Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of nociceptors?
What is the function of nociceptors?
- Respond to chemical stimuli in the environment
- Detect pain stimuli (correct)
- Sense mechanical pressure or distortion
- Detect changes in temperature
Which wave of an electroencephalogram (EEG) is associated with deep sleep?
Which wave of an electroencephalogram (EEG) is associated with deep sleep?
- Beta waves
- Theta waves
- Delta waves (correct)
- Alpha waves
What is the primary function of the basal nuclei in movement control?
What is the primary function of the basal nuclei in movement control?
- Coordination of voluntary movements
- Regulating muscle tone and posture (correct)
- Transmitting motor signals to muscles
- Initiating movement
Which sensory modality is associated with the labeled line theory?
Which sensory modality is associated with the labeled line theory?
What structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating balance and movement?
What structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating balance and movement?
In which region of the cerebral cortex is the sensory homunculus located?
In which region of the cerebral cortex is the sensory homunculus located?
What term describes the crossing over of motor signals from one side of the body to the other in the central nervous system?
What term describes the crossing over of motor signals from one side of the body to the other in the central nervous system?
Which type of receptor responds to changes in pressure or mechanical distortion?
Which type of receptor responds to changes in pressure or mechanical distortion?
What type of receptors are primarily responsible for detecting odors in the olfactory epithelium?
What type of receptors are primarily responsible for detecting odors in the olfactory epithelium?
Which process involves the opening of channels linked to a specific olfactory receptor protein?
Which process involves the opening of channels linked to a specific olfactory receptor protein?
How does the brain interpret action potentials from olfactory receptors?
How does the brain interpret action potentials from olfactory receptors?
What are the primary types of taste understood in gustation?
What are the primary types of taste understood in gustation?
What is the main function of the ciliary muscle in the eye?
What is the main function of the ciliary muscle in the eye?
How does the brain detect different frequencies of sound?
How does the brain detect different frequencies of sound?
What role does the maculae play in the vestibular system?
What role does the maculae play in the vestibular system?
In the visual pathway, what process occurs at the optic chiasm?
In the visual pathway, what process occurs at the optic chiasm?
What is the primary function of hair cells in the auditory system?
What is the primary function of hair cells in the auditory system?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in focusing light onto the retina?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in focusing light onto the retina?
Flashcards
Upper Motor Neuron
Upper Motor Neuron
A neuron in the CNS that controls the lower motor neuron
Lower Motor Neuron
Lower Motor Neuron
A neuron in the PNS that directly innervates a muscle fiber
Decussation
Decussation
The crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the CNS to the other
Motor Homunculus
Motor Homunculus
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Sensory Transduction
Sensory Transduction
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Receptor Specificity
Receptor Specificity
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Receptive Field
Receptive Field
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Sensory Modality
Sensory Modality
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Tonic Receptors
Tonic Receptors
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Olfactory Receptors
Olfactory Receptors
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Olfactory Transduction
Olfactory Transduction
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Gustatory Discrimination
Gustatory Discrimination
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Accommodation (Focusing)
Accommodation (Focusing)
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Phototransduction
Phototransduction
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Rods and Cones
Rods and Cones
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Trichromacy Theory
Trichromacy Theory
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Hair Cells (mechanoreceptors)
Hair Cells (mechanoreceptors)
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium
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Study Notes
Exam 4 Learning Objectives
- Exam date: Tuesday, December 10th, 1-3 PM
- Exam covers lectures 21-26
- Not a cumulative exam, but builds on earlier material
- Textbook checkpoint and review questions will be modified for the exam
Brain
- Objectives: Identify major brain parts and functions, cerebral cortex lobes/regions and functions, different EEG wave frequencies and associated mental states
Motor Control and Descending Spinal Pathways
- Objectives: Define upper and lower motor neurons, decussation, motor homunculus, corticospinal, medial, and lateral motor pathways, basal nuclei and cerebellum's role in movement.
General Senses and Ascending Spinal Pathways
- Objectives: Describe ascending sensory pathways (tracts), definitions of nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, tactile skin receptor classifications by depth, receptive field size, and adaptation rate. Location of 3 proprioceptor types, sensory homunculus (somatosensory cortex), approaches to analgesia (gate control theory), and referred pain.
Sensory Systems: Common Characteristics
- Objectives: Sensory transduction, sensory modality (auditory/visual), receptor specificity (labeled lines), stimulus localization (receptive fields), cortical topographic mapping (somatosensory homunculus), coding of stimulus intensity (graded receptor potentials, frequency coding), timing, and adaptation (phasic vs. tonic receptors).
Olfaction
- Objectives: Olfactory epithelium (including receptor cells and replacement), olfactory transduction, odorant-receptor matching, second-messenger pathways, odor discrimination (cocktail of odorants, interpreting action potentials).
Gustation
- Objectives: Taste buds, lingual papillae (gustatory cell replacement), gustatory discrimination (5 primary tastes, chemical triggers).
Vision
- Objectives: Eye structure (Figure 17-5), aqueous humor circulation (glaucoma), accommodation (lens shape changes), phototransduction, process of bleaching and restoring photopigments, pupil diameter control by ANS, rods/cones comparison (distribution, acuity, sensitivity, color discrimination), trichromacy theory, visual pathways in CNS (decussation), depth perception.
Hair Cells (Equilibrium & Audition)
- Objectives: Receptor potential drawing with stereocilia movement, action potential frequency prediction in auditory neurons, hair cell stimulation.
Equilibrium
- Objectives: Static equilibrium (maculae), dynamic equilibrium (semicircular ducts), pathways for equilibrium in the CNS.
Hearing
- Objectives: Sound pathway through outer and middle ear, middle ear muscle protection, fluid waves in cochlea, hair cell stereocilia movements, frequency detection, sound localization methods.
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