Napoleon Bonaparte Notes (PDF)

***[LIBERALISM SECOND PARTIAL NOTES]*** **NAPOLEON BONAPARTE** - He acclaimed himself Emperor. - He had a very elevated self-esteem. - Even though he was an expert in military, he trusted expert people on other fields to implement it. - We cannot classify someone in History, as it w...

***[LIBERALISM SECOND PARTIAL NOTES]*** **NAPOLEON BONAPARTE** - He acclaimed himself Emperor. - He had a very elevated self-esteem. - Even though he was an expert in military, he trusted expert people on other fields to implement it. - We cannot classify someone in History, as it would limit our knowledge about the individual. - When he was overthrown France people went for him, recovered his army and went to be an Emperor. ***Why is Napoleon considered a hero in France?*** 1\. [Agreement of Concord (1801):] Resolved the conflict with the Catholic Church. Since most of the population was Catholic, it was a good idea to mend relations with it.    -Recognition of the Catholicism majority\'s religion    -No claiming back to the Papal States    -*Coup d\'état (1789):* Overthrow of the current government or power usually by violent means.  2\. [Central Bank (1800):] Brilliant economic management with the creation of the CB.    -Stabilization of currency, control pieces, and creating a fair tax codes. 3\. [Napoleonic Code (1804):] Before Bonaparte there were 300 different legal systems that may generate injustices. He changed this with his Civil Code, with one code. It included:    -Equality of all citizens before the law.    -The right of the individual to choose a profession.    -Religious toleration.    -The abolition of serfdom (slavery) and all feudal obligations. 4\. P[olitical Sphere:] He fought corruption, educated, and promoted talented people based on their merit rather than their aristocratic ascendance or rhetorical skills. ***Why is Napoleon considered a villain in France?*** 1\. Crowned himself as Emperor (1804), prohibiting freedom of speech and restored slavery in colonies. 2\. Master of Europe (1807-1812), his empire being composed of three major parts: the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states. 3\. As Hitler 130 years after, he hoped that his Grand Empire would last for centuries, but his empire collapsed almost as rapidly as it was formed. **BEFORE AND AFTER NAPOLEON** ***Rise*** - Napoleon conquered most of Europe and built an empire - Napoleon created The Civil Code - Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church - Napoleon took power from the Directory ***Fall*** - Napoleon is defeated in Russia - European powers make war on France - European powers capture Paris and Napoleon is sent into exile (Saint Elba) - Napoleon returns to France but its defeated in Waterloo, 1815 - Napoleon returns to exile (Saint Helena) ***The Continental System*** - Napoleon did The Continental System (1806-1810), in which he hoped to cut off all of British commerce with his allies (most Europe). - Continental System: Commercial blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze GB\'s economy. Russia\'s refusal to adhere to the Continental System led Napoleon to invade them. He was eventually forced to withdraw. Other European countries admiring their triumph followed their example (The Victorious Retreat). ***Napoleonic Wars*** - Battle of Austerlitz (1805) - The Peninsular War (1808-1814) - The Invasion of Russia (1812) - Conquered most part of Europe including Austria, Prussia, Spain, and Italy before his defeat at Waterloo in 1815. ***Two Main Consequences of Napoleon\'s Capture*** Their forces captured Paris in 1814:    -Napoleon was sent into exile to St. Elba. Island close to Italy and France.    -The monarchy was restored in France (Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI) ***Recovery of his Army from his Brief in St. Elba*** - Napoleon returned to France and raised an army. - \"Soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your Emperor\... If there is a man among you who would kill his Emperor, here I am!\" - No one fired a shot. Shouting \"Long live the Emperor!