History and Political Science PDF - Standard Ten

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pone. STANDARD TEN 56.00...

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pone. STANDARD TEN 56.00 "'"'"'"' "' "' "'"' "'"'"'  The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 29.12.2017 and it has been decided to implement it from the educational year 2018-19. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE STANDARD TEN Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA App on a smartphone by using the Q. R. Code given on title page of the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of the relevant lesson will be available through the Q. R. Code given in each lesson of this textbook. First Edition : 2018 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. History Subject Committee Authors History Political Science Dr Sadanand More, Chairman Dr Shubhangana Atre Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Dr Shubhangana Atre, Member Translation Scrutiny Dr Somnath Rode, Member Dr Shubhangana Atre Dr Manjiri Bhalerao Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Dr Sanjot Apte Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Cover and Illustrations Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Shri. Devdatta Prakash Balkawade Typesetting Civics Subject Committee DTP Section, Balbharati Dr Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Paper Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni, Member Dr Prakash Pawar, Member 70 GSM Creamwove Prof. Ajinkya Gaikwad, Member Print Order Prof. Sangita Aher, Member N/PB/2018-19/QTY.- 1,00,000 Dr Mohan Kashikar, Member Printer Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member M/s. RENUKA BINDERS, PUNE Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Coordination History and Civics Study Group Mogal Jadhav Shri. Rahul Prabhu Shri. Vishal Kulkarni Special Officer, History and Civics Varsha Sarode Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Prof. Shekhar Patil Subject Assistant, History and Civics Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Ramdas Thakar Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr Ajit Apte Production Prof. Shivani Limaye Dr Mohan Khadse Sachchitanand Aphale Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Smt Shivkanya Kaderkar Chief Production Officer Dr Nagnath Yevale Shri. Gautam Dange Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Shri. Sadanand Dongre Dr Vyankatesh Kharat Shashank Kanikdale, Shri. Ravindra Patil Shri. Ravindra Jinde Asst. Production Officer Smt Rupali Girkar Dr Prabhakar Londhe Publisher Dr Minakshi Upadhyay Dr Manjiri Bhalerao Dr Raosaheb Shelke Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Prof. Shashi Nighojkar Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Dr Satish Chaple Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025.  Introduction Friends, You have studied ‘History and Civics’ from Std. III to Std. V as a part of ‘Environmental Studies’. From Std. VI History and Civics are included in the syllabi independently. Starting from Std. VI, these subjects appear as two separate sections of a single textbook. We are very happy to hand over to you, the ‘History and Political Science’ textbook for Std. Ten. The book is written with a view to ensure that students find the book easy to understand and enjoyable. We wish that along with gaining knowledge, you should also feel happy while studying. You will find coloured pictures added with this purpose in mind. So, read the lessons very carefully. If you have difficulty in understanding any part of the book, request your teachers and parents to explain it. The additional information appearing in special frames is meant to enhance your knowledge. Audio-visual material can be accessed through ‘App’ by using the Q.R.Code. This would certainly help you in your studies. If you make history your friend and study the book, you will definitely develop a deep interest in the subject. In this book, you will learn about ‘Applied History’ in the history section. Many people find interest in history as an exciting subject and a hobby. However, many have doubts about the necessity of including it in the school syllabi; availability of professional opportunities; if a student chooses to specialise in the subject, its usefulness in the student’s chosen field of career; etc. It is difficult to clear these doubts as there is a lack of enough information. This textbook provides this information. All aspects of the day-to-day life, all occupations and crafts have a particular history of their development. This textbook highlights the fact that knowledge of such history is useful in the enhancement of an individual’s occupational skills. The section of ‘Political Science’, is about the ‘Constitution of Indian’. Information regarding elections, the process of conducting them, main political parties at national and regional levels, their agenda, political and social movements that lead to healthy democracy and challenges faced by the Indian democracy is included in this book. Students of Std. Ten will soon be getting a right to vote. This information will prepare them for fulfilling this new role capably. Pune (Dr. Sunil Magar) Date : 18 March 2018, Gudhipadva Director Indian Solar Year : 27 Phalgun 1939 Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau  - For the Teachers - History is an awe-inspiring subject and many take it up as a hobby. However, many feel anxious about the need to include it in the school syllabi, career prospects if one chooses to specialise in it or if it would add value to one’s qualifications in his chosen field of career. Not enough information is available to help in overcoming this anxiety. So far, courses in ‘Method of History and Historiography’, ‘History of Historiography’, etc. were offered to students only at college and university level. They did not form a part of the school syllabi. Hence, two lessons in this book are devoted to historiography. While doing so the possible lack of clarity in student’s mind about the scientific method of history, is taken into consideration. History is not confined to narrating the stories of various dynasties and the battles fought by them or the stories of great warriors. From time to time, the history textbooks have strived to create awareness of this fact among school-going students. However, they did not have any opportunity to learn about the larger scope of history beyond political history and the relation of history with the present. The Std. Ten history syllabus is drawn with a special focus on this aspect. The lessons are also arranged with this view. Indeed, the day-to-day human transactions and history are closely related. A new branch of knowledge known as, ‘Applied History’ or ‘Public History’ has been developing since few decades. Universities in many countries are offering various courses in this field. This textbook tells us about this new discipline, as also about several available opportunities to professionals to enhance their qualifications by studying history and the increasing need for expert historians. The book also contains information about various courses in applied history and the institutions, which offer such courses. May it be about the day-to-day transactions or about occupational skills; every field has its own history. Knowledge of such history helps in the enhancement of one’s professional skills. This textbook strives to make this co-relationship between history and various professional fields. The students on the verge of starting college education face various questions regarding the choice of graduate programmes and proper decision making for selecting a career. Especially, students who aspire to specialise in history find very few informative inputs, which will guide and encourage them. This textbook has tried to overcome this shortcoming. It includes interesting information and suitable illustrations with this purpose in mind. The scope of school syllabi of ‘Civics’ and ‘Political Science’ is very exhaustive, which includes an array of topics starting with the introduction of social-political environment