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Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com M O.C M U R FO KS O O FB PD T SI VI Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Table of Contents INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 PART I – GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT..................................................... 10 English................................................................................................................... 10 M Parts of Speech..................................................................................................... 10 O Correct English Usage......................................................................................... 34.C Basic Rules in Agreement and Grammar............................................................. 67 M The Use of Figurative Language.......................................................................... 65 U Literature.............................................................................................................. 79 R FO Filipino.................................................................................................................. 103 Bahagi ng Pananalita......................................................................................... 103 KS Panitikan............................................................................................................ 147 O O Mathematics......................................................................................................... 164 FB Developing Problem Solving Skills..................................................................... 164 Tips and Strategies in Solving Mathematical Problems...................................... 178 PD Mathematical Review......................................................................................... 180 Fundamental Operations.................................................................................... 182 T Order of Operations........................................................................................... 188 SI Exponents and Powers...................................................................................... 189 VI Fractions............................................................................................................ 189 Decimals............................................................................................................ 192 Integers.............................................................................................................. 194 The Number Line................................................................................................ 194 Plane Geomerty................................................................................................. 199 Algebra............................................................................................................... 207 Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Natural Science.................................................................................................... 208 Definition of Science........................................................................................... 208 Steps to Scientific Method.................................................................................. 209 Biology............................................................................................................... 210 Cell Theory......................................................................................................... 214 Ecology.............................................................................................................. 214 Important Terms in Ecology................................................................................ 215 Soil Problems..................................................................................................... 218 M Water Problems................................................................................................. 219 O Forces that Shape the Earth’s Crust................................................................... 220.C Earthquake......................................................................................................... 221 M Weather and Climate.......................................................................................... 221 U Severe Weather Bulletin..................................................................................... 225 R Meaning and Description of the Modified Public Storm Signals.......................... 225 FO The New Public Weather Forecast..................................................................... 229 Eclipse............................................................................................................... 229 KS Tides.................................................................................................................. 229 The Solar System............................................................................................... 230 O O Social Science..................................................................................................... 231 FB Philippine History and Government.................................................................... 231 PD Political Science................................................................................................. 248 Constitution........................................................................................................ 254 T Human Rights.................................................................................................... 284 SI Economics.......................................................................................................... 286 VI Taxation............................................................................................................. 