Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr PDF (Class 12 Political Science)

Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd 2024-25 12122 – Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr ISBN 81-7450-769-8 d{kk 12 OksQ fy, iqul±;ksftr ikB~;iqLrd çFke laLdj.k...

Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd 2024-25 12122 – Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr ISBN 81-7450-769-8 d{kk 12 OksQ fy, iqul±;ksftr ikB~;iqLrd çFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr twu 2007 T;s"B 1929  çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl çdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksçfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% ç;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk iqueqZnz.k laxzg.k vFkok çlkj.k oftZr gSA  bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk tuojh 2008] ekpZ 2009] ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; çdkj ls O;kikj } kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA tuojh 2010] uoacj 2010]  bl çdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ ekpZ 2013] tuojh 2014] (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA fnlEcj 2014] fnlEcj 2015] i- Qjojh 2017] fnlacj 2017] ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ çdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy; tuojh 2019] tuojh 2020] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil ekpZ 2021 vkSj fnlacj 2021 Jh vjfoan ekxZ u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708 la'kksf/r laLdj.k 108] 100 iQhV jksM uoacj 2022 dkfrZd 1944 gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs cuk'kadjh III bLVst cSaxywj 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740 PD 10T RPS uothou VªLV Hkou Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446 © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh 2007] 2022 dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454 lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl ekyhxkao xqokgkVh 781 021 iQksu % 0361&2674869 çdk'ku lg;ksx ` 155.00 vè;{k] çdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi oqQekj jktiwr eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk eq[; O;kikj izca/d % fofiu fnoku eq[; laiknd (izHkkjh) % fcKku lqrkj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij lgk;d laiknd % 'kf'k pM~Mk ij eqfærA mRiknu lgk;d % lquhy oqQekj çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkoj.k] lTtk fp=k vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h 'osrk jko bjI+kQku fnYyh 110 016 çdkf'kr rFkk ch-,e- vkWI+kQlsV fizaVlZ] Mh&247@17] lSDVj&63] uks,M+k (m-iz-) dkVksZxzkiQh }kjk eqfnzrA ,vkjosQ xzkWfI+kQDl 2024-25  iii vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfær O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk fdruk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh rkfd f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou vkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ksQlj lqgkl iG'khdj] çksI+ksQlj ;ksxsaæ ;kno rFkk lykgdkj MkW- mTtoy oqQekj flag dk fo'ks"k rkSj ij vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed 2024-25 iv ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA funs'kd u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku 20 fnlacj 2006 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ 2024-25  ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djuk vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus vkSj jpukRed u”kfj, ls vuqHkokRed vf/xe ds volj çnku djus ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA bl i`"BHkwfe esa] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lHkh d{kkvksa esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dks iqul±;ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh fodflr d{kkokj lh us ds çfriQyksa dks è;ku esa j k x;k gSA ikB~; lkefxz;ksa ds iqul±;kstu esa fuEufyf r fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j k x;k gSµ  ,d gh d{kk esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ds varxZr leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_  ,d d{kk ds fdlh fo"k; esa mlls fupyh d{kk ;k Åij dh d{kk esa leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_  dfBukbZ Lrj_  fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls  f'k{kdksa ds vf/d gLr{ksi ds fcuk] os qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa ds lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh ldrs gksa_  orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k x;k iqul±;ksftr laLdj.k gSA 2024-25 2024-25  vii ikBoQksa osQ uke ,d i=k ¯gnqLrku dh vk”kknh vkSj yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr us vius lkB lky iwjs dj fy, gSaA ,sls esa ;g mfpr gh gS fd ge ihNs eqM+dj ns[ksa vkSj bl vof/ ij lksp&fopkj djsaA bu Ng n'kdksa esa gekjh jktuhfr esa dbZ izo`fr;k¡ mHkjha µ gekjh jktuhfr dk :i&foU;kl dbZ nisQ cnykA bl Øe esa gekjh yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ mtkxj gqb±A ysfdu] ;g lkspdj cM+k vk'p;Z gksrk gS fd vius ns'k osQ ukS”koku ukxfjd Lora=k Hkkjr dh jktuhfr osQ bfrgkl osQ ckjs esa cM+k de tkurs gSaA vkidks vk”kknh osQ vkanksyu osQ ckjs esa vPNh tkudkjh gks xbZ gksxh D;ksafd vkius blosQ ckjs esa bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa i