Living-in-IT-Era_Chapter-2.pdf

Click to edit Master title style Living in the Information Technology Era CHAPTER 2 1 Click to edit Master title style History of Computer: Bas i c Computi ng Peri ods 2 2 Click to History...

Click to edit Master title style Living in the Information Technology Era CHAPTER 2 1 Click to edit Master title style History of Computer: Bas i c Computi ng Peri ods 2 2 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Definition of Computer Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. 3 3 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Three principal characteristics of computer: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. 4 4 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. 5 5 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Usually used to record debt But can also be used to record and document numbers, quantities and messages. 6 6 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. 7 7 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. 8 8 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for - multiplication - division - roots - logarithms – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. 9 9 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. 1010 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Jacquard Loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. 1111 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine. 1212 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. 1313 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. 1414 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. 1515 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Read holes on paper punch cards 1616 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 The first electro-mechanical computer. worked around the clock on military projects, calculating massive mathematical tables 1717 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Z1 The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. 1818 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at lowa State University between 1939 and 1942. 1919 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. 2020 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. was designed as a commercial data-processing computer, intended to replace the punched-card accounting machines of the day. It could read 7,200 decimal digits per second (it did not use binary numbers), making it by far the fastest business machine yet built. 2121 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. 2222 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing The First Portable Computer Osborne 1 - the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. 2323 Click to History edit Master of Computer: Basictitle style Periods Computing The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Later, the company name was changed from Electronic Controls to Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC). 2424 Click to edit Master title style Four Stages of Information Technology Development 2525 ClickStages Four to edit Master title of Information style Technology Development a)Premechanical – The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. b)Mechanical – The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. 2626 ClickStages Four to edit Master title of Information style Technology Development c) Electromechanical – Some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. d) Electronic – The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. 2727  Click to edit Age: Pre-Mechanical Master title 3000 B.C.style – 1450 A.D. 1. Writing and Alphabets- 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in communication. Mesopotamia (what is today Petroglyph - First humans southern Iraq) devised Cuniform. communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2828  Click to edit Age: Pre-Mechanical Master title 3000 B.C.style – 1450 A.D. 2. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. Religious leaders in Scrolls Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" The Egyptians kept scrolls. Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. Papyrus 2929  Click to edit Age: Pre-Mechanical Master title 3000 B.C.style – 1450 A.D. 3. The First Numbering Systems. Egyptian System: o The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a ꓵ or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first numbering systems like those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. 3030  Click to edit Age: Pre-Mechanical Master title 3000 B.C.style – 1450 A.D. 5. The First Calculators: The Abacus. One of the very first information processors. 3131  Click to edit Mechanical Age:Master title style 1450 – 1840 1. The First Information Explosion. Johann Gutenberg – Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. 3232  Click to edit Mechanical Age:Master title style 1450 – 1840 2. Calculating Machine Wilhelm Schickard invented the first mechanical calculator in 1623 that can work with six digits and can carries digits across columns. 3333  Click to edit Mechanical Age:Master title style 1450 – 1840 3. Pascaline The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1642) (made of clock gears and levers) that could solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction. 3434  Click to edit Mechanical Age:Master title style 1450 – 1840 4. Babbage's Engines Charles Babbage – invented the difference engine (1821) and analytical engine (1832). Father of modern computer. 3535  Click to edit Master Eletromechanical title– style Age: 1840 1940 1. Morse Code: 1835 Samuel Morse – conceived of his version of an Electromagnetic Telegraph (Dots and Dashes) 3636  Click to edit Master Eletromechanical title– style Age: 1840 1940 2. Telephone and Radio: 1876 Alexander Graham Bell – developed the first working telephone. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi (pictured at right) became known across the world as the most successful inventor in applying radio waves to human communication in the 1890s. 3737  Click to edit Master Eletromechanical title– style Age: 1840 1940 3. Comptograph: 1885 Dorr Felt – invented first adding and subtracting calculator. Comptograph containing a built-in printer. 3838  Click to edit Master Eletromechanical title– style Age: 1840 1940 4. Punch Card: 1890 Piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. 3939  Click to Age: Electronic edit 1941 Master title style – Present 1. Z1: 1941 Konrad Zuse – Built the first programmable computer called Z3. 2. Mark I: 1942 John von Neumann – Build the first stored program computer. 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires. 3. ABC Computer: 1942 John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC or Atanasoff- Berry Computer. Foundation for advances in electronic digital computers. 4040 Click to edit Master title style Milestone in Computer History 4141  Clickofto History edit Master Computer: titleofstyle Generations Computer There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1946 to 1958 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to Today Fifth generation – Today to future 4242  Clickofto History edit Master Computer: titleofstyle Generations Computer The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions 4343  Clickofto History edit Master Computer: titleofstyle Generations Computer The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. 4444  Clickofto History edit Master Computer: titleofstyle Generations Computer The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. 4545  Clickofto History edit Master Computer: titleofstyle Generations Computer The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. 46 Click to edit Master title style Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives 4747  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Business Store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports. Enable communication with people both within and outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. Can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with customers. 48  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Education Can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. Can be used to access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. Can be used to maintain and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects and assignments. 49  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Healthcare Easier to store and access patient data, complex information can also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. Enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability /to share information on diseases with other medical specialists. 50  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Retail and Trade Can be used to buy and sell products online. Enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences. Can be used for direct trading and advertising, using sites, social media or independent websites. 51  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Government Improve the quality and efficiency of their services. o Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes. 52  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Marketing Enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. T Facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. Can be used to generate social media campaigns. Enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat. 53  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Science Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. Can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data. Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced technology. 54  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Publishing Can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. Include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market publications and track sales. 55  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Arts and Entertainment Can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. Can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create and edit. Can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. Can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. Can be used for playing games. 56  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Communication Real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, News organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. 57  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Banking and Finance Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. Can use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards. Can also use computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed information on customer behavior which is used to streamline marketing. 58  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Transport Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. Can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing mechanical part. Can be used to customize settings for individuals. o Example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures. 59  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Navigation Computer technology has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map, Good idea of amenities and places of interest around you. 60  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Working from Home Working from home and other forms of remote working increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and share information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor workers' productivity remotely. 61  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Military Use for training purposes. Used for analyzing intelligence data. Used to control smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. Work with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. Help tanks and planes to target enemy forces. 62  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Social and Romance Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances, Exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help people to find romance. Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests. 63  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Booking Vacations Can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. Can be used to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers. 64  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Security and Surveillance Increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or criminals in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. Private security systems have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet technology. 65  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Weather Forecasting World's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information. 66  Click to edit Applications of ICT Master title (Computers) style in Our Daily Lives Robotics Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals. 67 Click to edit Master title style End of Chapter 2 6868