Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity PDF
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2024
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This document covers the end of bipolarity, including the fall of the Berlin Wall, the breakdown of the Soviet Union and its impact. It details the consequences of these events, examining the concept of "shock therapy" and its widespread practice in former Soviet Bloc nations. It also analyzes the shifting power dynamics and impact on global politics.
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vè;k; 1 nks /kzqoh;rk dk var ifjp; 'khr;q¼ osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q¼ dk lcls cM+k çrhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kA bl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh; rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe lkeus vk;kA bldh ifj.kfr nwljh...
vè;k; 1 nks /kzqoh;rk dk var ifjp; 'khr;q¼ osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q¼ dk lcls cM+k çrhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kA bl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh; rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe lkeus vk;kA bldh ifj.kfr nwljh nqfu;k osQ iru vkSj 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn foHkkftr gks pqosQ teZuh dk vc ,dhdj.k gks x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses esa 'kkfey iwohZ ;wjksi osQ vkB ns'kksa us ,d&,d djosQ turk osQ çn'kZuksa dks ns[kdj vius lkE;oknh 'kklu dks cny MkykA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ le; lksfo;r la?k dks ;g lc pqipki ns[krs jguk iM+kA ,slk fdlh lSU; etcwjh ls ugha] cfYd vke turk dh lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ ncko cfyZu dh nhokj iwt¡ hoknh nqfu;k osQ dkj.k gqvkA var esa Lo;a lksfo;r la?k dk vkSj lkE;oknh nqfu;k osQ chp fo?kVu gks x;kA bl vè;k; esa ge nwljh foHkktu dk çrhd FkhA 1961 esa cuh ;g nhokj if'peh cfyZu dks iwohZ cfyZu ls vyx djrh FkhA 150 fdyksehVj nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ vk'k;] dkj.k vkSj ls Hkh T;knk yach ;g nhokj 28 o"kksZa rd [kM+h jgh vkSj vkf[kjdkj turk us bls ifj.kkekssa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh 9 uoacj] 1989 dks rksM+ fn;kA ;g nksuksa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k vkSj lkE;oknh [kses ppkZ djsaxs fd lksfo;r 'kklu osQ iru osQ dh lekfIr dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;gk¡ fn, x, fp=k blh dFkkØe dks lkeus j[krs gSAa 1- yksx nhokj esa NksVk lk Nsn dj jgsa gSaA ckn nqfu;k osQ bl fgLls esa D;k gqvk vkSj 2- eqDr vkokxeu dks laHko cukus osQ fy, nhokj osQ ,d fgLls dks fxjk fn;k vc bu ns'kksa ls Hkkjr osQ fj'rs oSQls gSaA x;k gSA 3- 1989 ls igys cfyZu dh nhokj fp=k izsQMfjd jse vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ;wVkg ls lkHkkj 2024-25 2 ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr lksfo;r ç.kkyh D;k Fkh\ miHkksDrk&m|ksx Hkh cgqr mUur Fkk vkSj fiu lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; (;w-,l-,l-vkj-) ls ysdj dkj rd lHkh phtksa dk mRiknu :l esa gqbZ 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr osQ ogk¡ gksrk