289 PART II – PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION COMPONENT....................................... 292 Facilitating Learning, Child and Adolescent Development.............................. 292 Human Growth and Development...................................................................... 292 The Biological and Psychological Bases of Education........................................ 292 Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Sociological Bases of Education......................................................................... 313 Anthropological Bases of Education................................................................... 316 Teaching Profession........................................................................................... 320 Education........................................................................................................... 320 Educational Contributions of Ancient Civilizations.............................................. 322 Educational Influences of Jesus Christ............................................................... 327 M The Different Medieval Movements in Education................................................ 328 O Philosophical Movements in Education.............................................................. 332.C Psychological Movements in Education.............................................................. 336 M Legal Bases of Philippine Educational System................................................... 338 U The Historical Development of Philippine Educational System........................... 377 R FO Curriculum Development.................................................................................... 385 Schools of Thought in Curriculum Development................................................. 385 KS Dimensions in Curriculum Development............................................................. 385 O Guidelines for Curriculum Development............................................................. 386 O Approaches to Curriculum Design....................................................................... 387 FB Curriculum Patterns............................................................................................ 387 The Curricula of Philippine Schools.................................................................... 389 PD 2002 Basic Education Curriculum....................................................................... 401 Understanind by Design (UbD) Curriculum......................................................... 407 T The K-12 Program.............................................................................................. 413 SI VI Principles of Teaching, Educational Technology Field Study, Practice Teaching........................................................................... 414 Types of Principles of Teaching.......................................................................... 414 The Inborn Tendencies of the Child.................................................................... 415 Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Multiple Intelligence............................................................................................ 416 Characteristics of the Filipino Learners............................................................... 423 Learning............................................................................................................. 423 Theories of Learning.......................................................................................... 423 Laws of Learning................................................................................................ 425 Factors that Affect Learning............................................................................... 425 The Learner........................................................................................................ 426 The Teacher and the Learning Process.............................................................. 427 M Classroom Management.................................................................................... 428 O The Art of Questioning....................................................................................... 430.C Hierarchy of Questions....................................................................................... 431 M Lesson Planning................................................................................................. 434 U List of Behavioral Objectives.............................................................................. 440 R Teaching Methods/Strategies............................................................................. 445 FO Guidance and Counseling.................................................................................. 460 Counseling......................................................................................................... 467 KS Educational Technology...................................................................................... 479 O O FB Education........................................................................................................... 479 Technology......................................................................................................... 479 PD Educational Technology..................................................................................... 479 Theories............................................................................................................. 480 T Use of Audio Aids............................................................................................... 481 SI Device................................................................................................................ 