\" the troops went over to his side. Louis XVIII was killed. ***Napoleon\'s Forces Definitely Defeated*** - In 1815 he was decisively defeated at Waterloo, France, by British and Prussian forces. He was exiled again now to St. Helena, in Africa **THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA ** ***-Background - The Napoleonic Wars*** - Napoleon\'s expansion disrupted European order (1799-1815) - Spread of revolutionary ideals: liberalism and nationalism. - Defeated powers sought to restore ability and traditional monarchies. ***-Goals of the Congress of Vienna*** - [Stability:] Prevent future wars by maintaining peace. - [Legitimacy:] Restore rightful monarchs to their thrones. - [Balance of Power:] Ensure no single country dominates Europe. ***-Key Principles*** - [Conservatism:] Restore old regimes and oppose revolutionary ideas. - [Containment:] Surround France with stronger nations to prevent future expansion. - [Diplomacy:] Establish cooperation among European powers (Concert of Europe, main leaders of European territories got together). ***-Outcomes*** - Redrew the map of Europe (new borders for Poland, Germany, and Italy). - Restored monarchies and suppressed nationalist movements. - Introduced a framework for international diplomacy (lasting peace until 1914). - In many regions, it led to the representation of liberal ideas that eventually led to the revolutions of 1848.  \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **NATION-BUILDING: USA** **ACTION 1803-1890** **Westward Expansion:** Movement through which the US expanded their territory from the original 13 colonies to the wide nation we know today from the Atlantic to the Pacific. ***Expansion of the USA (1607/1783 - 1853)*** 1\. [Their Destiny:] Westward Expansion, the idea of optimizing US territory. 2\. [Steps through which US got their territory]     - 1607 Original 13 Colonies    - 1853 Last Incorporation  3\. [Segregation (separating) and Displacement:] People displaced from their native lands. ***\-\--Order*** Original 13 States, British Session (Treaty of Paris) 1783, Louisiana Purchase 1803, W. Florida (1810-13) Annexation, British Session 1818, E. Florida 1819, British Session 1842, Texas Annexation 1845, Oregon Country 1846, Mexican Cession 1848. ***\-\--Process (Main Points)*** 1\. [Expansion of the Thirteen Colonies]     -Starting with the British Cession of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and continued with the Louisiana Purchase from France at 15 million dollars. 2\. [Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark Exploration]     -The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, doubled the size of the US, and the Louis and Clark Expedition to explore the newly acquired territory financed by Thomas Jefferson opened new opportunities for settlement. 3\. [Oregon Trail and Migration]    -The mass migration of pioneers along the Oregon Trail during the mid-19th century marked the beginning of an expansion without precedents. 4\. [Transcontinental Railroad and Connectivity]    -The competition of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, linking the East and West coasts of the US with entrepreneurs like Leland Stanford revolutionized transportation, accelerated westward expansion, and facilitated economic growth. **GOVERNMENT POLICY 1823** **Monroe\'s Doctrine:** US policy by which they prohibited the European Nations of recolonizing the territories they had lost due to revolutions.  - \"America for Americans\" - Written by James Monroe. - Imaginary land across America. ***Monroe\'s Doctrine (Key Points)*** - Many European colonies in America fought to declare their independence, European countries wanted to recover them. Several European powers threatened to form an alliance to help regain its territories. - President J. Monroe informed the independent American countries that the U.S. would support their efforts and that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future European colonization. - On December 2, 1823. Monroe formally announced to Congress what would become known as the \"Monroe Doctrine\", which asserted the influence of the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere. - The Monroe\' Doctrine stated that the Americas should be free from future European colonization, and that any interference with independent countries in the Americas would be considered a hostile act this contributed to the perception of the U.S. in America. **IDEOLOGY 1840\'s** **Manifest Destiny:** It is a cultural belief in the 19th century that stated that the US was destined to expand across North America and carry capitalism and democracy to those regions. - This ideology trigged the Westward Expansion to occur. - Reflection of the expansion.  - Stated that they deserved the land they had gotten. ***Manifest Destiny (Main Points)*** 1\. [Territorial Expansion and American Destiny]    -Presiden James K. Polk, who championed Manifest Destiny as a national policy. This ideology fueled westward expansion, leading to increased land acquisition, economic growth, and the displacement of Native American population. 2\. [Oregon Trail and Native Americans]    -The westward migration of thousands of pioneers along the Oregon Trail during the 1840\'s and 1850\'s was a major event including conflicts with indigenous peoples and environmental challenges. 3\. [Mexican-American War and Territorial Gains]    -The Mexican-American War (1846-1848), which resulted in the acquisition of vast territories, including California and New Mexico. ***\-\--American Progress Painting*** [Title]: American Progress [Artist]: John Gast [Date]: 1872 [Medium]: Oil on Canvas [Dimensions]: 12.75 x 16.75 [Significance]: As she moves westward, she brings this knowledge and progress with her. **WAR 1861-1865** **American Civil War:** Armed conflict between the Northern states (Union) and the Southern states (Confederacy) primarily over issues of slavery, states\' rights, and regional tensions. ***\-\--Context (Territory)*** - After expanding their territory through the Manifest Destiny and Monroe Doctrine. - USA got involved in a conflict. ***\-\--Context (Politics)*** 1\. Abraham Lincoln (Abolition Slavery) 2\. North\'s economy: (Union State) Based on free workers. 3\. South\'s economy: (Confederate State) Based on cotton crops and slavery. -Abraham Lincoln claimed in the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) that all slaves should be free. ***---American Civil War Main Points*** 1\. [Secession and States\' Rights]    -There was a division of the Southern states, in response to Abraham Lincoln\'s election and the abolition of slavery.    -Slaves the key means of wealth in the South. 2\. [Emancipation Proclamation and Abolition]    -President Lincoln\'s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, declaring the freedom of enslaved people in the Confederate territory, this marked a crucial step toward the abolition of slavery and the pursuit of equality for African Americans. 3\. [Reconstruction and Challenges]    -The period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) aimed at rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society. ***\-\--Mathew Brady*** - He was a prolific photographer. - He changed the way people thought about the war because it was the first time an even had been photographed like that. - Union states became successful after the war by supporting industrialization and modern ideas of organization and centralized government. - After the Northern Victory, the US became an industrial nation with national movement. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **UNIFICATION OF GERMANY** - [Main character:] Otto von Bismarck - Lombardy and Venice were part of Germany at that time. - The Holy Alliance in 1840 included the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. ***---German Unification (Process)*** 1. [Prussian Realpolitik] - Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Prussia took charge of German unification process. - Bismarcks Realpolitik approach relied on strategic wars and diplomacy to unite the German states under Prussian control, while sidelining Austria. 2. [Wars and Unification] - The unification process was marked by three wars: the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1). - These conflicts allowed Bismarck to consolidate northern and southern German states into an empire. 3. [National Identity and Militarilism] - German unification was heavily tied to militarism and a sense of shared national identity, which Bismarck capitalized on to unite the diverse German states. - The victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War rallied the southern states to join the North German Confederation. ***---Main Characters and Events*** 1. **Otto von Bismarck:** Prime Minister of Prussia, key architect of German unification. 2. **King Wilhelm I:** King of Prussia, later Emperor of a unified Germany. 