Rizal's Life & Works Key Pointers PDF

***Key Pointers*** **Rizal's Life & Works** **BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT** **Instructor: Ms. Robee Marinell M. Hernandez, RPm** **Batas Rizal: Republic Act 1425** **(Also known as Rizal Law)** - **Senator Claro M. Recto: Proponent of the Rizal Bill, Author of the law** -...

***Key Pointers*** **Rizal's Life & Works** **BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT** **Instructor: Ms. Robee Marinell M. Hernandez, RPm** **Batas Rizal: Republic Act 1425** **(Also known as Rizal Law)** - **Senator Claro M. Recto: Proponent of the Rizal Bill, Author of the law** - **Jose P. Laurel II: Co-author of the law** - **President Ramon Magsaysay: Signed the law on June 12, 1956;** coinciding with the 58th Anniversary of Rizal's Execution **"An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof and for other purposes."** **Rizal Law aims to accomplish the ff. Goals:** 1. *Rededicate* the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died. 2. To Pay *tribute* to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino character. 3. To gain an inspiring source of *patriotism* through the study of Rizal's life, works and writings. Main objective of the law is to instill *Patriotism and Nationalism* among students by requiring the teachings of Rizal's Life, Works and Writings: Particularly Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo **WHY STUDY RIZAL?** - To recognize the importance of Rizal's ideals and teachings in relation to present conditions and situations in the society - To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and personal problems and issues - To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all Rizal fought and died for. - To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship. **His legacy is very important in changing the condition of our present society. It challenges us to be more responsible and braver enough to face challenges by acting on principles that Rizal had strongly spoken and lived.** **Implementation:** The Department of Education was tasked with implementing the provisions of the law in schools and universities across the Philippines. **Controversy:** The passage of Rizal Law sparked debates, particularly among religious groups who were concerned about the secularization of education and themes in Rizal's Writings. **The Philippines in the 19th Century Context** 19th Century Philippines was largely Medieval, although signs of progress or change were noted in certain sectors. Its social and economic structure was based on the old feudalistic patterns of abuse and exploitation of the indio. **Economic** - **Closure of the Galleon Trade (1815) -** Significant shift in the Philippine economy as it allowed local producers to access new markets and encouraged the growth of local industries. - **Opening of the Suez Canal (1869) -** Stimulated the local economy which gave rise to the creation of the middle class (Illustrados and Mestizos). The *shortened route* has also encouraged the illustrados led by Rizal to pursue higher studies abroad and learned liberal and scientific ideas in the universities of Europe. - **Monopolies -** A marketing structure, where in such *government monopolies* on certain products (ex. tobacco), created tension between the colonial administration and the populace. Monopolies resulted in *corruption and exploitation,* prompting the call for reformation and economic justice. - **Rise of the Export crop Economy -** Shift towards an export-oriented economy led to the cultivation of cash crops, transforming agricultural practices. - ***Hacenderos*** - or wealthy landowners benefitted, leading to a more stratified society and the emergence of a new middle class. **Social** - **Education** - Reforms are observed, with the *introduction of secular and public schooling.* This increased literacy rate and fostered a new generation of educated Filipinos (Illustrados) who were instrumental in advocating for social and political reforms. - **Rise of the Chinese Mestizo** - Mestizo class, particularly those of *Chinese descent,* gained prominence in commerce society. - **Rise of the Inquilino System -** *Tenancy;* emerged as a response to land ownership issues. Struggles of the tenant farmers contributed to broader social movements. - **Partners -** It was the friars who are entrusted by absentee landowners; acted as a middleman who collects lease from the tenants. - **Friars Abuse** - Given the entrusted power, Friars added or increased taxes (lease), tribute and demanded forced labor and personal services. **Political** - **Liberalism** - Spread of liberal ideas from Europe, emphasizing individual rights and reforms, influenced Filipino intellectuals. - This fueled laying groundwork for movements such as *Propaganda.* - **Impact of Bourbon Reforms** - A reformation that aims to modernize the colonial administration - **Cadiz Constitution** - Introduced progressive ideas of governance and civil rights; this was not fully implemented in the Philippines. **Rizal's Life: Family, Childhood & Early** **Education** **During Rizal's Birth, it was said that the birth process was not easy. And this is due to *the size of his head being too big for a new born child.* Fortunately, Rizal and his Mother survived.