to international diplomatic relations and various political processes at national level. You will indeed fulfill the learning objectives while studying and teaching the textbook. However, it is also anticipated that the class interaction should not be limited to mere information. They should be linked with day-to-day events and happenings. There is no doubt that the Indian democracy is faced with many challenges but at the same time there are many traditions emerging, which would strengthen it. They can be taught objectively with the help of discussions and dialogues. For this to happen, opportunities should be made available to students forming small groups. The structure of this textbook will expose students to newer fields of knowledge. We believe that the teachers and parents would receive this book with full support. (F)  Competency Statements No. Unit Competency 1. Critical Explains the traditions of Historiography. Summary of Understands that a number of western thinkers have contributed History from to the development of the discipline of historiography. Ancient to Modern Period Studies various periods of Indian history with a critical and comparative viewpoint. Obtains information regarding historical research done in India and other countries. Explains that History is a scientific discipline. 2. Applied History Understands the concept of Applied History. Understands the applicability of history in various fields and also in real life. 3. Mass Media and Brings out the interrelation between mass media and history. History Develops independent historical outlook with the help of various media.   Obtains information regarding specialisations in the concerned professional field. 4. Entertainment Explains the necessity of entertainment. media and Throws light on the interrelation between entertainment and history. History Understands the changes that have taken place in the entertainment media. 5. Art, Sports, Gives description of various arts in India. Literature and Takes pride in the achievements of Indians in various sports and History feels inspired by it. Studies various aspects of Art, Sports, Literature and explains their historical application. 6. Tourism and Understands the relevance of History in the field of Tourism. History Identifies opportunities in the field of tourism in our country. Understands that tourism can offer employment opportunities to many people. Understands the interrelation between History and Tourism. 7. History and other Highlights the importance of museums/libraries/archives in disciplines studying history. Understands that objective analysis is possible in historical studies. Can correlate between History and other disciplines. (G)  Contents Applied History No. Title Page No. 1. Historiography : Development in the West.. 1 2. Historiography : Indian Tradition................ 7 3. Applied History............................................ 15 4. History of Indian Arts.................................. 22 5. Mass Media and History.............................. 32 6. Entertainment and History........................... 39 7. Sports and History........................................ 46 8. Tourism and History..................................... 52 9. Heritage Management.................................. 59 (H)  1. Historiography : Development in the West 1.1 Tradition of Historiography In historical research it may not be 1.2 Modern Historiography possible to use the method of laboratory experiments and observation. This is so 1.3 Development of Scientific because we were not present in the Perspective in Europe and historical time and space and the historical Historiography events cannot be recreated. Also in history 1.4 Notable Scholars it is not possible to formulate laws that remain true irrespective of the time and Historical research, writing and studies space. are carried out with an objective of To begin, we need an expert who understanding the chronology of the past knows the language and script of a events and their interconnections. This is historical document in order to read it a continuous process. and understand its meaning. Also, the In the physical and natural sciences experts can examine the authenticity of the empirical method (laboratory method the document by using criteria such as of experiments and observation) is used lettering style, author’s style of writing, to verify the available knowledge. This manufacturing date and type of paper, method allows formulating laws that stamps of authority, etc. Such a document remain true irrespective of the time and is further scrutinised by a historian with space. Those laws can be tested and the help of relevant historical references. proved repeatedly. Historical Research Method Examining relevant references of the available historical information Critically examining Collecting historical information, of various sources of highlighting the processes that lead history to historical transitions, carrying Writing of out comparative analysis Historical narrative Formulating Understanding the references hypotheses regarding time and space of the given historical events and also Formulating relevant various conceptual frameworks questions in view of the used in historical research method historical references 1  Methods of various disciplines are useful in historical research. For example, Do you know ? Archaeology, Archival Science, Manuscriptology, Epigraphy (Study of inscriptions), Analysis of lettering style, Linguistics, Numismatics (Study of coins), Genealogy (Study of lineage), etc. 1.1 Tradition of Historiography We have learnt about the historical research method, critically examining the historical sources and writing the historical narrative. The writing of critical historical The earliest inscription in the narrative is known as ‘Historiography’. A Louvre museum scholor who writes such a narrative is a historian. The above picture shows a The historian cannot include every fragment of the earliest inscription. past event in his narrative. The inclusion A forward marching file of soldiers and interpretation of historical events by holding shields and spears is seen the historian often depends on the here. The General is in the front. conceptual framework adopted by him. The tradition of recording His style of writing is determined by that historical event can be traced back conceptual framework. to Sumer civilisation in The tradition of writing historical Mesopotamia. Names of Sumerian narrative, that is historiography, was not kings and the stories of battles prevalent in the ancient societies of the fought by them have been preserved world. However, that does not mean that in various inscriptions. The earliest they were not aware of the historical time inscription shown above, dates back or were not eager to know about it. to 4500 B.C.E. It records a battle Ancient people also felt the need of fought between two kingdoms. It is passing on the stories of the life and now displayed at the Louvre valour of the ancestors to the next museum in France. generation. Ancient communities all over the world used various means like cave paintings, story-telling, singing songs and (1) Its method is based on scientific ballads, etc. for this purpose. These principles. It begins with the formation of traditional means are looked upon as the relevant questions. sources of history in the modern (2) These questions are anthropocentric. historiography. It means that these questions are about the deeds of the members of ancient human 1.2 Modern Historiography societies of a particular period. History Four main characteristics of modern does not suggest any interrelation between historiography : the Divine and human deeds. 