3. **[Key Events:]** Danish War (1864), Austro-Prussian War (1866), Franco-Prussian War (1870-1), and the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871. ***---Timeline*** 1. **1848**: Failed Frankfurt Assembly for German unification. 2. **1864**: Danish War. 3. **1866**: Austro-Prussian War. 4. **1870**: Franco-Prussian War. 5. **1871**: Proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles. **UNIFICATION OF ITALY** - The country was divided into three at that time. ***---Italian Unification (Process)*** 1. [Role of Nationalism and Leadership] - The push for Italian unification was driven by nationalism and the desire to break free from Austrian control. - Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont and his Prime Minister, Camilo di Cavour, let the efforts in the north. - Cavour's strategy was to strengthen the military and economy while securing alliances, particularly with France. 2. [Role of Garibaldi] - In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist and leader of the Red Shirts, played a pivotal role by conquering Sicily and Naples, uniting southern territories with the northern states. - Garibaldi's decision to hand over these regions to Victor Emmanuel II was key in unifying Italy. 3. [Foreign Influence] - The unification process was supported by external powers, especially Napoleon III of France, who aided Piedmont in defeating Austria to secure Lombardy. - However, the involvement of foreign powers was a double-edged sword, as some territories (e.g. Nice) were ceded in exchange. ***---Main Characters and Events*** 1. **Victor Emmanuel II:** King of Piedmont, later King of a unified Italy. 2. **Camilo di Cavour:** Prime Minister of Piedmont, architect of an Italian unification. 3. **Giuseppe Garibaldi:** Nationalist leader who united the southern Italian states. 4. **[Key Events:]** Wars against Austria (1859), Garibaldi's conquest of the South (1860, and the official proclamation in 1861. ***---Timeline*** 1. **1848**: Failed revolutions in Italy. 2. **1859**: War of Italian Independence against Austria. 3. **1860**: Garibaldi's Red Shirts campaign in the south. 4. **1861**: Official proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. 5. **1870**: Rome becomes the capital, finalizing Italian unification. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **MÉXICO INDEPENDIENTE (1821-1854) - NATION-BUILDING MEXICO** - Época Prehispánica, Virreinato, México Independiente, Porfiriato, México Contemporáneo. - Insurgentes (Trigarantes): Grupo en rebelión en contra de la corona española. - Realistas: Defendían la monarquía y a las autoridades nombradas por el reino de España. - Una persona conservadora y liberal no es algo fijo, cuando Agustín se convierte en conservador al proclamarse emperador, siendo antes liberal. - El Imperio Mexicano duró un año. - Varias partes de México se independizaron de la capital por la razón que el poder y recursos están centralizados y los recursos no les llegarían. *[---México Independiente]* Nombre con el que se le conoce a la etapa de la historia de México que se desarrolló entre la Consumación de la Independencia de México. ***---Línea del Tiempo*** 1. **24/08/1821:** Juan O'Donojú firmó el *[Tratado de Córdoba]* (Reconocimiento de Independencia) 2. **27/09/1821:** Ejército Trigarante entró triunfante en la Ciudad de México contra España. 3. **1821:** Independencia de México con el Tratado de Córdoba. 4. **18/05/1822:** Junta Provisional que eligió por unanimidad a Agustín de Iturbide como su presidente. Se consideraba que los líderes militares debían de ser los líderes políticos, pero no siempre resultaba en lo mejor. 5. **02-10/1822:** Congreso Constituyente (Clero, ejército y diputados) disuelto por Iturbide. 6. **05/1822:** *[Iturbide se autoproclamó emperador]* con el nombre de Agustín I. Napoleón hizo lo mismo pero duró mucho tiempo y era querido por la gente, lo contrario a Agustín. 7. **1822**: Conservadores y liberales seguían en pie de lucha con sus ideales fijos y no aceptaron la imposición. 8. **19/03/1823:** *[Santa Anna, gobernador de Veracruz, resolvió proclamar la República.]* Consiguieron la abdicación de Iturbide 19 de marzo de 1823. 9. **04-05/1823:** En abril de 1823 fue abolido el Imperio y en mayo, Agustín de Iturbide salió del país rumbo a Europa. Lo exiliaron a Europa debido a que no querían un emperador. 