** **Born:** June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna - **Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda** - His full name - **Pepe** - Nickname; Associated with St. Joseph's - **Jose Protacio -** given name associated with (Jose) St. Joseph; as his mother was a Devotee of the mentioned saint. - **Rizal (or Ricial)** - Spanish word that means *Green Fields.* - **Mercado -** *Market;* adopted surname in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (Great great grandfather) - ***Y** - "and',* Serves as extension to "include" - **Alonso** - Old surname of the Mother - **Realonda** - Surname used from her God mother based on cultural practice **Claveria Decree -** System established specifically for tax collection. Families are given the opportunity to choose a surname to adapt. This was through the *Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos.* **The Mercado Family** - **Jose Rizal was seventh among the siblings. 2 Boys, 9 girls.** - **Doña Teodora or Teodora Alonso Realonda:** A remarkable woman who shaped the destinies of her children. Left a legacy through the power of a mother. - She is recognized as the first educator of Jose Rizal, instilling love in education, reading, writing and even practice praying, values of discipline, justice and compassion. - **Don Kiko or Francisco Mercado:** Instilled hard work and independent-minded man, and was looked up upon by Rizal as '*model of fathers*" - **Paciano-** Older Brother, father-figure for Rizal - **Concepcion** - Also known as Concha, died of sickness at the age 3. Her death was Rizal's first sorrow in life. **Influences on the Hero's Boyhood** - **"Tio" Uncle Jose Alberto -** Studied eleven years in a British school in Calcutta, India and traveled in Europe. He inspired Rizal to develop his *artistic ability.* - **"Tio" Uncle Manuel** - A athletic man, who encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of *physical exercises.* - **"Tio" Uncle Gregorio** - A book lover, intensified Rrizal's voracious *reading of good books.* **Early Education** - **First teacher was his mother.** - **Leon Monroy** - A former classmate of Rizal's father, and was his instructor in *Spanish and Latin.* He died 5 months later. Rizal then was instructed to leave Calamba for Biñan, accompanied by Paciano: This was to continue formal studies. - **Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz** - Rizal's first teacher in a private school in Biñan. - Rizal described his teacher as: Thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body slightly bent forward. - **Pedro** - The teacher's son which Rizal challenged to a fight. **Martyrdom of GOMBURZA** Night of January 20, 1872 - About 200 soldiers and workmen of ***Cavite Arsenal*** under the leadership of *Lamadrid,* Filipino sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges. **Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora -** Executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872 by order of *Governor General Izquierdo.* This truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. He then dedicated his second novel, *El Filibusterismo* to Gom-Bur-Za. **Injustice to the Hero's Mother** - **Malicious charge** was given to Doña Teodora because of allegedly having herself and her brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter's perfidious wife. - **50 Kilometers** - Doña Teodora was forced to walk from *Calamba to Santa Cruz.* - Doña Teodora was incarcerated at provincial prison, where she languished for *two years and a half.* - **Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan** - The most famous lawyers of Manila that defended Doña Teodora. This event also opened Rizal's eyes about the injustice and reality of the world. **Higher Education & Life Abroad** **Escuela Pia \>\> Ateneo Municipal \>\> Ateneo de Manila** **June 10, 1872** - Rizal was accompanied by Paciano to Manila for his studies. **Father Magin Ferrando** - College Registrar, who refused Rizal's admission in Ateneo for: *Late registration & Sickly and undersized for his age.* **Manuel Xerez Burgos** - Because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was then admitted at the Ateneo. Jose Rizal himself was the first in his family to adopt the surname "Rizal", specifically registering this name at Ateneo because their family name "Mercado" had come under some suspicions of the Spanish authorities. **Jesuit System Education:** Trains the students by rigid discipline and through religious instructions. **Student are divided to 2 groups:** - **Roman Empire:** Internos (boarders); Red banner - **Carthaginian Empire:** Externos (boarders); Blue banner **Dignitaries (Ranking)** 1. **Emperor -** First best student (each empire) 2. **Tribune -** The Second best 3. **Decurion** - The Third best 4. **Centurion** - The Fourth best 5. **Stand-bearer** - The Fifth best **First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873)** - **A religious picture** - Rizal's first price for being the best student in the whole class. - **Santa Isabel College** - During noon recesses, Rizal took private class lessons to improve his *Spanish,* he paid three pesos fee. - **Summer vacation at Calamba,** and when he returned to Manila for his second year, he was boarded inside Intramuros with the landlady named DoñaPepay. **Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)** At the end of the school year he received excellent grades in all subjects and got a gold medal. It was evident that he was trying to get back the ranking of "Emperor" again. - During vacation in Calamba, he talked with Doña Teodora about his achievements and the anecdotes of his professors. - Doña Teodora herself talked about a dream she had while she was in jail. Which was interpreted by Rizal confidently that Doña Teodora will soon be released. He was fond of reading books during the summer vacation and found interest in the following: 1. **The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas** - it talks about a man who seeks revenge; which pepe relates the suffering of his mother's imprisonment. 