2  (3) Answers to these questions are René Descartes supported by reliable evidence. (1596-1650) : René (4) History presents a graph of Descartes was the mankind’s journey with the help of past foremost among human deeds. scholars who insisted It is said that the modern on verifying the historiography with above characteristics reliability of has its roots in the ancient Greek historical historical documents writings. ‘History’ is originally a Greek by critically René Descartes examining them. term. Herodotus, the Greek historian of the fifth century B.C.E. used it first for Among the rules his book entitled, ‘The Histories’. given by him in his book, ‘Discourse on the method’, the following is supposed to 1.3 Development of Scientific have a great impact on the scientific Perspective in Europe and method of research : Never to accept Historiography anything for true till all grounds of doubt are excluded. Till the eighteenth century C.E. Europe had achieved a remarkable Voltaire (1694-1778) : Voltaire’s progress in the fields of Philosophy and original name was François-Marie Arouet. Science. Scholars by then had come to He was French. He believe in the possibility of studying the opined that along social and historical truths by applying with objective truth scientific methods. Now the philosophical and chronology of discussions focused more and more on the historical events objectivity in history and historiography. considering social Prior to the eighteenth century all traditions, trade, European universities were interested only economy, agriculture, in the philosophical discourses revolving etc. was also equally Voltaire around Divine phenomena. However, important in historiography. It gave rise gradually this scenario began to change. to the thought that understanding all In 1737 C.E. the Gottingen University aspects of human life is important for was founded in Germany. This university history writing. Thus, it is said that for the first time had an independent Voltaire was the founder of modern department of history. Later, other German historiography. universities also became centres of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel historical studies. (1770-1831) : Hegel was a German philosopher. He insisted that the historical 1.4 Notable Scholars reality should be presented in a logical The contributions of many scholars manner. To him the timeline of historical are important in the development of events was indicative of progress. He also historiography. Let us have a look at the thought that the presentation of history is contributions of the few notable scholars. bound to change over time as new 3  evidence would Leopold von Ranké (1795-1886) : come forth. With Historiography of the nineteenth century Hegel’s philosophy was greatly influenced by the thoughts of many scholars were Leopold Von Ranke of Berlin University. convinced that He spoke about the critical method of historical methods historical research. He put emphasis on were not of lesser the utmost importance of information quality though they gathered through differed from original documents. Georg Wilhelm scientific methods. He also stated that Friedrich Hegel The collection of his all types of lectures and articles documents associated is published in a book, entitled with a historical ‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’. event need to be His book, ‘Reason in History’, is well examined with known. greatest care. He Leopold von Ranké believed that with this method it was It is good to know this : possible to reach the historical truth. He According to Hegel, grasping criticised imaginative narration of history. the meaning of any event happens Collection of his articles is published in in terms of two direct opposites. two books, entitled ‘The Theory and Human mind cannot understand the Practice of History’ and ‘The Secret of true nature of that event, without World History’. understanding the opposites, for Karl Marx (1818-1883) : In the example, True-False, Good-Bad, latter half of the nineteenth century a new etc. In order to understand the true school of thought arose keeping in view nature of a thing one needs to know the new thesis formulated by Karl Marx. both true and false, similarly good According to Karl Marx, history was not and bad. This method of analysis about abstract ideas; it was about living which is based on opposites is people. Human relationships are shaped known as ‘Dialectics’. In this by the fundamental needs of people and method a theory is proposed at the the ownership as well as nature of beginning, which is called, ‘Thesis’. prevalent means Then another theory is proposed, which is contrary to the thesis. It is of production to called, ‘Antithesis’. After a thorough meet those needs. logical discussion of the both a new The accessibility thesis is proposed which includes of these means to the gist of both, the thesis and the different strata of antithesis. This process of arriving the society may at the new thesis is called, not be equal. This ‘Synthesis’. Karl Marx inequality causes 4 a division of the society into classes, Michel Foucault (1926-1984) : The leading to class struggle. According to French historian of the twentieth century, Marx, human history is the history of Michel Foucault brought forth a new class struggle, as the class that owns the concept in historiography. He, in his book, means of production economically exploits ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’, argued that the rest of the classes. ‘Das Kapital’, a the prevailing practice of arranging treatise written by him is the most referred historical events in a chronological order book all over the world. is not right. He Annales School : At the onset of the drew attention to twentieth century a new school of the fact that historiography arose in France, which is archaeology does known as ‘Annales School’. Annales not strive to school gave a new direction to history reach the ultimate writing. It was recognised now that history historical truth is not only about the political events, but attempts to kings, great leaders and accordingly explain various politics, diplomacy and wars but also transitions in the Michel Foucault about the climate, local people, agriculture, past. Foucault felt trade, technology, means of that explaining the transitions in history communication, social divisions and their is more important. He called his method, collective psychology, etc. in the historical ‘the archaeology of knowledge’. times. The Annales School was started by Foucault subjected the so far French historians. unacknowledged areas by historians such Feminist Historiography as psychological disorders, science of Feminist historiography means the medicine, prison administration, etc. to restructuring of the history from the historical analysis. perspective of women. The writings of Thus, the scope of historiography Simone de Beauvoir, helped in establishing kept continuously expanding. Writing of the fundamentals of feminism. She was histories of various subjects like literature, French. The feminist historiography architecture, sculpture, drawing and emphasised not only on the inclusion of painting, music, dance, drama, films and women in history but also on the rethinking television, etc. came into practice. of the male dominated perspective of history. It drove historical research to focus in depth on various aspects of women’s life such as their employment, their role in trade union, institutions working for their cause, their family life, etc. In the historical writings after 1990 women were portrayed as an independent social class. 5  Exercise 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the (3) Why is Voltaire said to be the founder given options and complete the of modern historiography ? sentences. 5. Complete the concept chart. (1) It may be said that …….. was the founder of modern historiography. (a) Voltaire (b) René Descartes (c) Leopold Ranké (d) Karl Marx (2) ………… wrote the book entitled ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’. Notable (a) Karl Marx (b) Michel Foucault Scholars in (c) Lucien Febvre (d) Voltaire Europe (B) Identify the wrong pair in the following, correct it and rewrite. (1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - ‘Reason in History’ (2) Leopold von Ranké - ‘The theory and Practice of History’ (3) Herodotus - ‘The Histories’ 6. Answer the following in detail. (4) Karl Marx - ‘Discourse on the Method’ (1) Explain Karl Marx’s ‘Class Theory’. (2) What are the four characteristics of 2. Explain the following concepts. modern historiography ? (1) Dialectics (3) What is feminist historiography ? (2) Annales School (4) Explain Leopold von Ranké’s 3. Explain the following with its reason. perspective of history ? (1) Historical research was driven to focus Project in depth on various aspects of women’s life. Obtain detailed information on your (2) Foucault called his method, ‘the favourite subject and write its history. For archaeology of knowledge’. example : - History of Pen 4. Answer the following in 25-30 words. - History of Printing technology (1) What is historiography ? - History of Computers (2) What did René Descartes insisted upon ? 