Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves PDF

HkkSfrdh vè;k; 8 oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa 8.1 Hkwfedk vè;k; 4 esa geus lh[kk gS fd fo|qr èkkjk paqcdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrh gS rFkk nks èkkjkokgh rkj ijLij ,d&nwljs ij paqcdh; cy vkjksfir djrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr] vè;k; 6 esa ge ;g ns[k pqoQs gSa fd...

HkkSfrdh vè;k; 8 oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa 8.1 Hkwfedk vè;k; 4 esa geus lh[kk gS fd fo|qr èkkjk paqcdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrh gS rFkk nks èkkjkokgh rkj ijLij ,d&nwljs ij paqcdh; cy vkjksfir djrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr] vè;k; 6 esa ge ;g ns[k pqoQs gSa fd le; osQ lkFk ifjorZu'khy pqca dh; {ks=k fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrk gSA ijar]q D;k bldk foykse Hkh lR; gS\ D;k le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr gksrk gqvk fo|qr {ks=k pqacdh; {ks=k dks mRiUu djrk gS\ tsEl DykoZQ eSDlosy (1831-1879) us ;g roZQ izLrqr fd;k fd okLro esa ,slk gh gksrk gSA u osQoy fo|qr èkkjk oju le; osQ lkFk ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k Hkh paqcdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrk gSA le; osQ lkFk ifjorZu'khy èkkjk ls tqM+s laèkkfj=k osQ ckgj fdlh ¯cnq ij paqcdh; {ks=k Kkr djus osQ fy, ,sfEi;j dk fu;e yxkrs le;] eSDlosy dk è;ku bl fu;e lacaèkh ,d vlaxfr dh vksj x;kA bl vlaxfr dks nwj djus osQ fy, mUgksaus ,d vfrfjDr èkkjk osQ vfLrRo dk lq>ko fn;k ftldks mUgksaus foLFkkiu èkkjk uke fn;kA mUgksaus fo|qr o paqcdh; {ks=kksa rFkk muosQ lzksrksaµvkos'k ,oa èkkjk&?kuRo dks lfEefyr dj] lehdj.kksa dk ,d leqPp; lw=kc¼ fd;kA bu lehdj.kksa dks eSDlosy lehdj.k dgrs gSAa yksjt as dk cy lw=k (vè;k; 4) vkSj feyk ysa rks ;s lehdj.k fo|qr&paqcdRp osQ lHkh vkèkkjHkwr fu;eksa dks xf.krh; :i esa O;Dr djrs gSaA eSDlosy osQ lehdj.kksa ls mHkjus okyh lcls egRoiw.kZ izkxqfDr oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk vfLrRo gksuk gS tks varfj{k esa lapfjr le; osQ lkFk cnyrs (;qfXer) fo|qrh; ,oa paqcdh; 198 {ks=k gSaA eSDlosy osQ lehdj.kksa osQ vuqlkj] bu rjaxksa dh pky] izdk'kh; ekiu }kjk izkIr izdk'k 2024-25  oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa dh pky ( 3 ×108 m/s) osQ yxHkx cjkcj gksrh gSA blls ge bl egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ ij igqp ¡ s fd izdk'k ,d oS|rq pacq dh; rjax gSA bl izdkj] eSDlosy osQ dk;Z us fo|qr] paqcdRo ,oa izdk'k osQ {ks=kksa dks ,dho`Qr dj fn;kA 1885 esa] gVZ~”k us iz;ksx }kjk oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa osQ vfLrRo dks izn£'kr fd;kA ekdksuZ h ,oa vU; vkfo"drkZvksa us ;Fkkle;] blosQ rduhdh mi;ksx esa lapkj osQ {ks=k esa tks Økafr dh] mlosQ vkt ge izR;{kn'khZ gSaA bl vè;k; esa] igys ge foLFkkiu èkkjk dh vko';drk ,oa mlosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djasxsA fiQj ge oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk ,d fooj.kkRed fp=k izLrqr djsaxsA oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk laiw.kZ o.kZØe] tks xkek fdj.kksa (rjaxnS?;Z ~10–12 m) ls nh?kZ jsfM;ks rjaxksa (rjaxnS?;Z ~106 m) rd iSQyk gS] mlosQ fo"k; esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA tsEl DykoZQ eSDlosy 8.2 foLFkkiu èkkjk (1831 – 1879) LdkWVySaM osQ ,fMucxZ esa tUes] mUuhloha 'krh vè;k; 4 esa ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fo|qr èkkjk vius pkjksa vksj ,d paqcdh; osQ egkure HkkSfrdfonksa esa ls ,dA {ks=k mRiUu djrh gSA eSDlosy us n'kkZ;k fd rk£dd laxfr osQ fy, ;g mUgksaus xSl osQ v.kqvksa dh rkih; vko';d gS fd ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k Hkh paqcdh; {ks=k mRiUu djsA ;g xfr;ksa osQ forj.k osQ fy, O;atd izHkko cgqr gh egÙo dk gS] D;ksfa d ;g jsfM;ks rjaxks]a xkek fdj.kks]a ,oa n`'; O;qRiUu fd;k vkSj os mu igys izdk'k osQ vfrfjDr Hkh vU; lHkh oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa osQ vfLrRo dh yksxksa esa ls ,d Fks ftUgksaus ';kurk O;k[;k djrk gSA vkfn ekiu ;ksX; jkf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx ;g ns[kus osQ fy, fd ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k fdl izdkj paqcdh; dj vkf.od izkpyksa osQ fo'oluh; {ks=k osQ mn~Hko dk dkj.k curk gSA vkb, ge fdlh laèkkfj=k osQ vkos'ku vkdyu izkIr fd,A eSDlosy dh dh izfØ;k ij fopkj djsa vkSj la/kfj=k osQ ckgj fdlh ¯cnq ij pqacdh; lcls cM+h miyfCèk] fo|qr ,oa {ks=k Kkr djus osQ fy, ,sfEi;j osQ ifjiFkh; fu;e (vè;k; 4) pqacdRo osQ (owQykWe] vkWLVsZM] tsEl DykoZQ eSDlosy (1831–1879) ,sfEi;j ,oa iSQjkMs }kjk [kksts x,) Ñ∫ B.dl =µ0 i (t ) (8.1) fu;eksa osQ ,dhdj.k }kjk laxr dk mi;ksx djsaA lehdj.kksa dk ,d leqPp; izLrqr djuk Fkk] ftUgsa vkt ge eSDlosy ¹fp=k 8.1(a)º esa ,d lekarj IysV laèkkfj=k C n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks ,d osQ lehdj.kksa osQ uke ls tkurs gSAa ,sls ifjiFk dk Hkkx gS ftlesa le; osQ lkFk ifjorZu'khy èkkjk i (t) izokfgr buosQ vkèkkj ij os bl lokZfèkd gks jgh gSA vkb,] lekarj IysV laèkkfj=k osQ cká {ks=k esa fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd tSls fd P ij paqcdh; {ks=k Kkr djsaA blosQ fy,] ge r f=kT;k dk ,d izdk'k] oS|qrpqacdh; rjax gh gSA lery o`Ùkkdkj ywi ysrs gSa ftldk ry èkkjkokgh rkj dh fn'kk osQ yacor ets dh ckr ;g gS fd eSDlosy] gS vkSj ftldk osaQnz rkj osQ Åij gS ¹fp=k 8.1(a)ºA lefefr osQ vkèkkj iSQjkMs osQ oS|rq vi?kVu osQ fu;eksa ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd paqcdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk o`Ùkkdkj ywi dh ifjfèk ls mRiUu bl fopkj ls lger osQ vuqfn'k gS vkSj ywi osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij bldk ifjek.k leku gSA bl ugha Fks fd fo|qr dh izÑfr d.k dkj.k] ;fn {ks=k dk ifjek.k B gS rks lehdj.k (8.1) dk oke i{k :i esa gSA B (2π r) gSA B(2πr) = µ0i (t) (8.2) vc blh ifjlhek okyh ,d vU; lrg ij fopkj dhft,A ;g ?kM+s osQ vkdkj dh ,d lrg gS tks èkkjk dks dgha Hkh ugha Nwrh gS ¹fp=k 8.1(b)º ij 199 2024-25  HkkSfrdh bldh ryh laèkkfj=k dh nksuksa IysVksa osQ chp esa gS vkSj mldk eq¡g Åij o£.kr o`Ùkkdkj ywi gSA nwljh ,slh lrg (fcuk