2. **Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor** - a german-scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines. Rizal was impressed in this book because (1) Dr. Jagor has careful observations of the problems caused by the spanish colonizations and (2) his prophecy/prediction that someday Spain would lose control over the Philippines and that America would become the new colonizer. **Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875)** - Doña Teodora happily told Rizal about being released from jail like the prediction of her dream. **In his Studies**: Rizal still had difficulties in Spanish, but was able to get high grades; *Sobresaliente.* He was upset because he only had one gold medal which was for Latin. And for him, he could've gotten one for the Spanish medal too if only he did not make a mistake due to *lack of proficiency.* Which result to his classmate having the medal instead; who happens to be a "kastila" \*\*Natural - **Summer vacation 1875:** Rizal remains disappointed about himself. **Fourth Year in Ateneo ( 1875-1876)** - **Father Fransico de Paula Sanchez:** Favorite teacher, Spanish Jesuit Priest. *Subjects: Rhetoric, Greek and Geometry* It was said that Rizal had not mentioned Father Sanchez in his early records in his memoir but he was already one of Rizal's teachers. He inspired Rizal in Poetry and recognized his improvements in Spanish Language. *Reason: Unsatisfied and unhappy with previous experiences at the Ateneo, including his parents was unhappy causing him to be placed in boarding houses (Intrenos; 1875)* **IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882 - 1885)** This was after 4 years of studying in the University of Santo Tomas (UST); Medical Course. Rizal then decided to complete his studies in Spain. *Reason:* Continuous blindness of his mother. Also: *"Secret mission";* which was to observe the life and culture including the government and law of the European nations. This is to prepare for a task of liberating oppressed people from spanish tyranny. - **May 3, 1882** - He secretly left the Philippines; it was only Paciano, 2 sisters and some friends who knew about his departure. - **SS. Salvador (Spanish Streamer)** - **Paciano:** He did everything to keep Rizal's departure a secret from spanish authorities and friars. Rizal's journey took as long as he needed to go to several countries; such as Sri Lanka, Italy, Singapore, France. **Barcelona:** Rizal arrived on June 16,1882 after a month and a half of travel. **Madrid:** It was Paciano's instructions and advise that Rizal has to finish medicine in Madrid (Through a letter on May 26,1882) **Laong Laan "*ever prepared"*** *-* pen-name - First essay when in spain's soil was published by Diariong Tagalog on Aug. 20, 1882; "El Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) - Doña Teodora opposed, as Spanish authorities were alerted. Rizal then stopped writing for his safety. **Life in Madrid (Nutshell)** - **Nov. 3, 1882:** Enrolled in ***Universidad Central de Madrid.*** - **Two courses: Medicine, Philosophy and Letters** - **Academy of San Carlos: Painting, Sculpture** - **Academia de Bella Artes de San Fernando: Drawing** **First visit to Paris (1883)** - During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris, gay capital of France - The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and transportation were too high for Rizal's purse so that he commented in a letter to his family: ***"Paris is the costliest capital in Europe."*** **Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin (1887)** The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal's darkest winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. - The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons: - \(1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, *Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887* **First Homecoming (1887-1888)** - Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the friars, Rizal was warned by Paciano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio) and other friends not to return home. - Rizal was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons: a. to operate on his mother's eyes b. to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants c. to find out for himself how Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines and d. to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent July 29, 1887- Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his homecoming, "*on the 15th of July, I shall* *embark for our country, so that from the 15th to the 30th of August, we shall see each other"* **HAPPY HOMECOMING** ** ** August 8, 1887- Rizal returned to Calamba In Calamba, Rizal *established a medical clinic*. His *first patient was his mother*, who was almost blind. Rizal, who came to be called "Doctor Uliman" because he came from Germany, treated their ailments & soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice. Rizal opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba---his failure to see