LET Reviewer (notes) PDF

lOMoARcPSD|44921037 LET Reviewer (notes) Bachelor of Elementary Educatio (San Jose Community College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|44921037 LET Reviewer (notes) Bachelor of Elementary Educatio (San Jose Community College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 FINGER IN THE PIE- take an active part in GENERAL EDUCATION something A SNOWBALL CHANCE IN HELL- no chance at all ENGLISH THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED A THOUSAND OF SHIPS- Helen of troy VOCABULARY WORDS ABASE- demoted LITERATURE DESPOTIC- cruel CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE- Father of English DEXTERITY- manual skill Tragedy FRIVOLOUS- worthless WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- Greatest VEXATIOUS- annoying English/Sonnet writer/Bard of Avon AMORPHOUS- shapeless GEOFFREY CHAUCER- Father of English PENCHANT- fondness Literature/Morning star of English Literature TRANSMUTED- change EDGAR ALLAN POE- Father of Horror/Detective RANCOR- bitterness Stories MUNDANE- ordinary GUY DE MAUPASSANT- French short story PROFANITY- obscenity HOMER- mythical geographer APOCALYPTIC- prophetic PSALMS OF KING DAVID- greatest lyric poem IMPERTINENT- irrelevant RABINDARATH TAGORE- Indian lyric poem/1st VORACIOUS- very eager awardee of Nobel Prize CONFLAGRATION- large fire KALIDASA- India’s Shakespeare APLOMB- composure/relax Counterpart/Greatest Sanskrit QUEUE- line EUPHORIA- state of well-being LITTLE WOMAN- Louisa Alcott EURIDITE- learned/smart GETTYSBURG ADDRESS- Lincolm ACAPELLA- without accompaniment DR. ZHIVAGO- Boris Paternak SCARLET LETTER- Nathaniel Hawthorne FRENCH HARRY POTTER- J.K Rowling SOIREE- evening party PARADISE LOST- John Milton CONNOISSEUR- expert in matter of taste THE LITTLE PRINCE- Antoine Exupery CHAUFFEUR- driver ANNABEL LEE- Edgar Allan Poe MESDAMES- plural of madame THE NECKLACE- Guy De Maupassant RENNAISANCE- rebirth PURGATORY- Dante Alighieri MACBETH- ambition of power- Shakespeare LATIN HAMLET- to be or not to be- Shakespeare CAVEAT EMPTOR- let the buyer beware ROMEO & JULIET- love and war- Shakespeare AD NAUSEAM- sickening RUBAIYAT- Omar Khayyam COUP DE GRACE- death blow GITANJALI- Tagore THE GREAT GATSBY- F.Scott Fitzgerald IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS MRS DALOWAY- Virginia Woolf RED LETTER DAY- special day ULYSSES- James Joyce AT SIXES AND SEVENS- states of confusion THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY- Oscar Wilde GREEN THUMB- good at gardening HUCKLEBERRY FINN- Mark Twain WHITE LIES- excusable VANITY FAIR- William Makepeace Thackeray FIRST RATE- excellent GULLIVER’S TRAVEL- Jonathan Swift MAKING BOTH ENDS MEET- limited ROBINSON CRUSOE- Daniel Defoe MAN’S HUMANITY TO MAN- cruel behavior DANIEL DERONDA- George Eliot ALICE’S WONDERLAND- Lewis Carroll Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 MOBY-DICK- Herman Melville Rio Grande de Cagayan- longest river JANE EYRE- Charlotte Bronte San Juan- smallest city PILGRIM’S PROGRESS- John Bunyan Mindanao- land of province THE ROAD NOT TAKEN- Robert Frost Coron Palawan- best scuba diving site ANNA KARENINA- Leo Tolstoy Palawan- largest province SILAS MARNER- George Eliot Batanes- smallest province Cebu- oldest city FAMOUS WRITINGS Quezon city- most populous city Didactic- literary pieces with moral writings Davao- largest City Elizabethan- era of Shakespeare Pagadian- Little Hongkong Gilgamesh- first epic Mindanao/Davao- durian originated Mahabharatta- longest epic of India Diwata 1- 1st satellite Nibelungenlied- medieval german epic Aeta- indigenous people in tarlac, pampanga Patchatantra- collection of indian fables Mt. Pinatubo- active stratovolcano in Zambales Tarsier- smallest primate SYSTEM OF WRITINGS Cuneiform- Mesopotamia WORLD Hieroglyphics- Egypt Asia- largest continent Calligraphy- Chinese China- largest country in Asia Alphabet- Greek Russia- largest country in the world Sanskrit- India China- largest population India- 2nd to the largest population PEN NAMES Hongkong- not ASEAN Mark Twain- Samuel Clemens Singapore- Financial Hub George Eliot- Mary Ann Evans Tokyo- largest city in the world Roberth Galbraith- Joanne Rowling Shanghai, China- most populous city Greenland- largest island in the world LET ANSWERS Caspian Sea- largest lake Cleanliness Mt. Everest- highest elevation on earth Stephen’s writing Death Valleys- hottest place on earth Stephen’s family boyhood Mc Murdo Dry Valleys- driest place on earth Extended Family- grandmother Africa- oldest continent Spouse- housewife Hinduism- oldest religion in Asia Manolo- stage fright Dead Sea- lowest point in the world Hopeful Albatrosse- largest sea bird Mood- indecision Angkorwat- largest temple Isolation and loneliness Cheetah- fastest animal Destiny Rafflesia- biggest flower Bay of Bengal- largest bay SOCIAL SCIENCE Indonesia- largest archipelago PHILIPPINES FORMER NAMES OF PRESENT DAY COUNTRY 7641- total islands KAMPUCHEA – Cambodia Philippines- only Christian nation MESOPOTAMIA – Iraq Pithecopaga Jefferyi- largest eagle BURMA – Myanmar Mt. Apo- highest peak PERSIA – Iran Philippine Trench- deepest point CEYLON – Sri Lanka SIAM – Thailand Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 FORMOSA - Taiwan Del Pilar- 2nd editor Ponce- managing editor SOCIAL STRUCTURE Triumvirate- Rizal, Jaena, Del Pilar 1. Maharlika – the ruling class Rizal- dakilang manunulat 2. Timawa – free men Jaena- dakilang orador 3. Aliping namamahay Del Pilar- dakilang political analyst 4. Aliping sagigilid Andres Bonifacio- father of Philippine Revolution WAVE MIGRATION THEORY Gregoria De Jesus- Lakambini 1. NEGRITOS – arrived through land bridges Emilio Jacinto- Utak ng Katipunan 2. INDONESIANS – arrived by boats Apolinario Mabini- Utak ng Rebolusyon 3. MALAYS – permanent settlers Dagohoy- longest revolt Macario Sakay- President of Tagalog Republic SPANISH OCCUPATION Pedro Pelaez- secular Chronicler- Antonio Pigafetta Gregorio Aglipay- first bishop Circumnavigate- Sebastian Elcano Isabelo Delos Reyes- labor union Raja Sikatuna- blood compact with Legaspi Union Cabrera Democratica- first labor union Raja Humabon- First baptism Philippine Independent Church- only remnant Raja Lakandula- First to revolt Raja Soliman- last Raja of Manila AIMS OF PROPAGANDA -For Philippines to