Cell Biology Laboratory 2 PDF

REMINDERS TO STUDENTS DRESS CODE BE ON TIME MUTE MIC TURN CAMERA ON COME PREPARED SIT STILL FIND A QUIET SPACE BE RESPECTFUL RAISE HAND TO TALK NO EATING 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 1...

REMINDERS TO STUDENTS DRESS CODE BE ON TIME MUTE MIC TURN CAMERA ON COME PREPARED SIT STILL FIND A QUIET SPACE BE RESPECTFUL RAISE HAND TO TALK NO EATING 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 1 THE CELL John Marie P. Famoso University of San Agustin  LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the laboratory period, the student shall be able to: differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Identify parts Basic understanding of cell division  QUESTION What are the 2 basic types of cells? Main difference? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 4 PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes make up a vast group of very small unicellular organisms that include bacteria and archaea. The majority are bacteria. Although bacteria and archaea look similar, their chemical composition is different. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 5 EUKARYOTES The eukaryotic cell is typically larger and structurally more complex than the prokaryotic cell. eukaryotic organisms include algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. Some eukaryotes cause disease, but others are part of the normal human microbiome. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 6 FUNCTIONS 1.Cell metabolism and energy use 2.Synthesis of molecules 3.Communication 4.Reproduction and inheritance 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 7 MAJOR PARTS Cells – the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit. Organelles – specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 8 MAJOR PARTS Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka plasma membrane). Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane - It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between intracellular (materials inside the cell) and extracellular substances (materials outside the cells). 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 9  QUESTION Favorite organelle and why? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 10 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 11  Organelles Function(s) Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli Nucleus Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Has may ribosomes attached Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Site of protein synthesis Smooth Endoplasmic Site of lipid synthesis Reticulum Participates in detoxification Golgi Apparatus Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles Contains materials produced in cell Secretory Vesicle Formed by the Golgi Apparatus Secreted by exocytosis Lysosome Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell Peroxisome Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis Supports cytoplasm Microtubule Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella Centrioles Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division Cilia Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells 9/9/2022 Flagella Proper sperm cells Laboratory 2 12 Microvilli Increase surface area of certain cells MEMBRANE TRANSPORT John Marie P. Famoso University of San Agustin  QUESTION What molecules are present on/in the cell membrane? 2 types of diffusion and difference? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 14 CELL MEMBRANE It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between intracellular (materials inside the cell) and extracellular substances (materials outside the cells). 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 15 CELL MEMBRANE Form a double layer that contains 2 regions: 1.Polar Region – “heads”, exposed to H2O (hydrophilic) 2.Nonpolar Region – “tails”, away from H2O (hydrophobic) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 16 CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION Protective barrier Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively permeable) Allow cell recognition Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 17 CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION Provide a binding site for enzymes Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions) Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 18 HOMEOSTASIS Balanced internal condition of cells Also called equilibrium Maintained by plasma membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 19 CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Passive Membrane Transport – does not require the cell to expend energy (ATP). This includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active Membrane Transport – does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. This includes active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 20 PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Simple diffusion is the movement of particles as a result of their constant, random motion (O2 or water, CO2, lipids) Net diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down or with the concentration gradient) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 21  WHAT IS THE SOLUTE? SOLVENT? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 22 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 23  QUESTION Difference between simple diffusion vs osmosis? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 24 PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 25 PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of more water ( side B = less dissolved solute) to an area of less water (side A = more dissolved solute) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 26 PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Osmotic pressure Amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis = osmotic pressure Osmosis slows to a stop due to filtration of water back across membrane due to  hydrostatic pressure 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 27 DIFFUSION RATES Factors that affect rate of diffusion through a membrane temperature -  temp.,  motion of particles molecular weight - larger molecules move slower steepness of conc.gradient - difference,  rate membrane surface area -  area,  rate membrane permeability -  permeability,  rate Correct diffusion rates are very important to cell survival 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 28 PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Facilitated Diffusion – carrier-mediated, this moves substances from a higher to lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP by (Sodium Ions, Amino acids and glucose). 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 29 TONICITY Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell depends on concentration and permeability of solute 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 30 TONICITY Hypotonic solution has low concentration of nonpermeating solutes (high water concentration). Cells in this solution would absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 31 TONICITY Hypertonic solution has high concentration of nonpermeating solutes (low water concentration). Cells in this solution would lose water +shrivel (crenate) Laboratory 2 9/9/2022 32 TONICITY Isotonic solution has same concentration of nonpermeating solutes (equal water concentration). Cells in this solution would be just normal. Laboratory 2 9/9/2022 33 FILTRATION Movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure - the force exerted on the membrane by water In capillaries, blood pressure forces water, salts, nutrients and solutes into tissue fluid, while larger particles like blood cells and protein are held back filtration of wastes from the blood occurs in the kidneys 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 34 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration (against to concentration gradient) and requires ATP (Iodine). 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 35 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Sodium-Potassium Pump Cytoplasmic Na+ bind to carrier, carrier hydrolyzes ATP and changes conformation, releases 3 Na+ in ECF, binds 2 K+, resumes conformation and releases K+ inside the cell. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 36 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Secondary Membrane Transport uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 37  In co-transport, both substances move in the same direction; in counter-transport, they move in opposite directions. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 38 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Vesicular transport (BULK TRANSPORT MECHANISM) Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in bubblelike vesicles of plasma membrane, uses ATP Exocytosis – vesicular transport out of cell Endocytosis – vesicular transport into cell 1. phagocytosis – engulfing large particles by pseudopods 2. pinocytosis – taking in fluid droplets 3. receptor mediated endocytosis – taking in specific molecules 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 39 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Receptor mediated endocytosis Involves cell receptors attaching to molecules 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 40 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Receptor mediated endocytosis 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 41 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Receptor mediated endocytosis 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 42 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Receptor mediated endocytosis 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 43 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Exocytosis Eliminating or secreting material from cell or replacement of plasma membrane. 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 44 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Phagocytosis movement of solid material into cells (cell-eating) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 45 ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Pinocytosis Materials ingested are much smaller and is in solution (cell- drinking) 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 46 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 47 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 48 FUN QUIZ (FQ) TIME!!!!! Differentiate active vs passive transport What is bulk transport? Give examples Enumerate the 3 types of solutions and their effects to cellular tonicity. What is hemolysis? 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 49 THANK YOU Prepared by: John Marie Famoso [email protected] 9/9/2022 Laboratory 2 50