stories of the city. They visited, art galleries, museums, public parks and Grand Tour in Europe with Maximo Viola (May 1887) Dresden, recreation centers. Germany Switzerland Rizal and Viola visited the regional flora exposition where they met Dr. Adolph Meyer. They also met Dr. Jagor who While at Geneva, Rizal received the news from his friends advised them to wire Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt of their in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the primitive coming to Leitmeritz Igorots who were exhibited in the Madrid Exposition. Rizal learned that some of the Igorots died and their indigenous Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia materials were became objects of mockery by the Spanish press and the Spaniards. Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz on May 13, 1887. On Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday in Geneva with Viola. the train station they welcomed by Dr. Blumentritt. The two assisted by Blumentritt to get a room at Hotel Krebs. Italy Career and Contributions In Rome, the Eternal City, attracted him so much. The As a physician grandeur of Rome was something that Rizal did not fail to o He provided free medicine to his patients appreciate, in his sojourn to Italy. o Wealthy patients went to him for surgery He was very much amazed with the Coliseum and the o August 1893, he placed his mother under Roman Forum. ophthalmic surgery for the third time. He spent long hours reminiscing the past and recreating As an engineer life to the ruins. After a week of travel in Rome, Rizal o Applied his knowledge through the waterworks prepared for his homecoming to the Philippines system in Dapitan o He successfully provided a good water system in Rizal, Germany and Blumentritt province He appreciated Germany that he appreciated the most. As an educator Rizal’s appreciation of the qualities possessed by the o Established a school in Dapitan which was Germans, sober earnest, industrious, progressive and attended young boys prosperous. o Him and the students do community projects for Rizal became interested to Blumentritt because the latter had him like maintaining his garden and field written about 250 essays and articles on Philippine o Taught them reading, writing in English and ethnography Spanish, geography, history, mathematics, industrial works, nature study, morals and Rizal’s life: Exile in Dapitan gymnastics. As an agriculturist Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live at the o Rizal devoted his time in planting important crops parish convent on the following conditions:. and fruit-bearing tress o Retract his errors concerning religion and make o From US he imported agricultural machinery statement that were clearly pro-Spanish and o He introduces to the native farmer of Dapitan the against revolution modern agricultural methods. o That he perform the church rites and make a o He visualized of having an agricultural colony in general confession of his past life. Sitio, Ponot within the Sandigan Bay o Conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a As a businessman Spanish subject and a man of religion. o Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon, tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and copra industries  o To teach the fisher folks of the new fishing o They explored the jungles and searched for methods, using a big net called pukutan specimens which he sent to museums in Europe, o But the industry in which Rizal became more particularly in Dressed Museum successful was in hemp, shipping the said o he also made a bulk of other researches and product to a foreign firm in Manila studies in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, As an inventor geology, anthropology and geography o According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's o scientific books and surgical instruments were mechanism was based on the principle of delivered to him from the European scientists compressed air o Rizal's most significant contribution in the o he invented a special type of lighter called scientific world was his discovery of three species: sulpukan which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift ▪ Draco rizali – flying dragon o Another of his inventions was the wooden ▪ Apogonia rizali – small beetle, and brickmaker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a ▪ Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog day ▪ Mikay rizali- rare skibidi As an artist He provided lighting system- coconut oil lamps posted in o He contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity dark streets o He modeled the image’s right foot He beautified Dapitan by remodelling the town plaza, with o Conceptualize its curtain, which was oil painted the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and by a Sister. created a relief map of Mindanao right in front the church o He sculpted the statuette called “The Mother’s Revenge” which presented his dog Syria, avenging After Exile In Dapitan her puppy to a crocodile which killed it. received a confirmation on being a volunteer doctor to Cuba As a linguist left Dapitan on July 31, 1896 o He studied and made comparisons of the Bisaya arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896 and Malayan languages stayed in steamer Castilla for almost a month while waiting for o He had knowledge 22 languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, a vessel bound for Spain Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Rizal Sails To Spain For Cuba Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanes, Portuguese, Swedish and Russian. boarded the steamer Isla de Panay bound for Barcelona, Spain (September 3, 1896) As a scientist  the captain of Isla de Panay informed Rizal that he The Trial received an order through a telegram from the Minister of Rizal’s case was turned over to Capt. Rafael Dominguez War that the former has to be arrested and detained in (Special Judge Advocate) on December 19, 1896 for captain’s cabin prosecution arrived in Barcelona (Oct. 3, 1896) but only to be informed Dominguez urged the court to give a verdict of death he will ship back to the Philippines penalty to the accused the steamer arrived in Manila (Nov. 3, 1896) under tight For Taviel de Andrade Rizal was not guilty as the following security conditions were not existed; ocular inspection, Rizal was brought and incarcerated at Fort Santiago confession of the accused, credible witnesses, official The Preliminary Investigation documents or conclusive evidence The verdict of the military court was submitted to Col. Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the Spanish Governor Polavieja military tribunal summoned Rizal to appear before him The verdict stated the found Rizal guilty beyond (Nov. 20, 1896) reasonable doubt and therefore should be condemned to Two kinds of evidences presented by Olive to Rizal; death by firing squad o documentary and testimonial Held at military tribunal Documentary, includes the letters of Antonio Luna, MH Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses against him del Pilar, the poems, transcripts speeches of Emilio nor his counsel to cross-examine then Jacinto and Jose Santiago testimonial, includes oral statements of people who had Rizal’s Defense been associated with him 1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio The Arraignment of Rizal Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution 2. The revolutionists used my name without my knowledge. Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother of Jose If I were guilty, I could have escaped from Singapore. Taviel de Andrade who was his bodyguard during his six- 3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could have month stay in Calamba four years ago (1892) escaped Dapitan and should have not built a house there. He was accused of the complex crime of rebellion as he 4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did they not was the principal organizer and the living soul of the consult me on their plans? insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals and 5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the books dedicated to the fomenting and propagating the Association Hispano-Filipino ideas of rebellion 6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in the Rizal’s Death Philippines. Serrano had a higher degree than I had. If I were the head, since when does an officer permit himself The verdict of death sentence was read to Rizal on to be promoted to a captain general? December 29, 1896. 7. The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural death after Rizal refused to sign it owing to his innocence and my banishment to Dapitan. objection to his being labeled as a Chinese mestizo, later 8. if the La Liga was re-organized nine month later, I was he affixed his signature as law required it. totally unaware of it. The last 24 hours spent on writing and accommodating 9. It was true that I wrote statutes of the La Liga. The La Liga, visitors especially his family however, is a civic association whose purposes are unity Rizal asked Doña Teodora to secure the permission of the and development of commerce and industry. authorities for his family to bury his dead body 10. While it was true that there were some bitter statements He gave a wicker chair to Narcisa in my letters, it was because they were written when my He gave handkerchief to her niece, Angelica family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of their He gave the alcohol burner to Trinidad (contained a copy houses and lands; and my brother and brother-in-law of a poem, the Mi Ultimo Adios) were rusticated without due process of law Rizal gave Josephine Bracken the book of Thomas 11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one of Kemphis’ Imitation of Christ my speeches at the houses of Doroteo Ongjungco, as alleged by the witnesses whom I would like to confront. My The Last Walk friends knew very well about my vehement opposition to Rizal sported a black suit and vest with a black hat an armed rebellion. His arms were tied behind his back 12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me in Accompanied by Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Fr. March, Fr. Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me? Because those Villaclara and the platoon of Spanish soldiers who knew me were cognizant that I would never sanction A crowd of Filipinos and foreigners was able to inch to the any violent movement. cordon formed by the Spanish soldiers to take a last 13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as evidenced by glimpse of Rizal my productive activities for the welfare of the people. Even Rizal requested the commander of the cavalry that he be the politico-military commanders and missionary priests shot facing his executioners considering that he was not a could attest to this traitor, the request was denied As the commander shouted fuego, the guns of the firing squad rang out in a row  Rizal slowly turned his back to the firing squad, faced the documentation from eye-witnesses of the events sea and fell to the ground described work of an honest observer The military band played the Marcha de Cadiz, Spain’s first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by a national hymn and muerte a los traidores (death to the layman praised, quoted, and plagiarized, by traitors) was heard all over the place. contemporaries or successors Rizal died, in the morning of Dec. 30, 1896 Filipinos have found it a useful account of the state of their native culture Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios Three purposes for Rizal’s annotation of the Sucesos Longest poem and untitled o Awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos of o Poem for farewell their glorious or dignified ways of the past; o Appeal to the Filipinos not to forget him o Correct what has been distorted and falsified o Rizal’s last will and testament about the Philippines prior to Spanish conquest; Rizal’s autobiography and It was published in La Independencia o Prove that the Filipinos were civilized, even before For Osias (1972), the poem depicts Rizal, the supreme the coming of the Spaniards patriot Rizal painstakingly read historical accounts about the An epic poem expressive of idealism, morality and Philippines as written by Pigafetta, Chirino and other spirituality Spanish chroniclers and historians. He even went to the extent of searching for historical Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas materials as the Bibliothèque National in Paris. Filipinas: Rizal’s View of Philippine History and it was Morga’s Sucesos that appealed to Rizal since Historiography according to him, it was the best account of the 16th century culture of the Filipinos. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Rizal spent 4 months for research and writing and 1 year Rizal, on his travels, familiarized himself with each to have his manuscript printed. Ferdinand Blumentritt country's history, customs, ways of life and language. He wrote the preface of the annotation. held the common sense belief that learning a people's The salient points emphasized by Blumentritt were the language "will open the treasures of a country, that is, the following: knowledge, the learning" and "its own way of thinking o That the Spaniards have to correct their erroneous based on personal experiences conception of the Filipinos as children of limited intelligence:  o That Rizal’s comments on Spanish government o That the people of the Philippines had a culture of were unique as they were given from the point of their own before the coming of the Spaniards; view of the victims of colonialism; o That the Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, o That there existed 3 kinds of Spanish delusions exploited and ruined by Spanish colonization; about the Philippines: o The present state of the Philippines was not ▪ that the Filipinos were an inferior race; necessarily superior to its past. ▪ that the Filipinos were not ready for Dr. Antonio de Morga parliamentary representation and other reforms; and Spanish lawyer and historian ▪ that denial of equal rights can be Written while serving the country as lieutenant governor compensated by strict dispensation of (1593) based on his observation, documentary research justice and personal experiences o That Spain had to learn Philippine realities from Rizal's intent was to present to them their own authentic Rizal’s new edition of Morga’s Sucesos; and culture and identity That if Spanish authorities will not listen to the Filipinos, For Rizal, de Morga’s Sucesos was; the Philippines will be lost through their own fault o the best of the many histories of the Philippines Has 8 chapters about the events in the Philippines written by the early Spanish writer, Islands. o being accurate in the narrations of events, 1 st to 7th chapters tells about the political events of the o unbiased in judgment and unmarred by childish country during the colonial period from 11 Governor- fantasies Generals started from Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi (1565- 1572) to Pedro Bravo de Acuña (1602-1606) Rizal’s View on Philippine History The 8th chapter focused on customs and usages of the Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before Filipinos the advent of Spain Published in Mexico (1609) Rizal offered the annotated Sucesos to the Filipinos with His notes were of 3 categories, namely; the wise counsel that “to foretell the destiny of a nation, it o Anti-clerical is necessary to open a book that tells of her past” o Sociological o Historical