482 VI Nonprojected Audiovisual Aids........................................................................... 483 The Use of Technology in the Classroom........................................................... 483 Assessment of Learning..................................................................................... 485 Measurement and Evaluation............................................................................. 485 Classification of Tests........................................................................................ 485 Criteria of a Good Examination........................................................................... 486 Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |1 Stages in Test Construction............................................................................... 493 Statistical Measures or Tools used in Interpreting Numerical Data..................... 502 Social Dimensions of Education........................................................................ 510 The Four Pillars of Learning............................................................................... 510 Ethics................................................................................................................. 511 Values................................................................................................................ 513 M Defective Norms of Morality............................................................................... 515 O Modern Philosophies of Education..................................................................... 516.C Oriental Philosophy............................................................................................ 521 M U PART III – PRACTICE EXAMINATIONS.................................................................. 528 R FO English............................................................................................................... 528 Filipino................................................................................................................ 536 KS Mathematics....................................................................................................... 540 Natural Science.................................................................................................. 547 O Social Science.................................................................................................... 556 O Facilitating Learning, Child and Adolescent Development, Teaching Profession and FB Curriculum Development..................................................................................... 565 Principles and Methods of Teaching, Field Study, Educational Technology and PD Practice............................................................................................................... 575 Assessment of Learning..................................................................................... 586 T Social Dimensions in Education......................................................................... 596 SI Last page........................................................................................................... 609 VI Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com M O.C M U R FO INTRODUCTION KS O O FB PD T SI VI Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |1 The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994: Its Implications to Teacher Education Pursuant to the provision of Section 1 Article XIV of the 1987 of the 1987 Constitution that “the State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all”. The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7836) was M promulgated. O.C This was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on December 16, 1994. The M above mentioned law amends and/or supersedes the provisions of P.D. (No. 1006 or U the Teachers Professionalization Decree of 1976, which was the basis of the R Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET). This act aimed towards (1) the FO promotion, development and professionalization of teachers and the teaching profession and (2) the supervision and regulation of the licensure examination for KS teachers. O To this effect, the Professional Board Examination for Teachers which was traditionally O administered by the National Board for Teachers, an agency attached to the FB Department of Education, Culture, and Sports in coordination with the Civil Service Commission, will be administered by the Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) PD starting August 1996. T SI The Professional Board for Teachers VI The teacher’s examination including its rules and regulations will be enforced through a collegial body called the Board for Professional Teachers, under the supervision of the PRC. They are appointed by the President of the Philippines based on the recommendations of the accredited associations of teachers. Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the board shall be composed of five (5) members who shall be (a) citizens of the Philippines, (b) at least 35 years old, of proven integrity, and possess high moral Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |2 values in their professional and personal conduct and have not been convicted of any offense involving moral turpitude, (c) holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Education or Bachelor of Arts and preferably holders of a master’s degree of doctorate degree in education or its equivalent, (d) professional teachers with valid certificate of registration and valid professional license, except those who shall compose the first Board for Professional Teachers, (e) have been professional teachers in the active practice of the teaching profession for at least ten (10) years in the elementary and secondary level, M and (f) not officials or members of the faculty of, nor have a pecuniary