6  2. Historiography : Indian Tradition 2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography You would like to know this: 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various Ideological Frameworks 2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography We learnt about the western tradition of historiography in the last lesson. In this lesson we will know about the tradition of Indian historiography. Historiography in the Ancient Period : In the ancient period in India Sohagaura Copper-plate : The memories of the great deeds of ancestors copper-plate was found at Sohagaura and mythological lore, also memories of (District Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh). It social transitions were preserved with the is supposed to be from the Mauryan help of oral recitals. period. The inscription on it is in The inscriptions on the Harappan Brahmi script. The symbols known as seals and other artefacts confirm that ‘Tree-in-railing’ and ‘Mountain’ at Indians had mastered the art of writing the beginning of the inscription also as early as the third millennium B.C.E. occur on punch marked coins. Another or perhaps before that. However, the symbol which looks like a structure Harappan script is not yet successfully erected on four pilars is supposed to deciphered. be indicative of a granary. The inscription records a royal order that The earliest known written documents the grains stored in the granary should of historical nature found in India are in be distributed carefully. It is supposed the form of inscriptions. They are dated to be suggestive of precautions taken to the 3rd century B.C.E., that is emperor in the times of a famine. Ashok Maurya’s times. His edicts are inscribed on natural rocks and stone administration of various empires and pillars. kingdoms and also important political From the 1st century C.E. inscriptions events, social organisation, climate, begin to occur on coins, metal images famines, etc. of the respective times. and sculptures, and also on copper plates. The ancient Indian literature including They provide important historical the epics Ramayana and Mahabharat, information. We get to know about the Puranas, Jain and Buddhist texts, historical dates of various kings, dynastic accounts by Indian authors and also genealogies, territorial extent and travelogues by foreign travellers are 7 important sources of history. Writing of biographies of kings and Do you know ? dynastic histories mark an important step in the Indian historiography. Alberuni wrote in Arabic about ‘Harshacharit’, written in the 7th century Indian knowledge and social life. In C.E. by Banabhatta is King Harsha’s the following period many books about biography. It portrays a realistic picture India were written by foreign scholars. of the social, economic, political,religious Among them, to name a few, are : and cultural life during the king’s times. Hasan Nizami’s ‘Tajul-Ma’asir’; Historiography in the Medieval Minhaj-i-Siraj’s ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’; Period : The style of writing various works by Amir Khusrau; ‘Rajtarangini’, the history of Kashmir by ‘Tuzuk-i-Timuri’, the autobiography of Kalhana in the 12th century C.E. is quite Timur (-i) Lang, who was also known close to the concept of modern as Amir Timur who invaded India; historiography. Kalhana himself says that ‘Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi’ by Yahya he wrote this text after critically examining Bin Ahmad Sirhindi. Their accounts various sources like inscriptions, coins, provide us with historic information of remains of ancient monuments, dynastic Sultanate period. records and local traditons. Accounts of foreign travellers in In the medieval India the historians India are also important. Among them in the courts of Muslim rulers were are Ibn Battuta, Abdul Razzaq, Marco influenced by Arabic and Persian Polo, Nicolo Conti, Barbosa and historiography. Among them Ziauddin Domingos Paes. Their accounts provide Barani holds an important place. In us with historic information of medieval ‘Tarikh-i-Phiruz Shahi’, a book written by India. Ishwardas Nagar, Bhimsen him, he has stated the purpose of Saxena, Khafi Khan and Niccolao historiography. According to him the Manucci were among the historians of historian’s duty is not limited only to the Aurangzeb’s times whose accounts are recording of the ruler’s valour and policies important sources of Mughal history. of welfare but he should also write about the ruler’s failings and incorrect policies. Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire Barani further says that a historian should wrote an autobiography, entitled, also take into consideration the impact of ‘Tuzuk-i-Babari’. It contains the the teachings of the wise, the learned, descriptions of the battles fought by him. and the saints on the cultural life of Babur also recorded his minute people. Thus, Barani expanded the scope observations of various regions and cities of historiography. travelled by him including the local For the historians in the Mughal economy, customs and the flora. courts praising the emperors and exhibition Abul Fazl’s ‘Akbarnama’ is very of loyalty became more important. The important from the viewpoint of critical custom of adding suitable poetic quotes historiography. His method of collecting and beautiful pictures was also introduced. authentic historical documents and their 8 scrutiny is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic. ‘Bakhar’ is an important type of historical documents of medieval times. It contains eulogies of the heroes and stories of historic events, battles, lives of great men. Marathi bakhars are of various types. ‘Sabhasad Bakhar’ was written by Alexander Cunningham John Marshall Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad during the reign of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj. It Many British officials in India wrote is an important bakhar for getting about Indian history. Their writings information about the rule of Chhatrapati display strong influence of the colonial Shivaji Maharaj. policies of the British. ‘Bhausahebanchi Bakhar’ describes Three Volumes of ‘The History of the Battle of Panipat. Another bakhar, British India’, written by James Mill were entitled ‘Panipatachi Bakhar’, is also published in 1817. This was the first book about the same event. ‘Holkaranchi on Indian history Kaiphiyat’ provides information about the written by a British Holkars and their contributions to the historian. It clearly Maratha rule. reflects an absence Bakhars can be divided into various of objective types such as biographies of kings, perspective and dynastic history, descriptions of events, prejudice about history of a sect, autobiographies, various aspects of regarding grievance, based on mythologies the Indian culture. James Mill ‘The History of and state administration by a king. India’, written by Mountstuart Elphinstone, Historiography in the Modern Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai) was Period : In the 20th century the Indian published in 1841. archaeological exploration and research started under the British rule. A number The period of Maratha Empire is of ancient sites were excavated under the very important in the Indian history. supervision of Sir Alexander Cunningham, Grant Duff’s name stands out among the the first Director General of the British officers who wrote about Maratha Archaeological Survey of India. He chose history. He wrote the book entitled, ‘A