Living Environmental Unit 3 Notes (Cell And Cell Transport) PDF

# Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #22: How was the cell theory developed? ### Topic: Cells 1. **Unicellular vs. Multicellular** * Unicellular: made up of one cell * Multicellular: made up of more than one cell. 2. **What are the four characteristics of organ systems/organisms/cell...

# Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #22: How was the cell theory developed? ### Topic: Cells 1. **Unicellular vs. Multicellular** * Unicellular: made up of one cell * Multicellular: made up of more than one cell. 2. **What are the four characteristics of organ systems/organisms/cells?** * Metabolism * Homeostasis * Reproduction 3. **What instrument was vital for scientists to discover and learn more about cells?** * **Light microscope** 4. **What does a light microscope allow you to see?** * Larger parts of a cell: * Cell membrane * Nucleus * Chromosomes 5. A light microscope can magnify objects up to **1000 times**. 6. **What are the accomplishments of the following scientists?** * **1400s**: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek developed *simple light microscopes* that allowed him to examine tiny organisms he called *animalcules*. * **1665**: Robert Hooke: * First compound microscope * First person to use the word "cell". * **1838**: Matthias Schleiden: * All plants are made up of cells. * **1838**: Theodor Schwann: * All animals are made up of cells. * **1858**: Rudolf Virchow: * Cells come from pre-existing cells. 7. **What are the three parts of the cell theory?** 1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function (metabolism). 3. New cells come from pre-existing cells. 8. **What are exceptions to the cell theory?** * Viruses: * Cannot reproduce outside of a cell. * The first cell: * Could not have arisen from a previously existing cell. * Mitochondria and chloroplasts: * Contain genetic information and replicate on their own. 9. **How big are viruses?** * Too small to be seen with a light microscope. * They are smaller than cells. 10. **What instrument allows scientists to see viruses?** * **Electron microscope** 11. **What are four features of an electron microscope?** * Used to view extremely small structures inside cells and viruses. * Utilizes an electron beam instead of a light beam. * Can magnify up to a million times. * Subject must be dead and dry. 12. **Is a virus classified as a living thing? Why?** * **No!** * Not made up of cells. * Cannot reproduce (must invade a host cell). 13. **Let's compare and contrast viruses and bacteria by completing the Venn diagram below.** * **Virus** * Smaller than bacteria * Do not have enough DNA to reproduce * Must invade a host cell * **Bacteria** * Bigger than a virus * Bacteria has lots of DNA blueprints to reproduce * **Both** * Both cause disease * Both contain DNA + enzymes * Virus: discovered by Martinius Beijerinck in 1898. * Bacteria: first discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1670. # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Guided Questions for the Youtube Video "The Wacky History of Cell Theory" 1. **What are the 3 parts to the cell theory (you may need to pause at 0:57)?** * All organisms are composed of one or more cells * The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living organisms * All cells come from pre-existing cells. 2. **About when did the discovery/development of microscopes begin?** * Early 1600s 3. **What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do to instead of buying a microscope?** * Made his own 4. **From where did Leeuwenhoek discover bacteria?** * Gunk on teeth (dental scrapings) 5. **To whom was Leeuwenhoek sending mailing in England?** * Robert Hooke 6. **Why was the term "cell" used in reference to the chambers he observed in the cork?** * Reminded him of rooms monks slept in. 7. **What famous scientist did Robert Hooke ‘lock horns with’?** * Sir Isaac Newton 8. **What did Matthias Schleiden observe?** * Plants 9. **What did Schleiden conclude?** * All plants are made up of cells. 10. **What did Theodore Schwann observe?** * Animals 11. **What did Schwann conclude?** * All animals are made up of cells. 12. **Where did Schleiden think cells came from?** * Free cell formation 13. **Where did Rudolf Virchow say cells came from?** * Cells come from cells. 14. **From who did Virchow "borrow" his ideas?** * Robert Remak # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #23: How are cells classified? ### Topic: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 1. **What are the two main classes of cells?** * Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic 2. **Which types of cells were the first to appear on Earth?** * Prokaryotes 3. **What were some of the conditions on Earth at this time?** * Hot * Little oxygen * Abundant lightning * Volcanic activity 4. **Why do scientists think that prokaryotes were the first life forms on Earth?** * Simple structure. * Their ability to tolerate harsh environments. * Their ability to adapt to changing environments. 5. **What are some features of prokaryotes?** * Prokaryotes have no nucleus! * Have few organelles. * Prokaryotes - bacteria. 6. **What organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?** * Plants, animals, fungi, protists. 7. **What are some features of eukaryotic cells?** * They are more complex * Appeared later on Earth * They have nuclei * They are larger * Have more organelles * Have membrane-bound organelles. 8. **Different cell types: ** * **How are these cells similar?** * **How are they different?** # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #24: How can we describe the structure and function of cell organelles? ### Topic: Eukaryotic Cells 1. **Fill-In the Chart** * Cells * Eukaryotic cells * Animal cell * Plant cell * Prokaryotic cells 2. **What are the mini-structures found inside cells called?** * Organelles - specialized structures in cells that perform important cellular functions. 3. **What are the eight life functions?** * **Nutrition** - obtain and processing of food for energy * **Transport** - absorption and distribution of materials * **Respiration** - converting energy stored in food to a usable form (ATP) * **Excretion** - get rid of metabolic wastes * **Synthesis** - building larger molecules from smaller ones * **Regulation** - control and coordination of life activities * **Growth** - to increase in cell size or cell number * **Reproduction** - producing new individuals 4. **What are the functions of the following organelles?** * **Cell Membrane (AKA Plasma Membrane)** * **Function:** * Barrier to protect the cell * Controls what comes in and out * **Life Function:** * Transport, excretion, regulation * **Cytoplasm** * **Function:** * To protect and support organelles within the cell * Where chemical reactions take place * **Life Function:** * Transport * **Nucleus (the brain)** * **Function:** * Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary material (DNA). * **Life Function:** * Regulation, reproduction * **Nucleolus** * Made up of RNA and protein * Where ribosomes are made * **Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane)** * Selectively permeable membrane around the nucleus * Has pores that allow materials in and out. * **Endoplasmic Reticulum** * **Function:** * Transportation route of materials travel through it. * **Life Function:** * Transport * **Smooth ER** * Makes lipids * **Rough ER (has ribosomes)** * Makes proteins * **Ribosomes** * **Function:** * Site of protein synthesis * Can be found in cytoplasm or on Rough ER * **Life Function:** * Synthesis * **Golgi Body/Golgi Complex/Golgi Apparatus** * **Function:** * Proteins from ER come here * Modifies and packages the proteins, gives them a direction to follow * **Life Function:** * Transport * **Mitochondria (power house of the cell)** * **Function:** * Where cellular respiration occurs * Makes energy (ATP) from food and oxygen * **Life Function:** * Respiration * **Lysosomes** * **Function:** * Contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that can break down nutrients * Also break down dead organelles. * **Life Function:** * Nutrition * **Cytoskeleton** * **Function:** * Internal scaffolding * Keeps cell shape and keeps organelles in their proper places * Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments * **Vacuoles** * **Function:** * Store materials * Many small ones in animal cells and one big one in plant cells * Vesicle - tiny vacuole * **Life Function:** * Excretion * **Centrioles (animals only)** * **Function:** * Involved in animal cell division * Found only in animal cells * **Life Function** * Reproduction * **Chloroplasts (plants only)** * **Function** * Use energy in sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose) - *Photosynthesis* * Contains pigment Chlorophyll (makes plants green) * Found in plant cells! * **Life Function:** * Synthesis, Nutrition * **Cell Wall (plants only)** * **Function:** * Provides support and protection for cell * Found in plant cells. * **Life Function:** * Regulation * **Cilia & Flagella** * **Function:** * Aid in the movement of individual cells * Flagellum - long tail to swim. * Cilia - lots of little ‘hairs’ all over the cell. * Unicellular Organisms. 5. **For Figures 1-6 below, identify whether it is a plant or animal cell and label the unknown organelles for each.** * **Figure 1 - plant** * A: Nucleus * B: Cell membrane * C: Vacuole * D: Chloroplast * **Figure 2 - animal** * 1: Nucleus * 2: Ribosomes * 3: Vacuole * 4: Cell wall * **Figure 3 - plant** * A: Cell membrane * B: Nucleus * C: Ribosome * D: Vacuole * **Figure 4 - animal** * 1: Nucleus * 2: ER * 3: Animal Vacuole * **Figure 5 - plant** * 1: Nucleus * 2: Ribosomes * 3: Vacuole * 4: Cell wall * **Figure 6 - animal** # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Part I. Identify the Life Function ### Directions: Identify the life function that goes with the description of the organelles. | Life Function | Organelle | |---|---| | Nutrition | Chloroplasts (photosynthesis) | | Regulation | Lysosomes (digestive enzymes) | | | Nucleus (genetic info) | | Regulation | Cell membrane | | Growth / Reproduction | Centrioles (animal cell division) | | Regulation | Nucleus (genetic info) | | Synthesis | Ribosomes (protein synthesis) | | Transport | Endoplasmic reticulum | | Transport | Cell Membrane | | Respiration | Mitochondria | | | Cell membrane | ## Part II. Who am I? ### Directions: Read each clue below and figure out who is talking! 1. I am a concept based on the work of several scientists. I have three parts. * **Cell Theory** 2. We are the basic units of structure and function of all living things. * **Cells** 3. I provide protection and support. I am made of cellulose and can be found in plant cells. * **Cell wall** 4. I am the clean up crew. I digest old cell parts. * **Lysosomes** 5. We are the tiny structures that make up cells. There are several of us. * **Organelles** 6. I am found inside the nucleus. * **DNA (genetic information)** 7. I am a clear, thick, jelly-like substance. I am found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. * **Cytoplasm** 8. We are produced in the nucleolus, we make proteins and are found in the cytoplasm. * **Ribosomes** 9. I am the process that plants use to make their food. I need chlorophyll in order to occur. * **Photosynthesis** 10. I am the "highways" of the cell. * **Endoplasmic Reticulum** 11. I am responsible for the passage of material into and out of the nucleus. Nobody enters or leaves without my permission. * **Nuclear Membrane** 12. I control all of the activities of the cell. I have been called the brains of the entire operation. * **Nucleus** 13. I guard the cell from intruders. I decide who enters the cell and who leaves. I am present in BOTH plant and animal cells. * **Cell membrane** 14. We are known as the “powerhouse" of the cell. We make energy in the form of ATP. * **Mitochondria** 15. I am a non-living material making up cell walls. I am stiff and strong, a form of starch. * **Cellulose ** # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #25: How does the structure of the cell membrane contribute to its function? ### Topic: Cell Membrane 1. **What is the function of the cell membrane?