interest in any O university, college, school or institution conferring a bachelor’s degree in education or its.C equivalents for at least three (3) years prior to their appointment, and neither connected M with a review center or with any group or association where review classes or lectures U in preparation for the licensure examination are offered or conducted. R FO Examination and Registration KS All applicants for registration as professional teachers shall be required to pass a written O examination which shall be given at least once a year in places and dates as the board O may determine upon the approval by the PRC. A valid certificate of registration and a FB valid professional license from the PRC are required before any person is allowed to practice as a professional teacher in the Philippines. PD T The examination for the elementary and secondary school teachers shall be given SI separately. The results of the examination shall be released within one hundred twenty VI (120) days after the date of examination. In this connection, a professional license signed by the Chairman of the PRC and bearing the registration number and date of issuance and the expiration and renewability shall be issued to every registrant who has paid the annual registration fees for three consecutive years. This license shall serve as evidence that the license can lawfully practice his profession. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |3 Periodic Merit Examination Aside from the licensure examination, a professional teacher is encouraged to grow professionally by taking a Merit Examination once in every five years as provided by section 19 of this law, the result of which shall serve as the basis for merit promotion as well as for salary adjustments. However, no fee shall be required in taking the merit M examination. O A teacher who fails to pass the merit examination will be allowed to take the.C examination for the second time. If he fails, he shall be required to take a CHED M accredited refresher course or program before being allowed to take another U examination. However, failure in the merit examination shall not be used as ground for R dismissal or demotion. FO But those who passed shall be awarded a diploma of merit by the board, earn merit KS points for purposes of salary adjustment or promotion to higher position or grade level, be placed in priority list for government scholarship, and enjoy other benefits as may be O provided by the board. Moreover, the law provides that these incentives shall be O extended to those teachers who make inventions, develop new methods of teaching, FB write a book or books and create works of artistic merit. PD Registration and Exception T SI The Board for Professional Teachers shall publish a roster of professional teachers, VI date of registration, their names and addresses and other pertinent data. Furthermore, as provided by Section 26, two years after the affectivity of this law, no person shall engage in teaching and/or act as professional teacher whether in the pre-school, elementary or secondary level, unless he is a duly-registered professional teacher and a holder of a valid certificate of registration. Applications for license as a professional teacher may be issued without examination under the following circumstances: Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |4 a) a holder of a certificate of eligibility as a teacher issued by the Civil Service Commission and the CHED; b) registered professional teacher with the National Board for Teachers under the CHED pursuant to P.D. 1006; c) an elementary or secondary teacher of five (5) years in good standing and a holder of a Bachelor’s degree in Education or its equivalent; M d) An elementary or secondary teacher for three years in good standing and a O holder of a master’s degree in education or its equivalent..C M U The teachers who fall under the above circumstances are given two years from the R organization of the Board for Professional Teachers within which to register and be FO included in the roster of professional teachers. Those incumbent teachers who are not qualified to register without passing any examination or qualified yet failed to register KS within the two year period shall be issued a temporary special permit. Furthermore, those who failed in the licensure examination for professional teachers shall be eligible O as para-teachers. O FB PD On the other hand, this law also provides for a fine of not less than five thousand pesos (Php5, 000) nor more than twenty-thousand pesos (Php20, 000) or imprisonment of not T less than six months nor more than five years, or both, (at the discretion of the court) to SI any person, school or school official found guilty of violating the provisions of this law. VI THE “LET” AND QUALITY EDUCATION The law which professionalizes the teaching profession and placing the authority of administering the licensure examination for teachers to the Professional Regulations Commission is a laudable endeavor. Yet it is just one of those herculean tasks that the Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |5 State through the CHED needs to accomplish soonest in order to rectify the turbulent maladies that are now pestering the entire educational system. The teacher is the most important factor in the educative (teaching-learning) process. The teacher with his personality has the capacity either to make or break the young minds that are entrusted to his care. Therefore, the teacher holds in his hands the future of this nation. No wonder why the oft-quoted EDCOM report in 1991 considered the teachers as the heart of the problem. M O.C That same report stated that the teachers are poorly trained and most of them in any M level of education do not have the minimum qualifications for teaching. It is indicated U that the deplorable performance can be traced to poor teaching training and the low R quality of students enrolled in teacher training institutions. FO KS This allegation no matter how hard it is for us in the field of education to accept its veracity has an inherent truth in it. This is due to the fact that teaching is a poorly O esteemed profession nowadays. Gone are those years when teachers were the helm of O FB the public’s eyes and were considered to be the most honorable people in any society. PD For this, teaching can no longer attract the best high school graduates. The prevalent T psyche today is that if you are bright and talented as much as possible you should avoid SI being a teacher and instead take up law, medicine, engineering and other high paying VI professions. Whereas, if you are mediocre student, teaching is the easiest course for you to get a college diploma. What has really happened to the noblest profession? What did the government do to save this noble calling from the mire of misery and from its deteriorating condition? Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |6 These questions are just the proverbial “tip of the iceberg” in so far as the horrible state of teaching in the Philippines is concerned. As expected, nobody is willing and courageous enough to accept the blame. Instead, the different sectors involved are pointing an accusing finger at each other and upbraiding one another. M The government for its part will point to the provision of Section 5 Article XIV of the 1987 O Constitution as its contribution to alleviate the plight of the poor teachers, for this.C mandates that the State should give the highest budgetary priority to education, so as to M attract the best available talents into becoming teachers. U R FO However, it is easier said than done. As it is mentioned in this book (Foundations of Education II), teaching has already lost its traditional glory and glamour. It is now KS considered a horrible if not a disgusting profession. Teachers are now demoralized and somehow “demonetized” professionals. To this effect nobody dares to take the O challenge of educating our youth and worst even those are already in the field are O FB leaving their calling as teachers to serve as domestic helpers, baby sitters, and even entertainers in foreign countries. PD T The enrolment of teacher training schools in Metro Manila and even in the whole SI country is declining. Well, no one can blame and force the student to be teachers if they VI cannot be promised with a bed of roses once they decided to enter the portals of the teaching profession. If they have other alternatives to make more money, surely they would not dare embark on the gargantuan and seemingly unrewarding task of being a teacher. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |7 But of course there are other idealists who would content that teaching is not a money- making machine, but rather a calling, a vocation that needed an unwavering devotion and commitment. And in the words of Socrates of ancient Greece, if the teachers teach because of salary, they are degrading the reputation of the profession and reducing it to a mere income-generating endeavor. M Again, these words are easier said than done. I firmly believe that teachers are just O human beings like any other professional. They need what everybody needs. Teachers.C cannot teach with an empty stomach. They cannot teach if they have nothing to wear. They cannot teach effectively if their families are starving and are dying because they M have no money to buy the necessary medicine. U R FO Moreover, almost all the studies conducted in the past until now, since the Monroe KS Survey of the 1920’s and the Swanson Survey of the 1950’s up to the current report of the EDCOM revealed the same thing – teachers are poorly paid and trained. So what O else is new? If the proper authorities will not execute decisive actions on this matter with O a sense of urgency, one day we will wake up to see that our country and her citizens FB are already in the arid and barren field of ignorance, misery and intellectual deprivation. PD If we truly care for the future of our children who are, since time immemorial considered T SI as the hope of the nation, we will seriously consider the gravity of the problem and will do all means to thwart these boisterous dilemmas that threaten our very existence. Yes, VI it is true that teachers need to be properly trained and be fully equipped to qualify them to teach our children. Hence, there is a need to professionalize them through the licensure examination. However, if the government continues to ignore their plea for better compensation and brighter future in their chosen career, and instead of responding constructively to their Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |8 clamor when they go to the streets to seek redress for their grievances, the same “humane” government slaps them with threats of suspension and even dismissal from services, we cannot expect these teachers to teach effectively and be satisfied with their work, thus, we definitely cannot expect quality education. This is due to the fact that the students are just as good as their teachers, and as the Lord Jesus Christ stressed in Matthew 22:14, “no student is better than his teacher.” M O The state authorities still claim that there is not enough money to fully implement the.C salary increase of teachers because the government does not have enough budget for this task. But if we try to carefully and objectively analyze the actual situation, we will M realize that the national budget is devoured by the “foreign debt servicing scheme” via U R the provisions of P.D. 1177, which prescribes that the lion share of the annual budget FO (General Appropriations Act) be set aside to pay our foreign debts. KS But sad to say all initiatives in the Congress to repeal this burdensome Marcos’ decree O has never prospered for reasons only the gentlemen in the Senate and House of O Representatives know. And to add insult, to injury the national budget is further depleted FB by the “pork barrel” which amounts to several billions of pesos yearly given to senators PD and congressmen deceitfully labeled as countrywide development fund (CDF), which more often than not leads to budgetary deficits. T SI And if there is a need for more revenues to finance the whims of the government, there VI is always an easy way to generate funds – levy more taxes to the people, just like Expanded Value Added Tax. If the government can afford to appropriate more than 35% of the national budget to repay the debts which the past administrative had acquired (yet failed to explain where the money went) and can provide the president, vice president, 24 senators and 250 Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com Page |9 congressmen their respective pork barrels by the millions and can increase the monthly salary of the legislators by 100% overnight, why can’t it spare the lowly paid teachers a small amount to augment their income? Are junketing, electioneering, and paying the private armies and others more important than educating our people? Every opening of the school year the CHED announces that there is a need for more M teachers to meet the needs of increasing enrolment. In order to address this problem of O lack of teachers, the CHED has to schedule as many as three teaching shifts, offer.C multi-grade classes (a teacher handles at least two different grades at the same time in one class) and increase the class size to 60 or 70 pupils per section. And as revealed M by the teachers in the rural areas and far flung provinces, they are already handling as U R much as 70 to 90 students per section. FO KS Indeed, how can we expect quality education under this set-up? No matter how efficient a teacher is and regardless of his rating in the licensure and the subsequent merit O examination, he is definitely incapacitated to control more than 90 students per section, O much more delivering the goods to them. The way it seems the Philippine society FB particularly the government is asking too much from the teachers and yet giving them PD too little. With these in mind we cannot help it but ask ourselves that if education is expensive let us try the cost of ignorance. T SI VI The Role of Teacher Training Institutions James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States once said that “a good teacher on one end of a log and interesting pupil on the other will make a university anywhere.” Based on this premise, no country can ever offer quality education to its constituents in the absence of quality teachers. However, efficient and dedicated teachers are not miraculously produced. They are the result of long and tedious work of the people involved in teacher training. These can be done through improving the Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 10 curricula of the Education programs based on the requirements of the LET, and the curricula of the basic education (i.e. NESC and NSEC), hiring highly qualified administrators, and faculty and non-teaching personnel, employing modern technology in the training of the prospective teachers and providing them with sufficient pre-service training. These and other necessary steps are implemented so as to equip future teachers with skills and competencies that they badly need not only in hurdling the Licensure Examination but also in dealing with the harsh realities that the world of M teaching would offer them in the future. O.C These and other innovations would surely contribute to the achievement of the M constitutional mandate of providing quality education to all citizens at all levels and U R making such education accessible to all. This I believe is the true spirit of democratic FO education. KS O O PART I FB GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT PD Part I of the Licensure Examination for Teachers is devoted to General Education T SI subjects with a weight of 20% consisting of English, Filipino, Mathematics, Natural VI Science and Social Science. ENGLISH The English component of the General Education portion of the Licensure Examination for Teachers includes Study and Thinking Skills, Writing in the Discipline, Speech and Oral Communication, Philippine Literature and Word Literatures. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 11 PARTS OF SPEECH Parts of speech is used to describe the mechanism of the language, in other words, the grammar which is defined as the art of speaking and writing the language correctly according to the rules in general. The parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. M NOUN O Nouns are names of persons, places, events, things, or ideas. Example: lawyer,.C province, table, New Year, freedom M U R Kinds of Nouns FO 1. Proper nouns – are specific and written in capital letter. KS  Example: Danica, Atty. Dined, Christmas, Taft Ave. O 2. Common nouns – are general. O FB  Example: house, girl, street, teacher, country 3. Collective nouns – name groups PD  Example: team, crowd, organization T 4. Mass nouns – cannot be counted. SI VI  Example: hair, sugar, water, sand, stars 5. Concrete nouns exist in the physical world  Example: flower, moon, chair, bag, bottle 6. Abstract nouns – refer to ideas and feelings.  Example: love, independence, honesty, faith Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 12 Number of Nouns  Singular – refers to one noun.  Plural – refers to two or more nouns. M Rules in forming the plural of nouns: O 1. Most nouns add s to the singular form..C  Ex.: boy + s = boys, room + s = rooms M U 2. Nouns ending in a hissing sound (s, chi, she, x or z) add is. R Ex.: box – boxes, church – churches, match – matches, dish – dishes  FO 3. Most nouns ending in f or fee change f to vet before adding s. KS  Ex.: calf – calves, knife – knives, leaf – leaves O 4. Most nouns ending y preceded by a consonant sound usually change y to i and O add es. FB  Ex.: city – cities, lady – ladies, reply – replies PD 5. Nouns ending in y after a vowel, add s. T  Ex.: key – keys, alley – alleys, monkey – monkeys SI VI 6. Some nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es.  Ex. : cargo – cargoes, tomato – tomatoes, hero – heroes 7. A few very common nouns add en or change the vowel or remain unchanged.  Ex.: ox – oxen, child – children, sheep – sheep Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 13 8. Most compound nouns, add s or es to the principal words of the compound.  Ex.: bookcase – bookcases, handful – handfuls, runner-up – runners-up 9. Some nouns function collectively.  Ex.: information, battalion, artillery, furniture, equipment, jewelry M Cases of Nouns O 1. Nominative – used as the subject, noun of address, predicate noun or appositive..C Examples: M U R a. Danica looks pretty in her red dress. FO b. Celine, come and get your toys. KS c. The winner in the oratorical contest in Czarina. O d. Dr. Dioneda, our new professor discusses the lesson well. O 2. Objective – used as direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition. FB Examples: PD a. The students are playing basketball. T SI b. Charles sent Lourdes a love letter VI c. The concert was held in the part. 3. Possessive – used to show ownership or possession. Examples: a. Mother’s bag is colorful b. The house’ gate is newly painted Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 14 PRONOUNS A pronoun is a substitute for nouns. Examples: he, she, they, ours, those. Antecedent of the pronoun – the noun to which a pronoun refers. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, person, and number. M O.C Kinds of Pronouns M 1. Demonstrative pronoun. Examples: U R  This (singular) – used to point near object. FO  These (plural) – used to point near objects. KS  That (singular) – used to point far object. O  Those (plural) – used to point far objects. O FB 2. Indefinite pronoun. Examples: PD  singular – any, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, anyone, anything, T each, everyone, one, someone, somebody, every, either, neither, SI everything VI  plural – all some, few, both, several, many 3. Interrogative pronoun – who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever, whomever Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 15 Below is the table of personal pronouns, their cases and persons: Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case SINGULAR 1st person I me my, mine M 2nd person You You Your, yours O 3rd person He, she, it Him, her, it His, her, hers.C M U PLURAL R FO 1st person We Us Our, ours KS 2nd person You You Your, yours O 3rd person They Them Their, theirs O FB PD First (1st) person refers to the speaker. T Second (2nd) person refers to the person spoken to. SI Third (3rd) person refers to the person(s) spoken about. VI VERB A verb expresses action or state of being. Ex. yell, interpret, feel, are Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 16 Forms of Verb N s, No d/ed, No ing. 1. The base-form educate, learn, write 2. The S-form for third person singular noun or pronoun; educates, learns, writes 3. The ing-form or present participle; educating, learning, writing M 4. The past form; educated, learned, wrote O.C M Kinds of Verb U 1. Regular verbs form their past tense by the addition of d, or ed to the base form. R They have the same form both for the past tense and past participle. FO Past and Past KS Base form S-Form Present Participle Participle O No s/d//ed/ing (used for third ing form Ending in d/ed O person singular FB noun or pronoun) PD cook cooks cooking cooked T decorate decorates decorating decorated SI VI play plays playing played 2. Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in several ways. Base form Past tense Past participle come came come Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 17 break broke broken seek sought sought cut cut cut M O PAST FORM OF SOME IRREGULAR VERBS.C M U Base Form Past Form Past Participles R A FO arise arose arisen KS awake awoke awaken O O B FB backslide backslid backslidden/backslid PD be was, were been T bear bore born / borne SI VI beat beat beaten / beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 18 bet bet bet bid bid/bade bidden bind bound bound bite bit bitten M bleed bled bled O.C blow blew blown M break broke broken U R breed bred FO bred bring brought brought KS broadcast broadcast broadcast O build built built O FB burst burst burst PD buy bought bought T C SI cast cast cast VI catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 19 cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut D M deal dealt dealt O.C dig dug dug M do did done U R draw drew FO drawn drink drank drunk KS drive drove driven O dwell dwelt dwelt O FB E PD eat ate eaten T F SI fall fell fallen VI feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 20 flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden M forecast forecast forecast O.C foresee foresaw foreseen M foretell foretold foretold U R forget forgot FO forgotten / forgot forgive forgave forgiven KS forsake forsook forsaken O freeze froze frozen O FB G PD get got gotten / got give gave given T SI go went gone VI grind ground ground grow grew grown H hang hung hung Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 21 have had had hear heard heard hew hewed hewn hide hid hidden M hit hit hit O.C hold held held M hurt hurt hurt U R K FO keep kept kept KS kneel knelt knelt O knit knit knit O FB know knew known PD L lay laid laid T SI lead led led VI leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 22 light lit lit lose lost lost M make made made M mean meant