be a province of Spain IMPORTANT TERMS -Representation in the Philippines in the Cortes Pueblo- bayan/town Generates, the Spanish parliament Cabeceras- town center -Secularization of the clergy Reduccion- paglipat/resettlement -Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality Governador General- national Goberbadorcillo- local AIMS OF KATIPUNAN Sanctorum- tribute -to win Philippine Independence by means of an Cedula Personal- tax armed conflict (or revolution) Polo y servicio- force labor -to establish a republic after Independence Falla- excemption fee -to develop a strong alliance with each and Frailocracia- abuse every Filipino Galleon Trade- source of income -to unite Filipinos into one solid nations Mexico- extended contact Imam- religious leader PEN NAMES Umalohokan- announcer in barangay/town crier ANDRES BONIFACIO- May Pag-asa, Agapito, Trial-Ordeal- justice system Bagumbayan ANTONIO LUNA- Taga-ilog SPANISH GOVERNOR GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO- Magdalo Miguel Lopez De Legazpi- 1st Governor General EMILIO JACINTO- Di Masilaw, Tingkian Diego De Los Rias- last Governor General GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA- Diego Laura Jose Basco- Monopoly of Tobacco JOSE MA. PANAGANIBAN- Jomapa Narciso Claveria- Spanish Surnames JOSE RIZAL- Dimas-alang, Laong Laan Carlos Maria Dela Torre- best Governor General JUAN LUNA- Buan Rafael De Izquierdo- Execution of Gomburza MARCELO DEL PILAR- Pudpoh, Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat LA SOLARIDARIDAD PROPAGANDA MARIANO PONCE- Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas), Jaena- founder and creator (1st editor) Kalipulako Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS- Huseng Batute -Continued the reconstruction of the Philippines JOSE DELA CRUZ- Huseng Sisiw with the passage of Bell-Trade Act (Parity VALERIANO PENA- Kintin Kulirat Rights) JOSE VILLA- doveglion -Died of heart attack FILIPINO POETS 6. ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953) BIENVENIDO SANTOS- American Culture - First president from Ilocos Writings -Establishment of Central Bank of the Phil. DANIEL DEFOE- “Robinson Crusoen” (novel) -Beset by corruption intrigues (golden orinola) EDILBERTO TIEMPO- made “Cry Slaughter” that and Huk rebellion has been translated many times ERNEST HEMINGWAY- Ring Lardner Jr. 7. RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957 JOSE GARCIA VILLA- “Comma Poet”, Dove G. -Man and guy of the masses Lion -Opened Malcanang for the common people MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE- -Founding of SEATO Masterpiece is “Don Quixote” that is most -Died of a plane crash in Mt. Manunggal influential NICK JOAQUIN- Quijano de Manila – Spanish 8. CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961) Culture Writing -Third and last president from Visayas (Bohol) PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ- made “Dead Stars” -“Filipino First Policy” that is the first modern English short story 9. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965) PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS -Poor boy from Lubao (AgQueLa OsRoQui MagGarMaMar AquiRaEs -Incorruptible ArAqui DU30BBm) -Abolished Land Tenancy 1. EMILIO NAGUINALDO (1898-1901) -Changed Philippine Independence -First and youngest President -Certificate in Filipino - 1st republic colonization of Spain -MAPHILINDO -led the declaration of Philippine Independence -started the Malolos Republic 10. FERDINAND MARCOS, SR. (1965-1969, 1969-1972, 1972-1986) 2. MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944) -Longest reigning -Commonwealth -Large-scale graft and corruption -National Language -Cronyism of relatives and allies -Imprisonment, torture, and murder of activists 3. JOSE P. LAUREL (1943-1945) and opposition personalities -President of the Japanese-sponsored republic -Clamped down on freedom of speech and of -Puppet Republic/Mickey Mouse Money the press 4. SERGIO OSMENA (1944-1946) 11. CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO (1986- -First Visayan President (Cebu) 1992) -First speaker of Philippine Assembly -First Woman President -Served as President during the Liberation and -Restoration of democracy began the reconstruction from the war -Drafting of the 1987 Constitution -Most number of coup de etat 5. MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948) -President of third republic 12. FIDEL RAMOS (1992-1998) -Second president from Visayas (Capiz) -Philippines 2000 Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -First Protestant President Precinct- smallest electoral unit -Introduction of the “Value Added Tax” Aquilino Pimentel- Father of local govt. code Bicameralism- division of legislative 13. JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-2001) 3years- maximum number of consecutive terms -Father of the masses for house of rep. -Ran on the slogan “Erap para sa Mahirap” -Ousted following EDSA People Power II in 2001 STATE due to allegations of corruption Elements 1. People- inhabitants 14. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001-2004, 2. Territory- fixed portion 2004-2010) 3. Government- working agency -Second woman President 4. Sovereignty- freedom -“Strong Republic” -RoRo highways (roll on-roll off) POWER -Holiday economics Police- regulate laws -EVAT (12%) Eminent- just compensation -Started 4P’s Taxation- charge of burden 15. BENIGNO “NOYNOY” AQUINO III (2010- BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT 2016) LEGISLATIVE BRANCH -ran on the slogan of “Kung walang corrupt, -Bicameral Legislature walang mahirap” and “Tuwid na Daan” -House of Representatives -RA 10533 K-12 (Lower House) – led by Speaker -Reproductive Health Law -Senate (Upper House) – led by Senate President 16. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-2022) -Has the following functions -First President from Mindanao 1. Legislation/law making -“Change is coming” and “Tapang at malasakit” 2. Appointments confirmation -War on Drugs 3. Budget/ “Power of the purse” -TRAIN Law 4. Oversight -Build, Build, Build Infrastructure Program -Qualifications are set in Article VI of the 1987 -Ambisyon natin 2040 Constitution 17. FERDINAND MARCOS, JR. (2022) EXECUTIVE BRANCH -Ran on a promise of strengthening unity -“Power of the sword” among Filipinos -Implements the law -Vowed to promote recovery from pandemic -Commander of Chief of Armed Forces (Bangon bayan muli) -Qualifications are set in Article VII of the 1987 Constitution POLITICAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS LOCAL EXECUTIVE POSITIONS Civil Rights- enjoy life -Governor (for a province) Political Rights- participation in governance -Mayor (for a city or municipality) Suffrage- right to vote -Barangay Chair Franchised- given the right to vote Disenfranchised- removal of the right to vote JUDICIARY BRANCH Exiled- thrown to another city -Interprets the laws as well as other Executed- sentence to death government actions (executives orders, Barangay- smallest political unit proclamations, etc) Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -Qualifications are set in Article VIII of the 1987 Treaty on General Relations- Independence of Constitution the Philippines Bell Trade- trade between Philippines and USA PHILIPPINE COURT SYSTEM Payne-Aldrich Act- partial free trade -Supreme Court (Highest Court/Court of Last Underwood-Simmon Act- full free trade Resort) -Court of Appeals PROTECTED RIGHTS -Regional Trial Court 1. The right to life, liberty, and property -Municipal Trial Court 2. The right against unreasonable searches and seizures JUSTICE SYSTEM 3. Right to privacy of communication Royal Audencia - acted as the Supreme Court 4. Freedom of expression and assembly Residencia - investigation done to an outgoing 5. The right to information on matters of public official concern Visita - unannounced investigations done 6. Right to be presumed innocent until proven anytime during an official’s tenure guilty 7. Liberty of abode IMPEACHABLE PERSON (PVOCS) 8. Right to remain silent, and right against self- President, Vice President, Ombudsman, incrimination Commissioner, Supreme Court 9. Right to have a legal counsel 10. Freedom of political thought IMPEACHABLE OFFENSE (CBBGOT) 11. No person shall be imprisoned for debt Culpable violation Bribery CONTINENTS Betrayal of public trust ASIA Graft and corruption -largest continent within its limits an area of Other high crimes 44,444,100 KM2 Treason -most populous continent -has the longest coastline of any continent TYPES OF GOVERNMENT -Climate: Monsoon Asia, Dry Asia, Cold Asia Democracy -Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Republican Southeast Asia and Central/North Asia Monarchy- one man Oligarchy- selected few AFRICA Aristocracy- elite of the society -Second largest continent Anarchy- no government at all -“Dark Continent” Communism- no private property -Most rural and least urbanized of the Meritocracy- talented/educated continents Federalism- national/local -Climate is predominantly tropical Parliamentary- executive and legislative -Nile River – longest river Presidential- executive -54 countries AMERICAN REGIME NORTH AMERICA Benevolent Assimilation Policy- intention to -Third in size stay -Majority are Christian Preamble of the Jones Law- stable government -Caribbean islands maybe combined with Tydings Mc Duffie Law- ten-year transition Mexico and Central America – Middle America -23 countries Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 ILOCOS SUR – Heritage Village of the Phil. SOUTH AMERICA ISABELA – Rice Granary of the North -Fourth largest continent PAMPANGA – Culinary Center of the Phil. -Andes – longest mountain chain in the world TARLAC – Melting Cup of Central Luzon -Amazon Basin – world’s largest area of tropical BULACAN – Land of Heroes rain forest CAVITE – A Place with a Glorious Past -Part of Latin America QUEZON – Land of Thousand Colors -Spanish is the official language of the 9 RIZAL – Cradle of Philippine Art countries PALAWAN – The Philippine’s Last Frontier -12 countries ROMBLON – Marble Country of the Phil. ALBAY – Land of the World’s Most Perfect Cone ANTARTICA SORSOGON – Bicol’s Whale shark Paradise -Fifth largest and southernmost continent AKLAN – Philippine’s Oldest Province -Position at the South Pole CAPIZ – Seafood Capital of the Phil. -Birds of Antarctica: penguins, albatrosses and NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – Sugar Bowl of the Phil. petrels LEYTE – Land of History -Summer population – several thousand BUKIDNON – Pineapple Capital of the Phil. -During winter – semitransparent bases DAGUPAN – Milkfish Capital of the Phil. BACOLOD – City of Smile OCEANIA ZAMBOANGA CITY – City of Flowers -named used to refer to the widely scattered GUIMARAS – Mango Capital of the Phil. islands of the central and southern Pacific QUEZON CITY – The City of Stars Ocean CAMIGUIN – Lanzones Capital of the Phil. -Melanesia – black islands DIPOLOG CITY – Orchid City of the Phil. -Micronesia – little islands MARINDUQUE – Heart of the Phil. -Polynesia – many islands MAKATI – Manhattan of the Phil. TAWI-TAWI – Venice of the South EUROPE DAVAO DEL NORTE – Durian and Banana Capital -Second to the smallest continent SIQUIJOR – Island of Fire -Dominant zone: Mediterranean, Continental CAGAYAN DE ORO – City of the Golden and Maritime Friendship -Vatican City – world’s smallest sovereign state -European Union – an economic and political MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY union of 27 countries member state METAPHYSICS – Fundamental questions of -51 countries reality EPISTEMOLOGY – concept of knowledge, how AUSTRALLIA we learn and what we can know -world’s smallest continent LOGIC – rules of valid reasoning and -world’s oldest land masses argumentation -flattest continent ETHICS – human values and how individuals -Climate varies in latitude – northern part is should act tropical, southern part is more temperature AESTHETICS - notion of beauty and the climate philosophy of art -largest producer of diamond PRE-HISTORIC TAGLINES OF THE PROVINCES/CITY PALEOLITHIC BENGUET – Salad Bowl of the Philippines -Old Stone Age BAGUIO CITY – Summer Capital of the Phil. -discovery of fire Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -Hunting Chin (Qin) Great Wall of China Han Civil Service started, NEOLITHIC Silk Road -New Stone Age Sui Grand Canal -Domesticating animals Tang Buddhism Spreads, Golden Age of China MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION Sung Magnetic Compass, SUMERIAN Gun powder -Cuneiforms – writing system Yuan Unification of China -Clay Tablets -Ziggurat EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION -Irrigations OLD KINGDOM -Wheel and Cart -First Pyramids -Build Ships ALKADIAN EMPIRE -First empire MIDDLE KINGDOM -Sargon I -Fortification -Semitic Language -Hyksos -Abacus NEW KINGDOM BABYLONIANS -Prosperous time -Amorites -Hapshetsup -Code of Hammurabi -Column EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION -Hanging Garden -Lower and Upper Egypt (menes) -divine kinship ASSYRIANS -Hieroglyphics -Ashurbanipal -Papyrus -First Library -Warrior Society INDUS CIVILIZATION -Chariots -Harappan Civilization -Harappan and Mojenjodaro HITTITES -Urban Planning -First to use Iron -Terra Cotta PHOENICIANS MAJOR EVENTS -Phonetic Alphabets WORLD WAR I -A number of alliance involving European PERSIANS powers -Cyrus the Great -Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (Auto- -Satraphy Hungarian Empire) -Serbia (Russia) Austria-Hungary (Germany) CHINA CIVILIZATIONS -America enters World War I DYNASTY CONTRIBUTIONS -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Shang Oracle Bones Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) Zhou Longest dynasty, -Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania. Feudalism, Confucius Canada, Japan, and the US (the Allied Powers) was born Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -Compensation by Germany for all damage -Bible – holy book done to the civilian population of the allies and Three main groups their property by the Aggression of Germany by 1. Roman Catholicism – Pope land and sea and from the air 2. Protestantism – no recognize law 3. Eastern Orthodoxy – Patriarch WORLD WAR II -Symbol – cross -Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM on Germany, marking the beginning of WWII. -Shahadah – Allah -Final Solution -Salah – 5 times prayers -Superiority of the “pure” German race -Zakat – almsgiving -Lebensraum -Hajj – mecca -The axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) -Fasting – Ramadan -Attack on Pearl Harbour -D-Day – the allies began a massive invasion of JAPANESE CIVILIZATION Europe, landing 156,000 British, Canadian and Ainu- the first settlers of Japan American soldiers on the beaches of Normandy, Nara- the first capital of Japan France Daimyo- military governors -Victory in Europe (V-E Day) Samurai- military officials to serve lords -Hiroshima (August 06, little boy) and Nagasaki Bushido- code of ethics by Samurais (August 09, fat man) bombing -Victory over Japan (V-J Day) KOREAN CIVILIZATION Korea- “Hermit Kingdom” COLD WAR Gojosen Kingdom- first kingdom -the open yet restricted rivalry that developed Goryeo Kingdom- the Golden Age of Korea after World War II between the US and Germany the Soviet Union and their respective ECONOMICS allies. PIONEERS IN ECONOMICS JOHN STUART MILL – supply and demand as 5 MAJOR RELIGIONS relationship HINDUISM JEREMY BENTHAM – Utilitarianism -Brahma – creator of the universe JEAN-BAPTISE SAY – Treatise on Political -Vishnu – preserves the universe Economy -Shiva – destroys the universe DAVID RICARDO – Law of Comparative -Karma Advantage -Reincarnation ADAM SMITH – an inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation BUDDHISM THOMAS MALTHUS – Theory of Population -Four Fold Truths ALFRED MARSHALL – Principle of Economics -Nirvana – total happiness JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES – The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money JUDAISM -Abraham – father of Judaism TYPES OF ECONOMICS -Koshier – food that adhere to their dietary law -Traditional Economics -Symbol – stars of david -Command Economics System -Market Economics System CHRISTIANITY -Mixed Economics System -Christ means the “anointed one” Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 MARKET STRUCTURE PRICE CEILING – maximum PERFECT COMPETITION PRICE MINIMUM – minimum -large number of sellers and buyers -products are Homogenous OTHER CONCEPTS -All firms are price takers DEFLATION -general decline in prices; caused by reduction MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION in supply of money -large number of sellers -similar but not identical DISINFLATION -little power for price -a slowing of rate at which prices increase -heavy marketing HYPER INFLATION MONOPOLY -the extreme rapid inflation -only ONE seller -price makers STAGFLATION -condition of slowly growing economic growth NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF DEMAND but fast growing prices -Income -Taste GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) – Gawa ng -Expectation of price/income Pinoy -Price of related good GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) – Gawa Dito -Population Pinas PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TAXATION -responsive of quantity demanded for good to a -involuntary change in price -change in burden INCOME TAX – individuals and business ELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is non-essential REALTY TAX – propert INELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is essential CAPITAL GAINS TAX – sellers of property COMMUNITY TAX – residents of the community INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TARIFF – imports from foreign country -responsiveness of quantity demanded for a AD VALOREM TAX – luxury imported goods good to a change in income SIN TAX – imported alcoholic liquors and cigarette INFERIOR GOODS – budget meal NORMAL GOODS – expensive PERIOD IN ECONOMICS Stability NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF SUPPLY Boom -no. of sellers Recession -improved technology Depression -cost of production GEMEINSCHAFT – personal THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES (CELL) GESSELSCHAFT - business Capital Entrepreneur MALTHUSIAN PRINCIPLE Labor Capitalism- oppressive according to Karl Marx Land Who are the oppressed? Working class Do not allow capitalism- communism Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 AMADO HERNANDEZ- Labor Leader “Isang ARTS APPRECIATION AND HUMANITIES dipang langit” “Luha ng Buwaya” DEOGRACIAS ROSARIO- “Aloha”, Ama ng Carlos V. Francisco- visual arts Maikling Kwentong Tagalog Lucio San Pedro- music JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN- Memoria Lea Salongga- Filipino who gained international Fotografica, Lupang