mainly the sites mentioned in the Buddhist History of Mahrattas’. This book is texts for this purpose. Harappan published in three volumes. Grant Duff’s Civilisation was discovered during the writing also shows the British inclination tenure of Sir John Marshall. Because of of condemning Indian culture and history. this discovery the antiquity of Indian Similar tendency is witnessed in Colonel history could be traced to 3rd millennium Todd’s writings about Rajasthan’s history. B.C.E. or even earlier. The two volumes written by William 9 Wilson Hunter on Indian history show a mention. In his somewhat impartial treatment of the opinion Sanskrit was subject. the most ancient Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and language of the Indo- Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade were two European languages. Indian historians who took upon the task He was deeply of exposing the limitations of Grant interested in Sanskrit Duff’s writings. literature. He first William Johnes translated the Sanskrit 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various text of ‘Hitopadesh’. He was the editor Ideological Frameworks of 50 volumes of ‘The Sacred Books of Colonial Historiography : The early the East’. He also compiled ‘Rigveda’, scholars who studied and wrote Indian which has been history were mainly British officers and published in six Christian missionaries. Their prejudice is volumes. He clearly reflected in the way some of them translated Rigveda have ridiculed Indian culture. Their in German. writings were used to justify the colonial Lately, Edward British rule. The five volumes of Said, a scholar ‘Cambridge History of India’, published who has re- during 1922-1937 C.E. are distinct evaluated the examples of colonial historiography. orientalist writings, Friedrich Max Muller Orientalist Historiography : Many has thrown light on imperialistic interests European scholars felt curious about of orientalist scholors. civilisations and countries of the East. Nationalistic Historiography : The Some of those scholars felt admiration writings of Indian historians who were and respect for them. These scholars trained in the British educational system were known as ‘Orientalists’. show an inclination to restore the pride The orientalists studied the similarities in the ancient glory of India and the self- between Sanskrit and some of the esteem of the Indian readers. Their European languages. They focused more writings are known as ‘Nationalistic on Vedic tradition and Sanskrit literature. Historiography’. Nationalistic writings in Their studies resulted into formulating the Maharashtra were inspired by notion of an ancient language that could Vishnushastri Chiplunkar. He criticised be the mother of all Indo-European the prejudiced history of ancient India languages. written by British officers. The nationalistic In 1784, Sir William Jones founded historians tried to seek the golden era of Asiatic society in Kolkata. It opened the Indian history. They are at times blamed doors for research in ancient Indian for ignoring the critical analysis of the literature and history. historical truth. Mahadev Govind Ranade, Among the Orientalist scholars, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, Vinayak Friedrich Max Muller deserves a special Damodar Savarkar, Rajendra Lal Mishra, 10 Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Kashi Prasad Jayswal, Radha Kumud Mukherjee, Do you know ? Bhagawan Lal Indraji, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Anant Sadashiv Altekar are V. K. Rajawade founded ‘Bharat the names of some renowned scholars Itihas Samshodhak Mandal’ in Pune, among the nationalistic historians. on 7th July 1910 to facilitate historical research. Do you know ? ‘Human history is defined by Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade Time and Space. Describing any has explained the background of the event necessitates that the final rise of Maratha empire in great portrayal should be spread on the details in his book, ‘The Rise of complete canvass of the given time Maratha Power’. According to him and place. it was not like a suddenly erupted Only if a balanced combination forest fire but the ground for it in of the three factors, Time, Space Maharashtra on the social, cultural and Personalities is present, then and religious levels was getting only an event does qualify to be ready over a prolonged period. called so.’ - V. K. Rajwade Rajwade is well-known for his writings in Marathi on varied subjects like history, linguistics, movement of the etymology, grammar, Indian people against etc. He was of the the British. In this firm opinion that we aspect the book, ‘The should write our own Indian War of history. He compiled Independence, 1857’, and edited 22 volumes written by Vinayak of ‘Marathyanchya Damodar Savarkar is Itihasachi Sadhane’. Vinayak D. Savarkar of great importance. V.K.Rajwade He wrote very The nationalistic historiography scholarly prefaces to each of the 22 provided a momentum to the writing of volumes. He stated, ‘History is the regional histories too. As a result the all-inclusive image of the past societies. attention of historians was drawn to the It does not include only the stories of geographic conditions and history of south political images, conspiracies and wars Indian regions. for seizing power.’ He insisted that history Historiography in the Post- should be written only using the authentic Independence Era : Now along with documentary source. writing the dynastic histories, the cultural, The nationalistic historiography helped social, economic histories were also being in the triggering of the independence written. Scholars of the post-independence 11 era began to feel the need of writing Folklore has been considered as a histories of various communities, sciences, very important source of writing subaltern economic systems, political ideologies, histories. Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian cultural aspects, etc. The historiography played a major role in establishing of this era has been influenced mainly by subaltern history as an important academic three ideological schools: (1) Marxist school of historiography. However, we History (2) Subaltern History (3) Feminist may point out that much before the onset History. of subaltern ideology similar thoughts Marxist Histroy : The concern for were expressed by Mahatma Jyotirao the means of production, modes of Phule and Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. production and the industrial relations Mahatma Phule unfolded the history were at the centre in the writings of of the ‘shudratishudra’ commuunities in Marxist historians. Accordingly, to analyse his book, ‘Gulamgiri’. the impact of every social event of He drew attention to significance has the exploitation of remained the basic women, shudras and theme of Marxist atishudras done under historiography. the name of religion. Marxist historians The terms in India studied the ‘shudra’ and transitions within the ‘atishudra’ indicates Mahatma Jotirao Phule caste system. Among the bottommost ranks in the caste system. Damodar Kosambi the notable Indian The role of the people belonging to historians who adopted Marxist ideological Dalit castes is very significant in the framework, scholars like Damodar shaping of various cultural and political Dharmanand Kosambi, Comrade Shripad aspects of India. However, their role was Amrut Dange, Ram Sharan Sharma, not duly acknowledged in the colonial and Comrade Sharad Patil have contributed nationalistic historiography. Dr Babasaheb notably. Comrade Dange was one of the Ambedkar focusing on founder members of the Indian Communist this fact, consistently Party. ‘Primitive Communism to Slavery’, wrote about it. Two of the book written by him represents Marxist his books, ‘Who Were historiography. the Shudras’ and ‘The Subaltern History : The seeds of Untouchables’ may be subaltern history are found in the Marxist cited as examples of historiography. The role of the Italian history of subaltern Dr Ambedkar type. historian Antonio Gramsci is very important in developing the idea that