10. **19/07/1824:** Regresó a Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, donde fue *[aprehendido, juzgado y fusilado]*. ***---Dictadura de Santa Anna*** 1. **1833-1855:** Santa Anna impuso impuestos muy altos y sin base legal. Se perdieron territorios en el sur y el norte. 2. **1836:** La batalla de El Álamo fue un conflicto militar. Enfrentó al ejército de México, encabezado por el presidente Santa Anna, contra una milicia de secesionistas (buscaban no ser parte del país) texanos. 3. **1853:** Santa Anna regresaba a la presidencia por onceava ocasión (Alteza Serenísima). 4. **1854:** Se forma el Plan de Ayutla promovido por Juan Álvarez e Ignacio Comonfort para derrotar a Santa Anna. 5. **1855:** Revolución de Ayutla exitosa para derrocar a Santa Anna. ***---Intervenciones Extranjeras*** 1. **Deuda extranjera:** Francia reclamaba \$57 millones, Inglaterra \$70 millones, España \$9.5 millones. En total \$136.5 millones. 2. **1838-1839:** La Guerra de los Pasteles fue el primer conflicto bélico entre México y Francia. 3. **1838-1839:** A través del barón Deffaudis, embajador francés, (serie de reclamaciones). Entre estas reclamaciones se encontraba la del señor Remontel (600,000). 4. **1846:** Guerra EU y México donde EU declara la guerra a México. Se forma la Guardia Nacional con mexicanos (16-50 años). 5. **1848:** Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, pérdida de la mitad de su territorio. ***---La Guerra de Reforma*** 1. **1857-1859:** Constitución Política de México. Inicio de la Guerra de Reforma contra los conservadores. Leyes de Reforma. 2. **1858-1860:** La Guerra de Reforma fue un conflicto civil en México entre liberales y conservadores, centrada en reformas constitucionales y la separación Iglesia-Estado después del Plan de Ayutla. 3. **1858:** El Plan de Tacubaya propuso la creación de una junta popular para que establecieran una administración provisional. EU reconoce a Benito Juaréz. 4. **1859:** Hubieron varios tratados extranjeros, como el Tratado de Mon-Almonte (apoyo español a los conservadores) y el Ocampo McLane (apoyo de EU a los liberales). 5. **1860:** Triunfo definitivo del ejército liberal en Calpulalpan. ***---Segundo Imperio Mexicano*** 1. **1861:** Suspensión por dos años del pago de la deuda externa, ergo, Convención de Londres (TA-IFE). Triple Alianza e Inglaterra, Francia y España. 2. **1862:** La Triple Alianza en Veracruz resultó en la Batalla de Puebla México vs. Intervencionistas franceses. 3. **1862:** Desembarque en Veracruz para exigir pago, Inglaterra y España aceptaron las negociaciones, algo temporal, Francia no, Napoleón III quería recuperar tierras americanas. 4. **1863:** Juárez abandona la capital del país y Maximiliano de Habsburgo ocupa el trono. 5. **1864:** Maximiliano de Habsburgo firma el Tratado de Miramar, donde se firmó que México sería un imperio nuevamente. Se inicia el Segundo Imperio Mexicano. - Permanencia del ejército francés, manutención de los soldados, pago de deuda. - No era querido por la población mexicana. ***---República Restaurada: Juárez*** 1. **1865:** Resistencia a la Invasión Francesa donde el gobierno de Juárez se instala y es convocado en el Paso del Norte, Cd. Juárez. 2. **1867:** Retiro de las tropos francesas, vencidas por las tropas republicanas de Juárez. Regreso triunfal de Juárez a la República. 3. **1871:** Porfirio Díaz tomo la posición de presidente al Benito Juarez no poder ser reelegido. Creó el Plan de la Noria logró vencer a Juaréz pero fue vencido, ya que Benito Juaréz si se quedó como presidente. 4. **1872:** Muerte de Benito Juaréz por una enfermedad o algunos mencionan que por envenenamiento. Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada ocupa la presidencia en su lugar. 5. **1876:** Porfirio Díaz buscaba que Lerdo de Tejada no fuera reelegido. Creó el Plan de Tuxtepec, donde fue victorioso y fue electo presidente hasta 1910. ***[---Resumen]*** - Corona Española vs. Insurgentes de Agustín de Iturbide - Agustín I vs. Santa Anna, Gobernador - Santa Anna (Alteza Serenísima) vs. Plan de Ayutla (Comonfort) (Reforma) - Benito Juárez y Reforma vs Intervencionistas. Maximiliano de Habsburgo - Benito Juaréz vs. Leonardo de Tejada. Porfirio Díaz ***---Centralismo*** - Gobierno centralizado en la capital, sistema que minimizaba la autonomía de los estados y limitaba su capacidad para tomar decisiones independientes en asuntos locales. - Lucas Alamán y Anastasio Bustamante promulgaron la Constitución Centralista de 1836, que establecía un gobierno altamente centralizado. - Concentración del poder en el gobierno central, supresión de las legislaturas estatales y limitación de la autonomía regional, sistema opresivo. - No se respetaban las limitaciones de cada estado, no confiaban en la administración de cada estado. ***---Federalismo*** - El poder estaba dividido entre un gobierno central y gobiernos estatales. Cada estado tenía su propia constitución y leyes, y tenía cierto grado de autonomía. - Valentín Gómez Farías, Juan Álvarez y Benito Juárez promovieron la Constitución de 1824, que estableció un sistema federal. Se buscaba la descentralización del poder. - Se caracterizaba por la división del poder entre el gobierno central y los estados. La existencia de constituciones estatales y la autonomía relativa de las regiones. ***---Conservadores*** - Los liberales son personas que apoyan la libertad individual, los derechos humanos, la igualdad y un gobierno limitado. Defienden la libre competencia en la economía y creen que el Estado debe intervenir lo menos posible, excepto para proteger los derechos básicos y promover oportunidades para todos. ***---Liberales*** - Los conservadores son personas que valoran las tradiciones, el orden y la estabilidad. Creen en mantener las normas y costumbres tradicionales, y suelen ser cautelosos con los cambios rápidos en la sociedad. Defienden un gobierno que proteja el orden social y económico, a menudo con énfasis en la familia, la religión y los valores culturales tradicionales. **NATION-BUILDING: SANTA-ANNA** - **Head**: What does this person think about their society? - En Texas, vivían un gran número de americanos donde ya no se sentían parte de México. Batalla El Álamo donde México resultó ganador. En la Batalla de Son Jacinto ganaron los Texanos contra Santa Anna. Nacionalista, buscaba el poder, buen estratega. - **Hands**: What actions or choices has this person taken? - Impulsó impuestos muy altos y sin base legal. Ante la crisis creada, EU amenaza con volver a intervenir para anexarse los seis estados fronterizos y a cambio se le da la Mesilla. - **Feet**: What might be some consequences of this person's choices? - [En el sur:] Países Centroamericanos se separan de México cuando termina el periodo de Iturbide. Separación de México el 1 de julio de 1823. Chiapas se separa de México en 1824 por el disgusto con las decisiones del poder centralista, se reincorpora al país en 1841. - [En el norte:] En 1848 se firma el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, mediante el cual se acepta el Río Bravo como frontera, se ceden los territorios de Nuevo México y Alta California. - **Heart**: What is this person feeling? - En 1853, Santa Anna regresaba a la presidencia nuevamente y con corte centralista. Pidió que se le llamara Alteza Serenísima. - Ante tal crisis se forma el Plan de Ayutla en 1854 promovido por Juan Álvarez e Ignacio Comonfort para derrotar a Santa Anna. Esta revolución era de corte liberal, logrando sus objetivos en 1855. - **Mouth**: What is this person saying? What did he say or wrote? *[Veces que Santa Anna fue presidente:]* - 1833-1855 - El periodo fue inestable después de la caída del emperador, ya que había peleas entre los liberales, conservadores, etc. - Se cedió casi el 50% del territorio debido a la mala administración. - Fue presidente 11 veces, con el tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo perdió los territorios del norte junto a La Mesilla, el plan de Ayutla lo quitó del poder. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **PORFIRIO DÍAZ** - Conservative leader but with great liberal ideas. - Bad period of time for Mexico, but great for their growth and development. - The portions of land he took plus the interview where he stated he will quit, led to the fall of the Revolution. ***---Point 1*** **Detonating Question:** How did Díaz efforts to modernize Mexico, through economic growth and technological advancements, conflict with the growing social and political unrest among various sectors of Mexican society? - We need to understand who the candidates are and which benefits they will bring to the country. ***---Point 2*** - **Porfirio Díaz** played a crucial role in Mexico\'s political scene. He was instrumental in helping remove **Antonio López de Santa Anna** from power. During the **Guerra de Reforma**, Díaz aligned with the liberals, and