Tinubuan attention INIGO ED REGALADO- “Ang sampaguitang Cecil Licad- renowned pianist walang bango” Liza Macuja- Prima ballerina ZOLIO GALANG- A child of sorrow Napoleon Abueva- Father of modern sculpture MODESTO DE CASTRO- author of Urbana at Eduardo Castillo- sculpture landmarks Feliza, Father of Tagalog Classics Juan Luna- painter of spolarium GENOVEVA MATUTE- Ang kwento ni Mabuti, Fabian Dela Rosa- Amorsolo’s mentor first Palangka Award for Short Story Gilopez Kabayao- classical violin to the masses DIONISIO SALAZAR- first Palangka Award for Play THEATER PROPONENT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- “Ang pag-ibig ay hindi Arena Montano pag-ibig kapag nagbabago kung nakakakita ng Sala Rogers pagbabago” PANDAY PIRA- a Muslim-Pampango blacksmith Experimental Tinio who is acknowledged as “The First Filipino Cannon-maker” MEOW= Mysticism Eastern JOSEFA ESCODA- Girl scout of the Philippines Optimism Western DR. JOSE RIZAL -Sa Aking Mga Kabata (8 years old) OTHER INFORMATIONS -22 languages AGUEDA KAHABAGAN- Tagalog Joan of Arc -A La Juventud Filipina (UST) TERESA MAGBANUA- Visayan Joan of Arc -Mi Ultimo Adios (last poem) JUANARIO GALOT- Battle of Tirad Pass traitor -Teodora Alonso (mother) TEODORO PATINO- traitor of Katipunan -Calamba, Laguna (birth place) DANIEL TIRONA- provoke Bonifacio in Tejeros -June 19, 1861 (birthday) Convention -December 30, 1896 (died in Bagumbayan) DONYA PIA- died because of difficulty of giving -firing squad (cause of death) birth; mother of Maria Clara; her husband is -Consummatum Est! (last word) Kapitan Tiago FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the Spanish priest who BERLIN- lugar na pinagbentahan ng Noli Me denounced Dr. Rizal’s novels as enemies of the Tangere catholic religion LIWAYWAY- first and longest running komiks in DR. FERDINAND BLUEMENTRITT- a supporter the Philippines of Propaganda Movement and Rizal’s bestfriend MANILA BULLETIN- oldest newspaper since LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS- the book 1990 written by Rizal in defense of alleged laziness of KALAYAAN- Newspaper of the Katipunan the Filipinos DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA- first book of the LAONG LAAN- pen name used by Rizal in his Philippines writings in La Solidaridad FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA- author of Doctrina GEN. CAMILIO G. DE POLAVIEJA- Spanish Christiana Governor who signed the death sentence for LIWAYWAY ARCEO- “Tigang ang Uhaw na Lupa” Dr. Rizal TOMAS PINPIN- First Filipino Publisher PAHIMAKAS- a translation of Rizal’s farewell poem written by Andres Bonifacio in tagalog Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 FEB 15, 1889- date of founding of the BALDOMERO AGUINALDO- leader of Magdalo fortnightly newspaper “La Solidaridad” MARIANO ALVAREZ- leader of Magdiwang NOV 15, 1895- date of last issue of La PEDRO BUKANEG- the father of Ilocano Solidaridad Literature FRAY JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the first Spanish friar to JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO- the father of attack “Noli” and “Fili” Pampango Literature who wrote “There is no HONGKONG- place where Dr. Rizal conceived God” the idea of establishing La Liga Filipina, a civic ALEJANDRO ABADILLA- the father of modern association composed of Filipinos Tagalog poetry JOSE MARIA BASA- helped Dr. Rizal in preparing BUKANEGAN- Ilocano Balagtasan the constitution of La Liga Filipina PANDEREGLA- first Filipino bread JULY 14, 1892- date when Dr. Rizal exiled in GREGORIO DEL PILAR- hero of the Tirad Pass Dapitan Battle THE LIBERAL MINDED STUDENTS AT THE UST- MELCHORA AQUINO- Mother of Balintawak Dr. Rizal dedicated his famous poem “A La FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO- greatest lyric poet Juventud Filipina” of the Revolution LOPE K. SANTOS- Ama ng Balarilang Filipino PADRE PATERNO- peace of the revolution SEVERINO REYES- Ama ng Sarswelang Tagalog HIGHWAY 54- the old name of EDSA during “Lola Basyang” World War II FELIPE AGONCILLO- First Filipino Diplomat KUMINTANG- Filipino would sing this song in TEODORO AGONCILLO- Ang madamdaming preparation for war battle mananalaysay ni Napkil. EN VENTRE SA MERE- the right of the unborn FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO- Sa Pula, Sa Puti child is the same as the right of individual MANUEL BLANCO- Flora de Filipinas SERGIO OSMENA- the first appointed head of YASUNARI KAWABATA- a Japanese poet who the Department of Education during won the Nobel Prize in 1968. commonwealth period MIDDLE AGES- the era of knights, chivalry, and PNU- established by the Americans for aspiring castles in English Literature educators in 1901 KEMPETAI- memories or brutality during ANIMAL CELLS- do not produce cell walls Japanese regime BOUSTEROPHEDON- ancient Greeks form of JAPANESE ERA- Gintong Panahon ng Panitikang writing Pilipinas SARACENIC EDUCATION- this education is LAKANDOLA- chief of Tondo training for scientific thinking LEONOR RIVERA- fiancé of Jose Rizal SOCIAL JUSTICE- very foundation of genuine MARCELA AGONCILLO- maker of the first- peace and reconciliation filipino flag NATIONAL TREASURY- provides the fund to DIEGO SILANG- leader of the Ilocano Revolt support the Air Quality Management in the LAPU LAPU- first Filipino Hero Philippines EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS- the man of many PASCUAL POBLETE- tinaguriang “Ama ng talents Pahayagang Tagalog” FRANCISCO BALTAZAR- prince of Tagalog poets KINKEE- the gas lamp used to lighten the streets TRINIDAD TECSON- mother of Biak-na-Bato in Intramuros way back in history AGUEDA- wife of Artemio Tecson MIRANDA RULE- right of a person under arrest GEN. FRANCISCO MAKABULOS- leader of the AGNOTICISM- coined by Thomas Huxley which Tarlac Revolt means “not knowledge but being able to know” JULIAN FELIPE- composer of the Philippine METAPHYSICS- it seeks to find out what is National Anthem ultimately real INSULARES- Spaniards born in the Philippines Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 HORTICULTURE- the art of growing flowers, Plasma- very hot gas of nuclei and electrons fruits and vegetables Metalloids- properties of both metals and non- JUS SANGUINIS- a child follows the nationality metals or citizenship of the parents regardless of the Ambivalent- positive and negative place of his birth Esters- perfume 1956- Lupang Hinirang sung for the first time Bright green- borrow in a flame test HENRY OTLEY BEYER- proposed the idea that first Filipino came through waves of migration EARTH SCIENCE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS from south to north Seasons- tilting of the earth on its axis TRUMAN DOCTRINE- was an American foreign Mesosphere- meteors burn policy created to counter soviet geopolitical Typhoon- storm in the pacific expansion during the cold war Pacific ring of fire- volcanoes are active MANILA- was named “Distinguished and ever loyal city” by legaspi SCIENCE MARIANO TRIAS- first vice president of the -systematic pursuit of knowledge Republic of the Philippines PLEBISCITE- the direct vote of all the members SCIENTIFIC METHOD of an electorate on an important public -Francis Bacon (modern) questions such as change in the Constitutions -Galileo Galilei (classic) MONOTHEIST RELIGION- Christianity, Islam, Judaism STEPS: FIRST SULTANATE- sultanate of Sulu 1. Phenomena URAL MOUNTAIN- separated Europe and Asia 2. Identify the problem 5 SHIPS OF MAGELLAN- Trinidad, Conception, 3. Formulating hypothesis Victoria, San Antonio, Santiago 4. Conduct experimentation MONGOLOIDS- known as the yellow race 5. Analyze the data 6. Generalization/Conclusion MATHEMATICS 7. Publish GEOMETRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS HYPOTHESIS Sphere- shape of the earth 1. Null Square- all sides are equal 2. Alternative Rectangle- opposite sides are equal Parallelogram- opposite angles are equal Philosophy- mother of all sciences Icosagon- 20 sides Senses- empirical approach Reliability- consistency LET ANSWERS 9 BIOLOGY 24- cube -branch of natural sciences 12- triangle -study of life/living things BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Transcendence- with God BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS 1. ANATOMY Elements Ca and Te -internal structures of living things Ionic- transfer of electrons Covalent- sharing of electrons Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 2. PHYSIOLOGY -father of genetics (heredity, variations, genes, -functions of structures DNA) 3. BOTANY 6. THEOPHRATUS -study of plants -father of plant science (botany) 4. CYTOLOGY 7. CHARLES DARWIN -study of cells -natural selection theory “on the origin” 5. ECOLOGY 8. EDWARD JENNER -relationship between living and non-living -small pox vaccine 6. GENETICS 9. ALEXANDER FLEMMING -heredity -discovered penicillin (penicillin notatum) -father of antibiotics 7. PHYLOGENY -evolutionary history of organisms 10. CLAUDE EPHRAIM ZOBELL -father of marine microbiology 8. PATHOLOGY -diseases 11. WILLIAM WHEWELL -coined the term “scientist” 9. ENDOCRINOLOGY -hormones SERENDIPITY -accidental discovery 10. ZOOLOGY -study of animals CYTOLOGY -study of cells 206- total bones 1. All living organisms are composed of cells 629/600- total muscles 2. Every organisms is made up of cells (cell is the basic unit of life) 1. THALLES OF MILETUS 3. All cells came from existing cell -father of natural philosophy ROBERT HOOKE 2. ARISTOTLE -father of cytology -father of biology -cork tree -discovered cell 3. CAROLUS LINNAEUS -Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – botanist physician. THEODORE SCHWAIN – zoologist -binomial nomenclature RUDOLF VIRCHOW – pre-existing cell -father of modern taxonomy -Aristotle (classical taxonomy) CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE HOMEOSTASIS 4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK -internal balance -father of microbiology (study of microscope) -equilibrium 5. GREGOR MENDEL ORGANIZATION Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -made up of one or more cells with complex structures and chemical processes RESPONSE TO STIMULUS “IRRITABILITY” -ability to response to stimulus LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Stimulus- causes to react 1. Atom- basic unit of matter Response- reaction 2. Compound or Molecules 3. Organelle/s or little organ Taxis 4. Cell -directional movement of animals as a response a. Prokaryotic- cells do not have nucleus, no to a stimulus membrane bound organelles -example; chemotaxis, phototaxis, geotaxis b. Eukaryotic- have nucleus and membrane bound organelles Tropism 5. Tissue- erythrocytes (red) leukocytes (white) -directional response of plants toward (positive) thrombocytes (platelets) plasma (liquid) or away (negative) from an environmental 6. Organ stimulus 7. Organ System -example; phototropism, thigmotropism, 8. Organism- species geotropism, hydrotropism, cryotropism METABOLISM PARTS OF A CELL -sum total of the chemical reactions in the body Major Parts of Cell -example; Anabolism (building up), Catabolism 1. Cell membrane (breaking down) 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -increase in size and complexity respectively CELL WALL Size- growth (quantitative) Bacteria- peptidoglycan Complexity- development (qualitative) Plants- cellulose, lignin Fungi- chitin/crustaceans ADAPTATION Cytosol- gel like fluid -fit and survive Vesicles- storage -change Leucoplast- colorless, starch storage REPRODUCTION 1. Glycolysis Sexual Reproduction -cytoplasm -involve sex cells (fertilization) -2 ATP/glucose -in human, fertilization occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tube 2. Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic -gametes (sex cells) acid -motochondria Asexual Reproduction -2 ATP 1. Budding- outgrowth (hydra and yeast) 2. Binary Fission- split into two (bacteria) 3. Electron T.C 3. Fragmentation- break parent cell into many -inside mitochondria parts (planaria) -34 ATP (eukaryotic) 4. Regeneration- capable of re-growing certain -32 (prokaryotic) parts (lizard and starfish) 5. Parthenogenesis- bees Abiogenesis- spontaneous -haploid (male) diploid (female) Pathogen- germ/microbes Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 Robert Koch- Germ Theory of Disease -synthesizes, packages, and modifies chemical products of the cell Monosaccharaides 1. Glucose Centrioles 2. Fructose -spindle fibers (cell division) 3. Galactose Plastids Amino Acids -found in most plants (chloroplast, chromoplast, -building blocks of protein leucoplast) -20 total of amino acids (9 essentials, 11 non- essentials) Mitochondria -powerhouse of the cell Interphase -cellular respiration -G1 -glucose and oxygen -S (DNA Replication) -G2 NUCLEUS -mitosis -control center of the cell -present in eukaryotic cells Levels (PMAT) 1. Prophase- big cell, visible chromosome KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER 2. Metaphase- chromosomes are align Microbiology 3. Anaphase- separation phase -study of microorganisms 4. Telophase- two cells Spontaneous Generation Theory -living organisms develop from nonliving Cytokinesis- totally divide Biogenesis -living from living CELL MEMBRANE Germ Theory of Disease -selectively permeable -certain disease is caused by specific pathogen -phospholipid bilayer Bioremediation -using microorganisms like bacteria to consume CYTOPLASM and breakdown the pollutants in the -all that is inside the cell, but outside nucleus environment -two parts: cytosol and organelles SOME PATHOLOGY Organelles Malaria -protein synthesis -caused by plasmodium Dengue Lysosomes -aedes aegypti -suicide bag Amoebic Dysentery -breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins -bloody diarrhea: entamoeba histolytica into simpler form to be used by the cell Mad Cow Disease -caused by prion Endoplasmic Reticulum -internal transport system BIOCHEMISTRY -SER (lipid, cholesterol, sterod) -RER (protein synthesis) CARBOHYDRATES -provides immediate energy source for the body Golgi Bodies -CHO Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -monosaccharaides Vitamin B5 – pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine LIPIDS Vitamin B9 – folic acid -stores energy Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin (pernicious anemia) -fatty acids and glycerol Vitamin C – ascorbic acid (scurvy) PROTEINS MINERALS -for building structures of the body 1. Iodine -for immunity 2. Calcium -for transport of substances 3. Potassium -amino acids 4. Magnesium 5. Zinc NUCLEIC ACIDS -genetic make-up WATER -nucleotides -universal solvent -most abundant inorganic compound in cell’s Types: protoplasm DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- Ribonucleic acid ACIDS -sour in taste CHARGAFF’S RULE -hydrogen donor -equality in quantity between bases in DNA -pH 0-6 KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER BASES A is to T as C is to G -slippery and soapy -adenine paired with thymine and cytosine -hydrogen acceptor paired with guanine -pH 8-14 COMPUNDS OF LIVING ORGANISM GASES INORGANIC COMPOUND -nitrogen 78% -vitamins -oxygen 21% -minerals -CO2 and other gases 1% -water -acid ORGANIC COMPOUND -base Carbohydrates -gases Proteins Lipids VITAMINS Nucleic Acids 1. Fat soluble -ADEK GENETICS Vitamin A – Retinol (vision) MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS Vitamin D – Calciferal (calcium) 1. Law of Segregation Vitamin E – Tocopherol (antioxidant) -poor of allele will separate resulting to only Vitamin K – menadione (for blood clotting, anti- one present allele per gamete hemorrhagic activity) Vitamin B1 – Thiamine (beriberi) 2. Law of Independent Assortment Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin -separated alleles are independent of each Vitamin B3 – Niacin (pellagra) other Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 2. Protista- literally protest 3. Law of Dominance 3. Fungi- decay -recessive alleles are always masked by 4. Plantae dominant alleles 5. Animalia NON-MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS ANIMAL TAXONOMY 1. Incomplete Dominance PHYLUM PORIFERA -carrying neither of their given traits -most primitive invertebrates -no organs and definite shape, sessile 2. Codominance -example; sponges -alleles are both expressed PHYLUM CNIDARIA 3. Multiple Alleles -with cnidoblast (stinging cells) which contains -gene is controlled by multiple alleles (ABO nematocyst (stinging organelle) Bllod) -polyp and medusa -example; hydra, jellyfish WORDS TO REMEMBER Gene PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES -basic unit of inheritance, segment of DNA that -flat worms codes for a specific protein -flat body Mutation -example; flukes, tapeworms -change in DNA sequence that lead to a change in the expression PHYLUM NEMATODA Variation -round worms -may be due to fertilization, meiosis, and -unsegmented, smooth, and long mutation PHYLUM ANNELIDA TAXONOMY -segmented worms 1. Identification -setae for movement 2. Classification -example; earthworm, leeches 3. Naming PHYLUM ANTHROPODA Dream Domain -with head, thorax, and abdomen Ko Kingdom -with jointed legs Pumasa Phylum -exoskeleton (chitin) Coz Class -example; insects, spiders, centipede Our Order Family Family PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Gets Genus -soft and unsegmented body Sweldo Species -with mantle glands -example; chitons, bivalves DOMAINS 1. Archaea PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 2. Bacteria -with spiny outer covering 3. Eukarya -radial symmetry -lives on ocean floor KINGDOM -example; starfish, sea urchins 1. Moneria- only prokaryotic kingdom Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 PHYLUM CHORDATA -grassland with scattered trees -a single dorsal nerve chord -a dorsal rod of cartilage called a notochord DESERT -pharyngeal (gills) slits -dry biome, low precipitation, organisms have -a tail specific adaptations to live -example; mammals, reptiles, amphibians, aves ENERGY RELATIONSHIP COMPONENTS OF ECOLOGY Producers (autotrophs) BIOTIC FACTORS -use photosynthesis to produce food -living things -plants (rich in fibers) and algae ABIOTIC FACTORS Consumers (heterotrophs) -nonliving things -eat other organisms to obtain energy -with sharp and tearing teeth LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quatenary) SPECIES (INDIVIDUAL) -organisms similar in characteristics, able to Decomposers (saprophytes) interbreed -break down dead matter into useful basic form of nutrients POPULATION a. Detritivore – feed on decaying matter -group of species living in the same area b. Scavenger – feed on dead animal/plant -smallest biological unit that can evolve over time ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISMS COMMUNITY Competition -group of population living in the same area -fight for limited resources ECOSYSTEM Predation -portion of biosphere where living things and -predator eats prey non-living things interact Parasitism WORLD BIOMES (TERRESTRIAL) -One is harmed while other benefits TUNDRA -permafrost, permanently frozen and treeless, Commensalism coldest biome -One is benefited, other unaffected TAIGA Mutualism -coniferous trees like pine fir, hemlock; cold -benefit from each other biome Ammensalism TEMPERATE DECIDIUOUS FOREST -one is harmed, other is unaffected -Four seasons EVIDENCES OF POPULATION TROPICAL RAINFOREST 1. Fossils -located in the equator, most diverse terrestrial 2. Organisms of new organisms biome; dipterocarp 3. Mutation 4. Structural Development SAVANNA 5. Embryological Development Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -600 muscles VESTIGAL STRUCTURE -myofilament (actin and myosin) 1. Wisdom tooth 2. Appendix Muscular Tissue 3. Coccyx 1. Skeletal Muscle 4. Plica luminaries 2. Visceral/Smooth Muscle 5. Arector pili muscles 3. Cardiac Muscle EVOLUTION IMPORTANT CONCEPTS SKELETAL SYSTEM Lamarck- use and disuse -206 bones Spencer- survival of the fittest -axial (80), appendicular (126) Darwin- natural selection Homologous organs- human arms, bat wings, Bone Cells seal flippers -osteoblast (bone-forming) -osteocyte (mature bone cell) KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER -osteoclast (bone-resorbing) Habitat – place where organisms live Niche – function or role of an organism in its Types of Skeletal System environment Endoskeleton Emigration – movement out of the area -internal Immigration – moving into the area Exoskeleton -external BODY SYSTEMS Types of Joints (bone to bone connection) Epidermis Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable) -stratum corneum Fibrous joints (immovable) -stratum lucidum Synovial joints (freely movable) -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum Bone -stratum basale -living tissue which have their own blood vessels and are made of various cells, proteins, Cells present in Epidermis minerals and vitamins 1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes Cartilage 3. Langerhans cells -Is soft gel-like padding between bones that 4. Merkel cells protects joints and facilitates movements. Dermis Tendon -presence of blood, nerves, hair follicles, and -is a band of tissue that connects muscle to glands bone Glands Ligaments Sudoriferous gland (sweat gland) -is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone -merocrine, eccrine, opocrine to bone and provides stability to the joint Sebacious gland (oil gland) -holocrine TERMS TO REMEMBER Helicobacter pylori MUSCULAR SYSTEM -causes ulcer Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 Mastication Applied Science (Technology) -chewing -the practical application of scientific Regurgitation knowledge -a mother bird partially digests the food and places on amount into the young’s beak THREE MAIN BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Life Science BIOSTATISTICS -the study of living organisms -branch of applied statistics directed toward Earth Science applications in the health sciences and biology -the study of Earth and space -provides some of the most fundamental tools and techniques of the scientific method Physical Science -the study of matter and energy Descriptive -chemistry & physics (Categorical) Variable Nominal Variable LIFE SCIENCE AREAS OF STUDY -(no order between variables) Biology Ordinal Variable -The study of life or living matter in all its forms -(order among values) Anatomy -The study of the structure of animals and Measurement Variable plants Continuous -height and weight Botany Discrete -The study of plants. -values are integers, example is the number of siblings, the number of times Ecology -The study of relations and interactions Types of Statistical Variable between organisms and their environment. 1. Nominal (eye color, gender, religion) 2. Ordinal (stage of diseases, level of pain) Zoology 3. Interval (no true zero, temperature) -The science that covers animals and animal life. 4. Ratio (with true zero, length, weight) Physical Science Areas of Study PHYSICAL SCIENCE Chemistry -The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of NATURE OF SCIENCE matter. Science -A systematic body of knowledge. Physics -The system of acquiring knowledge through -The study of matter and energy and the systematic experimentation and methodology. interactions between them. -The search for truth and knowledge. Earth Science Areas of Study Geology DEFINING SCIENCE -The study of the origin, history, and structure Pure Science of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and -research that adds to the body of scientific biological changes that it has experienced or is knowledge experiencing. -has no practical use Meteorology Downloaded by Orange Sabdani ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|44921037 -The study of the atmosphere and its -The outcomes must be measurable phenomena, such as weather and climate (quantifiable). Paleontology 5. Collect and Analyze Results -The study of the forms of life that existed in -Modify the procedure if needed. prehistoric or geologic periods. -Confirm the results by retesting. -Include tables, graphs, and photographs. Astronomy -The study of the universe beyond the earth's 6. Conclusion atmosphere -Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. SCIENTIFIC METHOD -Make recommendations for further study and -The Scientific Method involves a series of steps possible improvements to the procedure. that are used to investigate a natural occurrence. 7. Communicate the Results -Be prepared to present the project to an Steps of the Scientific Method audience. 1. Problem/Question -Develop a question or problem that can be MEASUREMENT solved through experimentation. -A scientific measurement requires: (1) the definition of the physical quantity 2. Observation/Research (2) the units. -Make observations and research your topic of -The value of a physical quantity is actually the interest. product of a number and a unit. 3. Formulate a Hypothesis PHYSICAL QUANTITIES -Predict a possible answer to the problem or -An attribute or property of a substance that question. can be expressed in a mathematical equation -Is made up of a value and a unit. HYPOTHESIS -A unit of measurement refers to a particular -An educated guess about the relationship physical quantity between the independent and dependent variables.