FkkA gkyk¡fd lksfo;r la?k osQ lksfo;r la?k ckn vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g Økafr iw¡thoknh miHkksDrk m|ksx esa cuus okyh oLrq,¡ xq.koÙkk osQ usrk O;oLFkk osQ fojks/ esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj lektokn osQ fygkt ls if'peh ns'kksa osQ Lrj dh ugha osQ vkn'kks± vkSj lerkewyd lekt dh ”k:jr Fkha ysfdu lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us vius ls çsfjr FkhA ;g ekuo bfrgkl esa futh lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ,d U;wure thou laifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt Lrj lqfuf'pr dj fn;k FkkA ljdkj cqfu;knh dks lekurk osQ fl¼kar ij lpsr :i ls ”k:jr dh phtsa elyu LokLF;&lqfo/k] jpus dh lcls cM+h dksf'k'k FkhA ,slk djus f'k{kk] cPpksa dh ns[kHkky rFkk yksd&dY;k.k esa lksfo;r ç.kkyh osQ fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj dh vU; phtsa fj;k;rh nj ij eqgS;k djkrh Oykfnehj ysfuu (1870&1924) ^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks çkFkfed egÙo fn;kA FkhA fefYd;r dk çeq[k :i jkT; dk cksY'ksfod dE;qfuLV lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh /qjh dE;qfuLV LokfeRo Fkk rFkk Hkwfe vkSj vU; mRiknd ikVhZ osQ laLFkkid_ ikVhZ FkhA blesa fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny lainkvksa ij LokfeRo gksus osQ vykok fu;a=k.k 1917 dh :lh Økafr ;k foi{k osQ fy, txg ugha FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh jkT; dk gh FkkA osQ uk;d vkSj Økafr cgjgky] lksfo;r ç.kkyh ij ukSdj'kkgh ;kstukc¼ vkSj jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkhA osQ ckn osQ lcls eqf'dy nkSj nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn iwohZ ;wjksi osQ dk f'kdatk dlrk pyk x;kA ;g ç.kkyh (1917&1924) esa ns'k lksfo;r la?k osQ vaoqQ'k esa vk x;sA lÙkkoknh gksrh xbZ vkSj ukxfjdksa dk thou lksfo;r lektoknh lksfo;r lsuk us bUgsa iQklhoknh rkOkQrksa osQ dfBu gksrk pyk x;kA yksdra=k vkSj vfHkO;fDr x.kjkT; osQ paxqy ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu lHkh ns'kksa dh dh vk”kknh ugha gksus osQ dkj.k yksx viuh laLFkkid&vè;{k_ jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lksfo;r vlgefr vDlj pqVoqQyksa vkSj dkVwZuksa esa ekDlZokn dks veyh tkek igukus esa leFkZ_ la?k dh lektoknh ç.kkyh dh rtZ ij k;k Fkk] gfFk;kjksa dh rst gksM+ 'kq: jk"Vªifr (1991&1999)_ Hkh ugha gSA oqQN vU; yksx lksprs gSa fd dh Fkh] ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ lap; dks cs bfrgkl osQ ckotwn Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa vkSj muosQ ^ghjks* osQ fy, Hkqxrku fd;k vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrku rFkk bjkd m”csdh yksxksa dh nhokuxh m”csfdLrkuoklh vusd Hkkjrh;ksa dks vk'p;Ztud esa ;q¼ osQ nkSjku bu {ks=kksa ls vius foekuksa tku iM+rh gSA rk'kdan fLFkr Hkkjrh; nwrkokl osQ v'kksd 'kej crkrs gSa& dks mM+kus dh vuqefr yhA :l bu jkT;ksa ¶ge tgk¡ Hkh tkrs gSa vkSj LFkkuh; vf/dkfj;ksa ls feyrs gSa & dkchuk ea=kh dks viuk fudVorhZ ^fons'k* ekurk gS vkSj rd & ckrphr esa ges'kk bldk ftØ djrs gSaA blls irk pyrk gS fd mldk ekuuk gS fd bu jkT;ksa dks :l osQ Hkkjrh; fiQYe] laLÑfr] xhr vkSj [+kkl rkSj ij jktdiwj ;gk¡ ?kj&?kj tkus tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ vf/dka'k yksx fganh xhr xk ysrs gSaA vFkZ pkgs u ekywe gksa çHkko esa jguk pkfg,A [kfut&rsy tSls ysfdu mudk mPpkj.k lgh gksrk gS vkSj os laxhr Hkh idM+ ysrs gSaA eSaus lalk/u dh ekStwnxh osQ dkj.k phu osQ ik;k fd esjs lkjs iM+kslh fganh xhr ctkrs gSa vkSj xk ysrs gSaA eSa tc fgr Hkh bl {ks=k ls tqM+s gSa vkSj phfu;ksa us m”csfdLrku vk;k rks ;g esjs fy, lpeqp cgqr vk'p;Z dh ckr FkhA¸ lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa vkdj O;kikj djuk 'kq: & chchlh osQ eè; ,f'k;k laoknnkrk yqbZl fgnkYxks dh fjiksVZ dj fn;k gSA 2024-25 12 ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k iwoZ&lkE;oknh ns'k vkSj Hkkjr Hkkjr us lkE;oknh jg pqoQs lHkh ns'kksa osQ lkFk vPNs lac/ a dk;e fd, gSa ysfdu Hkkjr osQ laca/ :l osQ lkFk lcls T;knk xgjs gSaA Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw Hkkjr dk :l osQ lkFk laca/ gSA 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ laca/ cgqr xgjs FksA blls vkykspdksa dks ;g Hkkjr&:l laca/ksa dk bfrgkl vkilh fo'okl vkSj lk>s fgrksa dk dgus dk volj Hkh feyk fd Hkkjr lksfo;r [kses bfrgkl gSA Hkkjr&:l osQ vkilh laca/ bu ns'kksas dh turk dh dk fgLlk FkkA bl nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k vis{kkvksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; fgUnh fiQYeksa osQ uk;dksa esa jktdiwj osQ laca/ cgqvk;keh FksA ls ysdj vferkHk cPpu rd :l vkSj iwoZ lksfo;r la?k osQ ckdh vkfFkZd µ lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ lkoZtfud x.kjkT;ksa esa ?kj&?kj tkus tkrs gSaA vki bl {ks=k esa fganh fiQYeh xhr {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dh ,sls oDr esa enn dh tc ctrs lqu ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr ;gk¡ osQ tuekul dk ,d vax gSA ,slh enn ikuk eqf'dy FkkA lksfo;r la?k us fHkykbZ] cksdkjks vkSj fo'kk[kkiêðue osQ bLikr dkj[kkuksa rFkk Hkkjr gsoh bysfDVªdYl tSls e'khujh la;=a kksa osQ fy, vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh lgk;rk nhA Hkkjr esa tc fons'kh eqæk dh deh Fkh rc lksfo;r la?k us #i;s dks ekè;e cukdj Hkkjr osQ lkFk O;kikj fd;kA pj.k jktuhfrd µ lksfo;r la?k us d'ehj ekeys ij la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa Hkkjr osQ #[k dks leFkZu © lksfo;r vkSj vejhdh nksuksa [kseksa osQ 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj osQ fn;kA lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ la?k"kZ osQ xkkSrs fd, ftlls Hkkjr la;qDr :i ls lSU; fo?kVu dk çHkko ml ns'k ij D;k gqvk\ midj.k rS;kj dj ldkA © gj lewg vius fu"d"kZ d{kk osQ lkeus j[ksA bu ns'kksa osQ yksx laLÑfr µ fganh fiQYe vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr crkSj ukxfjd vius ckjs esa D;k eglwl dj jgs Fks & bl fo"k; lksfo;r la?k esa yksdfç; FksA cM+h la[;k esa ij Nk=kksa dh ckrphr dks lqfuf'pr djsaA Hkkjrh; ys[kd vkSj dykdkjksa us lksfo;r la?k dh ;k=kk dhA vè;kidksa osQ fy, * vki Nk=kksa osQ fu"d"kZ dks yksdrkaf=kd vkSj lkE;oknh O;oLFkk osQ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj ls tksM+ ldrs gSa vkSj çR;sd osQ xq.k&nks"k dks js[kkafdr dj ldrs gSaA * D;k lkE;okn vkSj iw¡thokn dk dksbZ fodYi gks ldrk gS & Nk=kksa dks bl fo"k; ij ppkZ djus osQ fy, c