his efforts were particularly recognized in **Oaxaca**, where he was rewarded with the **Hacienda of La Noria**. - In 1876, Díaz led the successful **Tuxtepec Plan**, which enabled him to rise to the presidency in 1877. Although his regime promised political freedom, in reality, **Díaz** manipulated the political system by personally selecting deputies and senators, contributing to widespread **social inequalities** that severely affected the population. - For many years, he maintained control over the country. However, when he hinted at retirement in an interview with **Pearson\'s Magazine**, it sparked political competition. Despite this, he declared himself president once again. Ultimately, Díaz\'s regime ended in 1911, and on **May 25** of that year, he went into exile in France, where he died. ***---Point 3*** - [Dictatorship and Centralized Power] - **Period**: Díaz ruled Mexico as a dictator from 1876 to 1911. - **Characteristics**: Highly centralized, authoritarian style of governance where political opposition was suppressed, elections were manipulated, and power was centralized in his hands. - **Slogan**: Bread or Stick Policy ("Pan o Polo"), rewarding allied and punishing dissent, effectively maintaining control the same way for 35 years. ***---Point 4*** - [Economic Modernization and Foreign Investment] - **Significant economic modernization:** Expansion of the railroads, telegraphs, and industrial development. - **Foreign Investment (US and Europe):** Brought capital to the country (at least a 100 foreign companies entered the country). However, it benefited foreign businesses and the Mexican elite, while much of the Mexican population remained impoverished. Brought trouble to Mexican sellers, as they didn't receive much bought. - GDP of the country grew a lot exponentially. ***---Point 5*** - [Technological and Infrastructure Advancements] - **Extensive Modernization:** Construction of over 15,000 kilometers of railroads, that connected Mexico to global markets. - **Technological Advancements:** Telegraph and electricity in Mexico allowed the integration of international markets. - **Mexico in the International Map:** Crucial advancements for industrial growth and foreign investment. ***---Point 6*** - [The Creelman Interview (1908)] - **The Interview:** Pivotal movement of Díaz's presidency. The interview indirectly *triggered the Revolution.* - **Díaz Steps Back:** US journalist James Creelman, expressed Díaz openness to stepping down and allowing free elections. - **Political Change:** It fostered hope for political change, including Francisco I. Madero, who later led the Revolution. - According to Creelman, he was the person that improved Mexico, nevertheless he had just one person of the story, ignoring the conditions that the citizens underwent. ***---Point 7*** - [Relationship to the Church and Military] - **Church:** Díaz maintained a pragmatic relationship with the Catholic Church, allowing them to regain influence while keeping it under strict government control. - **Military:** He also relied on the military to maintain order, promoting loyal generals and using the Rurales, a rural political force, to suppress rebellions. - These institutions influence the actions and thoughts of individuals. They shape their actions for their convenience. ***---Point 8*** - [Rural and Indigenous Populations] - **Rural Population:** While Díaz's economic policies benefited the elite, they had devastating consequences for rural and indigenous populations. - **Ejidos:** 1883 Land Law, let to the expropriation of communal lands (ejidos), dispossessing indigenous and small farmers. - **Haciendas:** Large estates (haciendas) expanded, creating social inequality and fueling statement (Revolution). ***---Point 9*** - [Foreign Relations and Diplomacy] - **Foreign Powers:** Díaz cultivated strong relationships with foreign powers (US, Britain, and France), key sources of investment to integrate Mexico into the global economy. - **Inequalities:** His favorable policies toward foreign companies created tensions among Mexican nationalists and those who feel the country was being economically exploited by outsiders. ***---Point 10*** **Final Reflection Question:** Considering the long-lasting effects of Díaz's presidency, how did his governance contribute both to Mexico's progress and to the conditions that led to the Revolution?