Leonor Rivera **Exile, Trial & Death** - Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to *Fort Santiago* by *Ramon Despujol;* nephew and aide of Governor General Despujol **Exile in Dapitan (1892-1896)** - Rizal lived in exile far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896 - Rizal *practiced medicine,* pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted developments projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce **COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN** ** ** When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people \(1) Constructing the town's first water system \(2) Draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan \(3) Equip the town with its lighting system---this lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps placed in the dark streets of Dapitan \(4) Beautification of Dapitan---remodeled the town plaza in order to enhance its beauty **Rizal and the Katipunan** - **Andres Bonifacio-** the **"Great Plebeian",** sowing the seeds of an armed uprising---the secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892 - May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called *Bitukang Manok* near the town of Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, *in order to inform Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom's sake* - **Rizal *objected* to Bonifacio's audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution** because he was of sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: a. the people are not ready for a revolution b. arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution **LAST TRIP ABROAD (1896)** - No longer an exile, Rizal had a pleasant trip from Dapitan to Manila, with delightful stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon. **OUTBREAK OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION** August 19, 1896- the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo August 26, 1896- the *"Cry of Balintawak"* which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros. Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles around Manila through the newspapers he read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons: 1. the violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property had started, 2. it would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots **Last Homecoming and Trial** - Rizal's homecoming in 1896, the last in his life, was his saddest return to his beloved native land. He knew he was facing the supreme test, which might mean the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid - The trial that was held shortly after Rizal's homecoming was one of history's mockeries of justice - November 20, 1896- the preliminary investigation on Rizal began - Colonel Francisco Olive-the judge advocate - Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal, namely *documentary and testimonial.* The documentary evidence consisted of *fifteen exhibits.* **Rizal was accused of being "the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection,** **the founder of societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of** **rebellion."** - December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote the *Manifesto to His People* in his prison cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and industry - December 25, 1896- a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on earth, was the saddest in Rizal's life - December 26, 1896- at 8:00am, the court-martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de España - Lt. Col. Togores Arjona- considered the trial over and ordered the hall cleared. After a short deliberation, the military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death. - December 28, 1896- Polavieja approved the decision of the court-martial and ordered *Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta)* **MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN** - After the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with destiny - During his last 24 hours on earth---from 6:00am December 29 to 6:00am December 30, 1896---he was busy meeting visitors - Santiago Mataix- Spanish newspaper correspondent - Pearl of the Orient Sea- Rizal called the Philippines - Pearl of the Orient- Rizal's last poem in an article entitled "Unfortunate Philippines" published in The Hong Kong Telegraph on September 24, 1892 **WHY IS RIZAL OUR GREATEST NATIONAL HERO?** 1. Rizal is our greatest hero because, as a towering figure in the Propaganda Campaign, he took an "admirable part" in that movement which roughly covered the period from 1882-1896 2. Rizal's writings contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino nationality 3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino has yet been born who could equal or surpass Rizal as "a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering." 4. He is *"a man honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to mankind"* **WHO MADE RIZAL THE FOREMOST NATIONAL HERO OF THE PHILIPPINES?** - No single person or groups of persons were responsible for making the Greatest Malayan the Number One Hero of his people. Rizal himself, his own people, and the foreigners all together contributed to make him the greatest hero and martyr of his people. No amount of adulation and canonization by both Filipinos and foreigners could convert Rizal into a great hero if he did not possess in himself what Palma calls "*excellent qualities and merits"*