Feminist History : Over a significant history should be written starting from the period of time, mainly male scholars were bottommost ranks of people in the society. involved in the writing of Indian history. In fact, subaltern means the ‘bottommost As a result, the role and achievements of ranks’. women in history remained neglected. To 12 highlight this fact was a major task faced women in Maharashtra. Dr. Sharmila by the feminist historians. Also, it was Rege’s work is noteworthy in this context. important to study and compile the Her book, ‘Writing Caste, Writing Gender  : historical writings of women. It was also Reading Dalit Women’s Testimonies’ necessary to rethink of women’s position includes her essays on the autobiographies in history. of Dalit women. Among women authors writing about women in the 19th Do you know ? century C.E., Tarabai Publication of ‘Marathi Shinde was the Riyasat’ by Govind Sakharam foremost one. She Sardesai was a momentous wrote attacking the achievement in the field of Indian male dominated Historiography. His work became social system and so famous that people began to the caste system. address him as ‘Riyasatkar’. He Tarabai Shinde Her book, ‘Stripurush published several volumes of Tulana’, published Maratha history. in 1882, is acknowledged as the first feminist book in India. In 1888, the book There have been a number of Indian written by Pandita Ramabai was published, historians who wrote without embracing entitled, ‘The High Caste Hindu Woman’. a particular ideology. Among them The feminist literature of the post- historians like Sir Jadunath Sarkar, independence era concentrated on the Surendra Nath Sen, Riyasatkar G.S. issues like employment of women, Sardesai, and Tryambak Shankar treatement meted out to them at their Shejawalkar are noteworthy. work place, their right to political equality, In the recent times historians like etc. Among the recently published feminist Yashawant Dinkar Phadke, Ramchandra literature Meera Kosambi’s book, Guha, etc. have contributed extensively to ‘Crossing Thresholds : Feminist Essays in the historiography of modern India. Social History’ is of importance. It Thus, it is evident that the Indian contains essays on the life stories of historiography has been influenced greatly women like Pandita Ramabai and Dr. by the social and political movements. It Rukhamabai, the first practicing lady seems that some part of the Indian doctor of India. A lot of literature is historiography was also developed outside available unfolding the viewpoint of Dalit the influence of these movements. Exercise 1. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option. (a) Alexander Cunningham (b) William Jones (c) John Marshall (1) …….. was the first Director General (d) Friedrich Max Muller of the Archaeological Survey of India. 13  (2) ………… translated the Sanskrit text 5. (a) Complete the following chart. of ‘Hitopadesh’. (a) James Mill James Mill ‘The History of British India’ James Grant.............................. (b) Friedrich max Muller Duff (c) Mountstuart Elphinstone.................. ‘The History of India’ (d) Sir John Marshall S.A. Dange.............................. (B) Identify the wrong pair in the.................. ‘Who were the Shudras’ following, correct it and rewrite. (b) Complete the following concept (1) ‘Who were the Shudras’ - chart. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar (2) ‘Stri-Purush Tulana’ - Feminist writing De (3) ‘The Indian War of Independence hy sc fou ap rip gh gr 1857’ - Marxist History tio t b rio ns y sto ni Hi of Ba (4) Grant Duff - Colonial History. ra Ba the bur of Tu e din ba os z uk 2. Explain the following with its reason. ttle ud rp -i- Pu Zia s Ba ba (1) Writing of the regional history received ri ur ab a momentum. B or ti Ka pa er (2) Bakhar is an important type of Hi hh araj lh p a sto Em atr an h ry historical documents. of Ma a of C j i re hiva as K n 3. Answer the following in 25-30 words. S h ig mi r e Th (1) Which things are included in the descriptions by Emperor Babur in his autobiography ? (2) What is the contribution of Svatantryaveer Savarkar to 6. Explain the following concepts. nationalistic historiography? (1) Orientalist historiography. (2) Nationalistic historiography. 4. Write detailed answers to the following (3) Subaltern history. questions : (1) What is Marxist History? Project (2) What is the contribution of Prepare an illustrated manuscript with the Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade to help of the internet giving more information historiography  ? about the historians mentioned in this lesson. 14  3. Applied History 3.1 What is Applied History ? times. Knowledge of history is useful as it can provide guidance in finding solutions 3.2 Applied History and Research in to contemporary social issues and Various Fields incorporate them in the social planning. 3.3 Applied History and Our Present Knowledge of history is essential for this 3.4 Management of Cultural and purpose. Natural Heritage The projects and programmes related 3.5 Affiliated Professional Fields to applied history can create opportunities for people to participate along with the 3.1 What is Applied History ? technical experts. Their participation in the ‘Applied History’ is also known as capacity of tourists visiting museums and ‘Public History’. ‘Applied History’ is a ancient sites is also important. Tourism field of study concerned with the creats interest in history among people. application of history for the benefit of They can volunteer to participate in the people in the contemporary and future conservation and preservation projects of their own city or town or village. It is interesting to know : 3.2 Applied History and Research in Public History : People have lot of Various Fields misgivings about the practicality of the knowledge of history. For example, history History is about the past events. The is usually thought as a field of interest way our present life style is shaped, is only for historians and students wishing dependent on the historical chain of to pursue higher studies in the subject and events. Historical events relate to various not pertaining to practical life, history as fields like politics, social and religious a field of knowledge does not have any structure of a community, philosophy, applicability to economically productive fields, etc. technology and science, etc. Each of these fields have their own history of building ‘Public History’ helps to overcome such misgivings and makes history knowledge. The direction of future meaningful in everyday life connecting development in every field is dependent people to history. on the state of available knowledge. There are many universities abroad, Hence, the method of history can prove where various courses in 'Public History' to be of value in the research of various are offered. Srushti Institute of Art Design fields. For example, and Technology is an institute at Bengaluru, (1) Philosophy : The history of Karnataka. This institute has an philosophy helps in understanding the independent department, named, ‘Centre origin of various ideologies, the intellectual for Public History’. This department has traditions giving rise to those ideologies taken up various projects and research in the field of public history. and their historical development. Philosophy needs language as a medium 15 of expression. In order to understand the understand the history of these processes. philosophical expression, knowledge of The nature of the market and commerce the history of language proves useful. has continued to change. Accordingly, the (2) Science : The history of science nature of human relationships and the helps in understanding the chronological social organisation also has continued to order of scientific discoveries, inventions change. To understand this development and theories. It can also help to understand it is necessary to study the history of the cause-effect chain that led to those culture, social organisation and economic discoveries and inventions. It is said that institutions. ‘need’ is the mother of inventions. (5) Management Studies : In order