There were 3 main propositions in Rizal’s new edition of Morga’s Sucesos Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas: Filipino Culture and Civilization In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were civilized before the advent of Spain. They had: o Clothes o Government o Laws o Writings o Literature o Religion o Arts o Science o Commerce with neighboring Asian county Rizal and Morga’s view in Filipino Culture Morga Rizal Geography Philippines was deserted and uninhabited The Philippines was not deserted and was actually habitable. Tribes Violent and not safe They will always choose violence until the government enters because of their in humane ways as answers to those who do not submit to the friars. Fascinated with the social organization of Emphasized that native women unlike their the natives. He described origins, European counterparts never lost their noble differences, privilege of social classes, titles. In marriage, it was the groom who gave upward and downward mobility, inheritance the bride’s parents a dowry because they were of possessions and titles. losing a precious daughter. Government Critical of the system of government “existed “Why should the communities be beholden to one because there were no powerful figure that ruled leader who didn’t even live among them and was not over myriad communities, most of them coastal, familiar with their needs and problems? How could he each with its own set of leaders  have solved disputes, measure justice, implement policies if he didn’t even live in the community? Tradition & Dress worn by natives of Luzon Men; clothes A wrong phonetic translation had been made of lifestyle made of cangan fabric without collar, sewn chinina the word tinina (from tina) which in in front with short sleeves extending down to Tagalog means dyed. Bahag which is “rich beyond the waist, some blue and some colored cloth and white often with gold stripes” black, while the headmen used red called is the cloth among the chiefs chininas and a colored blanket wrapped around the waist and between the legs, in Rather than the bark it is the body itself of a order to cover their private parts In the shrub that is crushed but not cooked. It middle of the waist they wore bahaque the mentioned that gogo is use in mines and legs being bare and feet also bare, the head washing clothes and not its common use which uncovered with a narrow kerchief tied is for washing the hair. around it tightly over the forehead and temples called potong Both men and women dyed their hair with black and they shampoo it with the boiled bark of the tree called gogo. Religion Catholicism did not only free the poor class from the tyranny of the oppressor but with its coming to the Philippines it increased the number of tyrants Superstitious They made prayers and offered ceremonies ordinary and are rich people and well dressed and beliefs to their idols in behalf of their sick people adorned with jewels, but they were not honored or they believed in omens and superstitions esteemed because they considered them loafers who which the devil inspired them to do, so that lived by the sweat of their fellowmen they could tell whether their sick persons would live or die. Filipinos eat salty fish that rots and has a It is bagoong, a way of preservation. foul odor. Not all inhabitants of the country are Roman The Roman Catholic is a Christian religion Catholic, there are tribe in Mindanao which Spain did not successfully colonized. Rizal’s Family Lucia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) Francisco Mercado the fifth child in the Rizal family Father of Rizal Maria Alonso Mercado Riza Cabeza de Barangay nickname was “Biang” Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Mother of rizal national hero First teacher seventh child Accused of poisoning her brother’s wife CONCEPCION RIZAL: The Hero's First Grief Saturnina Rizal Mercado de Hidalgo Also called ‘Concha’ Known as Neneng Died at the age of 3 Eldest daughter Josefa Rizal Paciano Alonso Mercado Ninth child known as “Ciano” Nickname Panggoy older brother and confidant of Jose Riza Praised for nearly mastering English language He joined the Philippine Revolutionary Josefa joined the Katipunan Died because of tuberculosis Trinidad Rizal Narcisa Alonso Rizal (Mercado Known as ‘Trining’ She was the one who looked for and found the unmarked Studying is not her thing grave of Dr. Jose Rizal at the Paco cemetery after his Resided along with her mother in Rizal’s casa cuadrado martyrdom. Soledad Rizal Olimpia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) also called ‘Choleng,’ known as Ypia. youngest child Hereditary Influence Malayan ancestors o inherited his love of freedom, his innate desire to travel, and indomitable courage Chinese ancestors o he inherited his serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children. Spanish ancestors o he got his elegance in bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies. From his father o Being profound sense of self-respect, the love for work, and the habit of independent of thinking From his mother o being religious in nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice and the passion for arts and literature