Lipid Meta PDF

## LIPID META ### 1. Pancreatic lipase * Triglyceride → glycerol + fatty acid ### 2. Phospholipase * Phospholipid → ### 3. Cholesteryl ester hydrolase * cholesteryl ester → Fatty acid + cholesterol ### Lipoproteins * Chylomicron: gpo-38, apo-CII * VLDL: apo-100 +..., apo-CII * LDL: apo-100! *...

## LIPID META ### 1. Pancreatic lipase * Triglyceride → glycerol + fatty acid ### 2. Phospholipase * Phospholipid → ### 3. Cholesteryl ester hydrolase * cholesteryl ester → Fatty acid + cholesterol ### Lipoproteins * Chylomicron: gpo-38, apo-CII * VLDL: apo-100 +..., apo-CII * LDL: apo-100! * HDL: apo A * chylomicron > VLDL > LDL > HDL ### 5. Lipoprotein lipase * lipoprotein lipase glycerol + fatty acid → cholesterol ester ### 6. Fatty acid * fatty acyl-CoA fatty acyl-CoA ligase on cytosol * glycolysis, gluconeogenests ### 7. Glycerol * Glycerol → G3P → glycerol kinase ### Fatty acid catabolism * B-oxidation in mitochondria * Mitochondrio: C13-C14 Carnitine-acyl tranferase * cornitine-acylearnitine translocase * ETF (electron tranfer Flovoprotein) * Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD) * B-oxidation of Monounsaturated fatty Acid (double bond) * A3, A²-enoyl-CoA isomerase * B-oxidation of Polyunsaturated fatty acid * acyl-CoA dehydrogenase * 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase: ตัด = ที่ คู่ที่2 และ 4 (remove = in the pair 2 and 4) * Propianyl-CoA → Sucinyl-co-A (Krebs cycle) * Isobutyryl-CoA → Acetyl-CoA, Propionyl-CoA * α-oxidation: 6ฟชั่น methyl cook corona) เพื่อลด Acetyl (6 -function methyl carbon) to reduce Acetyl * When Ketone bodies, no ketogenesis at * Acetoacetate * Acetone * β-hydroxybutyrate * mitochondrio ตับ! (mitochondria liver!) ### a-oxidation: ### 8. Fatty acyl-CoA + carnitine * Fatty acyl-CoA + carnitine → Fatty acyl-carnitine + CoA-SH * Corinitine acyltranferase I (Intermembrane space) * Corinitine acyltranferase I in Matrix * FADH2, 2ATP * FAD * enoyl-CoA hydratase * acyl-CoA dehydrogenase * NADH * 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase * B-ketoacyl-CoA * B-ketothiolase * fatty acid + acetyl-CoA (krebs cycle) * ABC class D transporter และ Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) ### Fatty Acid synthesis * Fatty acyl-CoA + carnitine → Fatty acyl-carnitine + CoA-SH * Corinitine acyltranferase I (Intermembrane space) * Mitochondrial matrix * Citrate (synthesis) * Acetyl-CoA carboxylase * committed * Malonyl-CoA & Acetyl-CoA * ACP (acyl carrier protein) * chain elongation * saturated fatty acid * De novo synthesis * NADPH in ppp * Malonyl-ACP → Acetyl-ACP * unsaturated fatty acid * Chain elongation in mitochondria * Chain elongation in microsomes(endoplasmic reticulum) * double bond) * **De novo synthesis** & **Fatty acid desaturase** * Fatty acid synthase (FAS) * SCD complex * SCDI-liver * SCD2-adipose tissue * **Stimulated by glucagon & epinephrine** ### 23. | Location | Thioester linkage | Two-carbon fragment | Electron carrier | Energy alteration | |---|---|---|---|---| | B-oxidation | Mitochondrial matrix | CoA | FADH2, NADH | generate 129 ATP | | Fatty acid synthesis | Cytoplasm | ACP | Malonyl-CoA | NADPH | ### Linoleic acid * Precursor - Arachidonic acid * Eiosanoids * Linoleate, a-Linolerate → Prestonoids, Leukotrienes * Arachidonte → Prostanoids, Leukotrienes Lipoxins ### Triacylglycerol synthesis * Liver in Glycerol → VLDL * intestinal cell in 2-monorcylglycerol → chylomicrons * Adipose tissue in Glucose → Adipose stores; 9zist glycerol kinase ### Cholesterol biosynthesis * Acetate C₂ * HMG-CoA reductase * lovastatin - Compactin (drugs) * Synthesis of Bile Solts * 7a-hydroxylase: rate limiting reaction ### Bile acid Synthesis * Cholesterol * NADPH * 7a-hydroxylase * 7-hydroxycholesterol * Cholic acid * Glycine or Taurine * Glycocholic acid or Taurocholic acid * Deoxycholic acid * Chenodeoxycholic acid * Lithocholic acid ### Glycerophospholipid synthesis * Head group + CTP → CDP-Head group * CDP-Head group + Diacylglycerol → Glycerophospholipid * Phosphatidylcholine * Phosphatidylethanolamine * Phosphatidylinositol * Cardiolipin ### Sphingolipid synthesis * Serine + Palmitoyl-CoA ### Eicosaonid synthesis * Arachidonic Acid * Cyclooxygenase (COX) * Lipoxygenase * Cytochrome P450 * Cyclooxygenase inhibitor (NSAID) * TXA₂ (Thromboxane A₂) * PGI₂ (Prostacylin) * PGE₂ (Prostaglandin E₂) * HPETE * EETS * HETES * Leukotriene B₄ * Hepoxilins, HETES * THETAS, HEETAS