Scientific discoveries/inventions are often to understand various factors involved in the effects of human efforts to fulfil a the chain of production such as means of need and also curiosity. These efforts are production, human resources and processes based on already available scientific of production, as well as the chain of knowledge. Knowledge of history of market and sales management, etc. it is science helps in understanding the factors essential to have a knowledge of similar that facilitated a scientific discovery/ functional systems of the past. It is invention and also its chronology. essential to understand the psychological (3) Technology : The history of character of people working at various technology helps in understanding the levels in the chain of production and changes and their causes in the field of marketing for healthy management. In agricultural production, commodity order to achieve it, understanding of the production, architecture, engineering, etc. social and economic institutions that Scientific discoveries/inventions and support the industrial and commercial technological advancement are mutually processes is important. Knowledge of dependent on each other. Knowledge of history in this regard makes the science and technology was very important management at various levels easier. at every step from the making of stone (6) Arts : It is important to understand tools to agricultural production in the the development of various art forms with evolution of mankind. Later the the help of their style of expression and advancement of science promoted the their foundation in the form of intellectual- mechanisation of production. It is emotional-cultural traditions. The key to necessary to know the history of technology the expressions in any art form, emotional in order to understand the development of temperament of the artist and the mechanisation and the mutual dependence developmental history of the respective between science and technology. art form can be understood with the help (4) Industry and Commerce : The of cultural history. field of mutual social transactions expands (7) Humanities : Humanities include with the growth of industry and trade. It disciplines like history, archaeology, also promotes continuous development of sociology, anthropology, political science, the network of cultural interactions. It is economics, etc. To understand the history an integral part of the industrial and of the origin and development of these commercial management. It is essential to disciplines is an essential part of their 16 learning. All disciplines are supposed to 3.4 Management of Cultural and have their origin in philosophy. Ancient Natural Heritage people all over the world tried to speculate in order to understand the relationship (a) Cultural Heritage : It is in the between the universe and human existence. form of human creation. It is of two types It gave rise to various mythological stories - tangible and intangible. about the origin of this world, the 1. Tangible Cultural Heritage : This universal order, human life, gods and type of cultural heritage includes ancient goddesses, rituals and their philosophical sites, buildings, artefacts, manuscripts, explanation. Roots of philosophical sculptures, paintings, etc. ponderings are to be found in these 2. Intangible Cultural Heritage : mythological stories. Various disciplines This type of cultural heritage includes the under humanities have theoretical following things - foundations based on philosophical * Oral traditions and their language theories. Only historical knowledge can help us in understanding these * Traditional knowledge developmental stages. * Social customs and rituals of celebrating festivals 3.3 Applied History and Our Present * Styles of performing arts People often ask about the practical * Certain traditional skills value of history. The answer to the * Communities, groups who represent question about the nature of applied such traditions, Customs and skills history answers this question as well. The visible and invisible relics of the past (b) Natural Heritage : the concept exist in the present. We nurture some of natural heritage gives importance to kind of curiosity, attraction toward them. the thought of biodiversity. It includes the We wish to know more about their history following things - because they represent the creative (1) Fauna (2) Flora (3) Ecology and thoughts and traditions of our ancestors. geomorphic characteristics which is crucial It is our heritage. It helps in building our for sustaining the flora and fauna of a identity. The history of our heritage links particular region. us with our origin. Hence it becomes It is essential for the benefit of future necessary to preserve and conserve it for generations to preserve our heritage. future, for our benefit as well as for the UNESCO, the global organisation has benefit of future generations. Applied announced some directives with the history is concerned with the preservation objective of promoting the cultural and and conservation of our heritage and natural heritage. On the basis of those make it accessible to people. Heritage directives list of sites and traditions are management creates opportunities of declared as ‘World Heritage’. employment. In brief, applied history can The list of UNESCO’s World Natural be described as understanding of our Heritage now includes Western Ghats. present with the help of history and The Kaas plateau in the District Satara, finding right direction for the benefit of is also a part of the Western Ghats. our future. 17  1987, : Great Living Chola Temples - At a glance : 2004 Gangaikondcholapuram, Brihadishwar and Airavateshwar The Indian traditions declared as Oral at Darasuram and Intangible heritage : 1987 : Group of Monuments at Pattadakal 2001 : Kootiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre, 1989 : Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Kerala. 1993 : Humayun's Tomb, Delhi 2003 : The tradition of Vedic Chanting. 1993 : Kutub Minar and its Monuments, 2005 : Ramlila - the traditional Delhi performance of the Ramayana in 1999 : Mountain Railways of India Uttar Pradesh. (1) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 2009 : Ramman : religious festival and (2) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, ritual theatre of the Garhwal (3) The Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himalayas. 2002 : Mahabodhi Temple Complex at 2010 : Kalbelia : folk songs and dances Bodh Gaya of Rajasthan. 2003 : Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka 2010 : Chhau dance : a tradition from 2004 : Champaner-Pavagadh eastern India. Archaeological Park 2010 : Mudiyett : a ritual theatre of Kerala. 2004 : Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 2012 : Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: Terminus, Mumbai recitation of sacred Buddhist texts 2007 : Red Fort Complex, Delhi in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh 2010 : The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur region, Jammu and Kashmir. 2013 : Hill Forts of Rajasthan 2013 : Sankirtana : ritual singing, drumming 2014 : Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s and dancing of Manipur. Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat 2014 : Traditional craft of making utensils 2016 : Archaeological Site of Nalanda of brass and copper among the Mahavihara (Nalanda University) Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab. at Nalanda, Bihar 2016 : Yoga 2016 : The Capital Complex at Chandigarh 2017 : Ahemadabad - Historical City World Cultural Heritage Sites - India 1983 : Agra Fort World Natural Heritage Sites : 1983 : Ajanta Caves 1985 : Kaziranga National Park 1983 : Verul (Ellora) Caves 1985 : Keoladeo National Park 1983 : Taj Mahal 1985 : Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1984 : Group of Monuments at 1987 : Sundarbans National Park Mahabalipuram 1988, : Nanda Devi and Valley of 1984 : Sun Temple, Konark 2005 Flowers National Parks 1986 : Churches and Convents of Goa 2012 : Western Ghats 1986 : Fatehpur Sikri 2014 : Great Himalayan National Park 1986 : Group of Monuments at Hampi Conservation Area 1986 : Khajuraho Group of Monuments 1987 : Elephanta Caves Mixed 2016 : Khangchendzonga National Park 18  people while completing the projects of conservation, preservation and development of a heritage site. (4) Participation of the local people in the project can be facilitated. (5) Systematic plan can be designed to employ the local skills in a creative way and create better opportunities of livelihood. 