** * **Control (regulate) what enters and exits the cell** 2. **What is the cell membrane made up of?** * **Phospholipids and proteins** 3. **What is a phospholipid?** * Special type of lipid (fat) that makes up the cell membrane * Polar (phosphate-containing) head * Fatty acid (nonpolar tail) 4. **What are types of proteins in cell membranes?** * **Structural proteins** * **Transport proteins (channels)** * **Receptor proteins** 5. **What are receptors?** * Receptors found on the cell surface aid in cell to cell communication. 6. **Why is the model of the cell membrane referred to as the "Fluid Mosaic" model?** * **Fluid** because molecules are always changing position with each other. * **Mosaic** because it is made up of different kinds of molecules 7. **How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane?** * The cell membrane is **permeable**: it allows materials through. 8. **Do all things get through the cell membrane?** * **NO!** 9. **The cell membrane is **selectively permeable** because it allows certain substances through and prevents other substances from passing.** 10. **What can pass through the cell membrane?** * Water * Glucose * CO2 * O2 * Other small (non-polar) molecules # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #26: How can we compare active and passive transport? ### Topic: Active vs. Passive Transport 1. **What are the two types of transport?** * **Active transport** * **Passive transport** 2. **What are the characteristics of Active Transport?** * **Energy (ATP) required** * **Against concentration gradient** (from low to high concentration) 3. **What are the characteristics of Passive Transport?** * **No energy required** * **Moves along/down concentration gradient** (from high to low concentration) 4. **What are the three types of passive transport?** * **Diffusion** - movement of small molecules such as O2 and CO2 * **Facilitated diffusion** - transport proteins help move materials from high to low concentration (ex: glucose) * **Osmosis** - diffusion of water 5. **What is an example of active transport?** * **Contractile Vacuole** - used to pump out water from freshwater organisms like paramecium. * **Endocytosis** - taking materials *into* cells * **Exocytosis** - removal of materials *from* a cell * **Sodium-Potassium Pump** # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #27: How can the process of diffusion and the structure of the cell membrane help the cell to maintain homeostasis? ### Topic: Diffusion 1. **What is diffusion?** * **Net movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated** 2. **What is concentration?** * **The amount of a particular substance** 3. **Why does diffusion occur?** * Molecules are always moving. 4. **What is the end result of diffusion?** * **Dynamic equilibrium** - even distribution of particles 5. **Are the particles still moving at dynamic equilibrium?** * **YES** 6. **What are the two conditions for diffusion?** 1. There must be a **concentration gradient** 2. There must be **no barrier blocking the movement of particles** 7. **Does diffusion take place across the cell membrane? Why?** * **Transport proteins help move materials from high to low concentration.** 8. **What is facilitated diffusion?** 9. **Cell membranes help organisms maintain **homeostasis** by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells.** 10. **Refer to the diagram below to answer the following questions.** 1. Which way is oxygen going to move? * Into the cell 2. Which way is carbon dioxide going to move? * Out of the cell # Unit 3: Cells and Cell Transport ## Aim #28: How does osmosis and diffusion compare? ### Topic: Osmosis 1. **What is the diffusion of water called?** * **Osmosis** 2. **What are the solute and solvent?** * **Solvent**: The liquid (ex: Water) * **Solute**: The solid added to the liquid (salt/sugar) * Solute + Solvent = Solution 3. **Concentration Differences** * a. A 90% salt solution versus a 20% salt solution * i. Which solution has more salt particles? 90% salt solution * ii. Which solution has more water particles? 20% salt solution * b. A 60% salt solution versus an 80% salt solution. * i. Which solution has more salt particles? 80% salt solution * ii. Which solution has more water particles? 60% salt solution 4. **What is a hypotonic solution?** * **Low concentration of solute relative to another solution** * a. What happens to a cell placed into a hypotonic solution? **Swells** * b. Example: * Red blood cell in distilled water (can swell/burst) 5. **What is an isotonic solution?** * Contains the same concentration of solute as another solution. * a. What happens to a cell placed into an isotonic solution? **Water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate** * b. Example: Fluid that surrounds the body cells 6. **What is a hypertonic solution?** * Contains high concentration of solute relative to another solution. * a. What happens to a cell placed into a hypertonic solution? **Shrink** * b. Example: Elodea in salt water.