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Questions and Answers

What is the function of nociceptors?

Respond to chemical stimuli in the environment

Detect pain stimuli (correct)

Sense mechanical pressure or distortion

Detect changes in temperature

Which wave of an electroencephalogram (EEG) is associated with deep sleep?

Beta waves

Theta waves

Delta waves (correct)

Alpha waves

What is the primary function of the basal nuclei in movement control?

Coordination of voluntary movements

Regulating muscle tone and posture (correct)

Transmitting motor signals to muscles

Initiating movement

Which sensory modality is associated with the labeled line theory?

Somatosensory sensations Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating balance and movement?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the cerebral cortex is the sensory homunculus located?

Parietal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the crossing over of motor signals from one side of the body to the other in the central nervous system?

Decussation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor responds to changes in pressure or mechanical distortion?

Mechanoreceptor Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are primarily responsible for detecting odors in the olfactory epithelium?

Olfactory receptor cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the opening of channels linked to a specific olfactory receptor protein?

Olfactory transduction Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain interpret action potentials from olfactory receptors?

As representing a particular smell Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary types of taste understood in gustation?

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ciliary muscle in the eye?

To focus the lens for near or distant vision Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain detect different frequencies of sound?

Through fluid wave movements in the cochlea Signup and view all the answers

What role does the maculae play in the vestibular system?

Providing information about head tilt and static equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

In the visual pathway, what process occurs at the optic chiasm?

Decussation of visual signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hair cells in the auditory system?

Responding to mechanical movement of sound waves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is primarily involved in focusing light onto the retina?

Lens and cornea together Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 4 Learning Objectives

Exam date: Tuesday, December 10th, 1-3 PM
Exam covers lectures 21-26
Not a cumulative exam, but builds on earlier material
Textbook checkpoint and review questions will be modified for the exam

Brain

Objectives: Identify major brain parts and functions, cerebral cortex lobes/regions and functions, different EEG wave frequencies and associated mental states

Motor Control and Descending Spinal Pathways

Objectives: Define upper and lower motor neurons, decussation, motor homunculus, corticospinal, medial, and lateral motor pathways, basal nuclei and cerebellum's role in movement.

General Senses and Ascending Spinal Pathways

Objectives: Describe ascending sensory pathways (tracts), definitions of nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, tactile skin receptor classifications by depth, receptive field size, and adaptation rate. Location of 3 proprioceptor types, sensory homunculus (somatosensory cortex), approaches to analgesia (gate control theory), and referred pain.

Sensory Systems: Common Characteristics

Objectives: Sensory transduction, sensory modality (auditory/visual), receptor specificity (labeled lines), stimulus localization (receptive fields), cortical topographic mapping (somatosensory homunculus), coding of stimulus intensity (graded receptor potentials, frequency coding), timing, and adaptation (phasic vs. tonic receptors).

Olfaction

Objectives: Olfactory epithelium (including receptor cells and replacement), olfactory transduction, odorant-receptor matching, second-messenger pathways, odor discrimination (cocktail of odorants, interpreting action potentials).

Gustation

Objectives: Taste buds, lingual papillae (gustatory cell replacement), gustatory discrimination (5 primary tastes, chemical triggers).

Vision

Objectives: Eye structure (Figure 17-5), aqueous humor circulation (glaucoma), accommodation (lens shape changes), phototransduction, process of bleaching and restoring photopigments, pupil diameter control by ANS, rods/cones comparison (distribution, acuity, sensitivity, color discrimination), trichromacy theory, visual pathways in CNS (decussation), depth perception.

Hair Cells (Equilibrium & Audition)

Objectives: Receptor potential drawing with stereocilia movement, action potential frequency prediction in auditory neurons, hair cell stimulation.

Equilibrium

Objectives: Static equilibrium (maculae), dynamic equilibrium (semicircular ducts), pathways for equilibrium in the CNS.

Hearing

Objectives: Sound pathway through outer and middle ear, middle ear muscle protection, fluid waves in cochlea, hair cell stereocilia movements, frequency detection, sound localization methods.