3.5 Affiliated Professional Fields Kailasa Temple, Verul Knowledge of history can be supportive in the decision making with ‘Cultural and Natural Heritage regard to respective legal provisions and Management’ is one of the main aspects public policies in the following fields : of applied history. The work of conservation and preservation of the 1. Museums and Archives Cultural Heritage falls under the 2. Preservation and conservation of jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey historical site of India and India’s State Departments of 3. Tourism and Hospitality Archaeology. Beside, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural 4. Entertainment and Mass Media Heritage) is actively working in this field. The work of conservation and preservation Do you know ? of cultural and natural heritage requires The earliest participation of experts from various museum (6th century fields. They need to be duly aware of the B.C.E.) in the world cultural, social and political histories of was discovered the heritage site. Principles of applied during the history are useful in creating the awareness excavations at the among them. Thus, city of ‘Ur’ in (1) The operations necessary for the Mesopotamia. The conservation, preservation and excavations were development of the heritage site can be Clay Tablets conducted by Sir handled without causing any change in Leonard Woolley its original state. (1922-1934). This museum was built by (2) The local social structure and the princess of Mesopotamia. Her name psychology of the local people, challenges was Ennigaldi. She herself was the faced by them in the present situations curator of the museum. and their expectations can be surveyed in A noteworthy feature of the that detail. museum is the clay tablets inscribed (3) Due precautions can be taken to with the descriptions of exhibited avoid hurting sentiments of the local artefacts. 19  Do you know ? It is interesting to know : Archives preserve and store old documents, official records, old films, etc. The National Archives of India is in Delhi. Every state in India maintains its archives independently. Archives with a distinct purpose : The main office of the National Film Archives of India is located in Indian Museum, Kolkata Pune, Maharashtra. It was established The ‘Indian Museum’ at in 1964 as the Media Unit of the Kolkata was founded by the Asiatic Ministry of Information and Society in 1814 C.E. Nathaniel Broadcasting of the Indian Government. Wallich, a Danish botanist was the It served three objectives. founder and the first curator of the To search and obtain rare Indian museum. The photograph of the films and to preserve the heritage museum seen here is dated to 1905. for the benefit of future generations. The museum has three main To categorise the important aspects departments, Arts, Archaeology and of films, to create documentation Anthropology. Other affiliated and catalogues and carry out departments are : conservation, research in the field. publication, photography, exhibition-presentation, model- To establish a centre for making, training, library, security. dissemination of ‘films culture’. Every field mentioned here requires history can create various opportunities expert personnel with specialised skills. for these professionals. For example, architects, engineers, In this lesson we learnt about the role historians, archaeologists, museum of applied history in public training curators, sociologists, archive management programmes for understanding the professionals, legal experts, skilled importance of history, for creating social photographers, etc. Of course, this is just awareness regarding the conservation, a representative list. The help of experts preservation of our cultural and natural from many more fields is required. These heritage, using knowledge of history for experts need to have adequate knowledge this purpose, to enhance the professional of the ancient sites, the historical skills of people and to develop industrial, background of the structural remains and commercial field, to carry out preparatory artefacts. Projects in the field of applied work and plan for effective implementation 20 of heritage projects, etc. It is essential preserved for the benefit of future to avoid vandalising of historic and public generations. places and to ensure that they are Exercise 1. (a) Complete the sentences by choosing 4. Complete the following concept chart. the correct option. (1) The earliest museum in the world was Cultural Heritage discovered in the excavations at the city of ……….. (a) Delhi (b) Harappa Tangible Intangible (c) Ur (d) Kolkata (2) The National Archives of India is in …………….. (a) Delhi (b) Kolkata (c) Mumbai (d) Chennai (b) Identify the wrong pair in the 5. Explain the following statements giving following, correct it and rewrite. reasons. (1) Kootiyattam - Sanskrit theatre, Kerala (1) It is essential to study the history of technology. (2) Ramman - Dance form in West Bengal (2) The list of world Heritage Sites is (3) Ramlila - Traditional Performance of announced by UNESCO. the Ramayana in Uttar Pradesh (4) Kalbelia - Folk songs and dances of 6. Write elaborate answers. Rajasthan. (1) How is the method of history useful in the research of 2. Explain the following concepts : (a) Science (b) Arts (1) Applied History (c) Management Studies (2) Archives (2) How can we correlate applied history 3. Answer the following in 25-30 words. with our present? (1) Explain the concept of ‘Public History’. (3) Suggest at least 10 solutions for (2) What is the role of UNESCO in the preservation of the sources of history. context of heritage sites? (4) What objectives can be fulfilled (3) Find out the world cultural heritage through the heritage projects. sites located in Maharashtra and write their names. Project Show the Indian heritage sites on the map of India. 21  4. History of India Arts 4.1 What is ‘Art’? and ‘Classical Art’. Folk art is a tradition 4.2 Indian Traditions of Visual Arts that has continued from the prehistoric 4.3 Indian traditions of Performing Arts times. The expression of folk art is a 4.4 Art, Applied Art and Professional natural part of people’s way of living. Opportunities Hence its expression is spontaneous. Folk art is created by collective participation of 4.1 What is Art ? the members of a social group. Classical art, on the other hand, is expressed within It is a natural human instinct to want to share his experience, wisdom, and also an established frame of consistent rules. It emotions. When that instinct results in a needs a prolonged training to master any beautiful creation, it is acknowledged as form of classical art. ‘Art’. The artist’s power of imagination, Style in Art : Artists tend to have sensibility, state of emotion and his skills their own method of working. It is known are the crucial factors at the root of as the style of the artist. When a style is artistic creation. adopted by many artists over a prolonged Visual Arts and Performing Arts  : period of time, it may become a tradition. Artistic creations are of two types, ‘Visual Such tradition gets established as an ‘art Arts’ and ‘Performing Arts’. The Sanskrit style’. Various art styles develop in every term for the first type is Drik Kala and for culture, which are characteristic of a the second type, Lalit or Aangik Kala. Many certain period and region. Such styles are examples of Prehistoric rock art have been helpful in studying art history. discovered at many sites in the world. It proves that the origin of visual arts is as 4.2 Indian Traditions of Visual Arts old as the stone-age man. (Drik Kala) Folk Arts and Classical Arts : There The art of painting and scu