Human A&P I Exam 4 Learning Objectives Fall 2024 PDF

Learning Objectives for Exam 4 Human A&P I Fall 2024 Engel Exam date is Tuesday, December 10 at 1–3 pm (NOT at noon). The exam covers Lectures 21–26. It is not a cumulative final exam, but it does build on information learned earlier in the course. Remember I will...

Learning Objectives for Exam 4 Human A&P I Fall 2024 Engel Exam date is Tuesday, December 10 at 1–3 pm (NOT at noon). The exam covers Lectures 21–26. It is not a cumulative final exam, but it does build on information learned earlier in the course. Remember I will modify some Checkpoint questions and end-of-chapter Review questions from the textbook to use for the exam. Brain Objectives – be able to: identify the major parts of the brain and list their main functions identify the lobes and major regions of the cerebral cortex, and list their functions electroencephalogram: put the waves in order from highest to lowest frequency tell which mental state each wave is most associated with Motor Control and Descending Spinal Pathways Objectives – be able to: define upper and lower motor neuron define decussation describe the motor homunculus (the map of the body) on the primary motor cortex summarize the functions of the corticospinal, medial, and lateral motor pathways describe the roles of the basal nuclei and cerebellum in movements controlled by the motor cortex The General Senses and Ascending Spinal Pathways Objectives – be able to: describe the ascending sensory pathways (tracts through the spinal cord) define nociceptor, thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, and chemoreceptor classify tactile skin receptors by depth in the skin, size of receptive field, and rate of adaptation tell where 3 types of proprioceptors that give information about joint position are located describe the sensory homunculus (the map of the body) on the somatosensory cortex explain approaches to analgesia (including gate control theory, discussed in lecture but not the book) tell about referred pain 1 Sensory Systems: Common Characteristics Objectives – be able to describe these aspects of sensory coding: sensory transduction: tell how a receptor potential (or generator potential) is triggered by a sensory stimulus sensory modality (a “modality” is a class of sensation, such as “auditory” or “visual”): receptor specificity labeled line stimulus localization: receptive fields cortical topographic mapping (for example, the somatosensory homunculus) coding of stimulus intensity: graded receptor potentials frequency of action potentials (we will use the term “frequency coding”) timing (duration and fluctuation of stimulus strength): adaptation: phasic vs. tonic receptors what information each of these types (phasic or tonic) can convey best Olfaction Objectives – be able to: describe the olfactory epithelium, including olfactory receptor cells and their replacement describe olfactory transduction: the match between an odorant and its specific olfactory receptor protein the second-messenger pathway that links the receptor protein to channels opening explain the principles of discriminating or identifying odors: a scent in nature is a cocktail of odorants that triggers a unique subset of olfactory receptors our brain interprets action potentials from that set of receptors as representing a particular smell Gustation Objectives – be able to: describe the structure of taste buds within lingual papillae (including replacement of gustatory cells) explain gustatory discrimination: 5 primary tastes and kinds of chemical that produce each taste 2 Vision Objectives – be able to: describe structures of the eye itself in Figure 17-5 describe the circulation of aqueous humor, and tell the basis of glaucoma explain accommodation (focusing) which shape of lens focuses a close or distant object’s image onto the retina how the ciliary muscle changes the shape of the lens abnormalities in focusing define the terms for common focusing problems describe how they are corrected with lenses explain the process of phototransduction how light triggers a hyperpolarizing receptor potential bleaching and restoring photopigments list processes of light and dark adaptation tell how pupil diameter is controlled by the ANS compare rods and cones: distribution in retina, acuity, light sensitivity, and color discrimination explain the trichromacy theory of color vision (based on 3 types of cones with different spectra) describe visual pathways in the CNS, including how decussation occurs tell how depth perception is accomplished Hair Cells (mechanoreceptors for both Equilibrium and Audition) Objectives – be able to: draw the receptor potential that would result with each direction of stereocilia movement predict the change of action potential frequency in an auditory neuron as its hair cell is stimulated Equilibrium Objectives – be able to: explain how the maculae give information about head tilt or movement (static equilibrium) explain how the semicircular ducts give information about head rotation (dynamic equilibrium) describe pathways for equilibrium in the CNS Hearing Objectives – be able to: describe how sound moves through the outer and middle ear tell how muscles in the middle ear can protect the inner ear explain how fluid waves in the cochlea cause side-to-side movements of the hair cell stereocilia tell how frequency is detected in the cochlea explain the two main ways a sound is localized by comparing sound at the two ears 3