meant O.C meet met met M misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood U R mow mowed FO mown P KS partake partook partaken O pay paid paid O FB proofread proofread proofread PD prove proved proven put put put T SI Q VI quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen quit quit quit R read read read Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 23 rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen M run ran run O.C S M saw sawed sawn U R say said FO said see saw seen KS seek sought sought O sell sold sold O FB send sent sent PD set set set sew sewed sewn T SI shake shook shaken VI shave shaved shaven shed shed shed shine shone shone shoot shot shot Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 24 show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung M sink sank sunk O.C sit sat sat M slay (kill) slew slain U R sleep slept FO slept slide slid slid KS sling slung slung O slink slinked slunk O FB slit slit slit PD sow sowed sown speak spoke spoken T SI speed sped sped VI spell spelled spelt spend spent spent spill spilled spilt spin spun spun Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 25 spit spit / spat spit / spat split split split spread spread spread spring sprang / sprung sprung M stand stood stood O.C steal stole stolen M stick stuck stuck U R sting stunk / stank FO stunk strew strewed strewn KS stride strode stridden O strike (delete) struck stricken O FB strike (hit) struck struck PD string strung strung strive strove striven T SI sublet sublet sublet VI swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen swim swam swum Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 26 swing swung swung T take took taken teach taught taught M tear tore torn O.C telecast telecast telecast M tell told told U R test-drive test-drove FO test-driven test-fly test-flew test-flown KS think thought thought O throw threw thrown O FB thrust thrust thrust PD tread trod trodden / trod T U SI understand understood understood VI undertake undertook undertaken undo undid undone W wake woke woken Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 27 waylay waylaid waylaid wear wore worn weave wove woven wed wed wed M weep wept wept O.C win won won M win won won U R wind wound FO wound withdraw withdrew withdrawn KS withhold withheld withheld O withstand withstood withstood O FB wring wrung wrung PD write wrote written T SI VI 3. Linking verbs are used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate which related to the subject.The be form of the ver (am, is, are, was, were) is the most commonly used linking verb. Others are the verbs of the senses: become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, remain. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 28 Linking verbs in sentences: 1. My favorite color is red. 2. He looks great in black. 3. My friend became famous. Tense M Tense means time O.C Present tense. A verb is in the present tense if: M U a. The sentence expresses a permanent action. R  Ex.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. FO b. It shows habitual action. KS  Ex. He goes to church every Sunday. O c. It expresses an on-going action. O FB  Ex. The students are researching in the library now. PD Past tense. A verb is in the past tense if it expresses a completed action. Ex.: They transferred to a new building yesterday. T SI She gave alms to the beggar. VI Nica recited the poem well. Future tense. A verb is in the future tense if it expresses an action that is yet to be done. It is a verb phrase using the auxiliary verbs will/shall + the simple form of the verb. Ex.: Will you visit me tonight? Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 29 They will pass their projects next week. I shall return. Am / is / are + going to also expresses future tense. Ex.: I am going to Baguio. The friends are going to perform on stage. M ADJECTIVES O Adjectives are words that describe, limit or modify nouns and pronouns..C Ex.: warm, quick, tall, blue, interesting M U Adjectives answer the questions “Which one?”, “What kind?” and “How many?” R FO The Uses of Adjectives KS 1. A noun modifier is usually placed directly before the noun it describes. O Ex.: He is an intelligent man. O FB 2. A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. Ex.: He is happy. PD The movie seems interesting. T SI VI 3. An article or noun marker are other names for these adjectives: a, an, the Ex.: Dorothy was given an apple. The teacher is awarded for her meritorious performance. The new born is a baby boy. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 30 Kinds of Adjective 1. Indefinite Adjective: some, many, much, several, few, a few, a great deal of little, a little. a. With countable nouns: Ex. I have (many, several, few) books at home. b. With uncountable nouns: Ex. I have (much, a great deal, little) information on history. M c. With both plural countable and uncountable nouns. Ex. He has (some, a lot O of, enought) money..C M d. The indefinite adjectives much, many, little and few may be modified by too U and very. Ex. You are making too much noise. R FO 2. Numerals: one two, three, etc., are cardinal numbers. KS Ex. He gave me three roses. O While numerals like first, second, third, etc., are called ordinal numbers. O Ex. We will discuss the third chapter. FB 3. Descriptive adjectives: new, tall, blue, charming. PD Ex. The charming woman is my aunt. T 4. Proper adjective: Filipino flag, English language, Persian carpet, etc. SI Ex. Persian carpets are on sale at the mall. VI 5. Nouns that modify nouns: oak, paper, etc. Ex. Here is your history book. 6. Phrases and clauses that modify nouns: Ex. The girl watching television is my sister. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 31 7. A clause modifying a noun is usually introduced by a relative pronoun: that, which, who, whom, whose and where. Ex. The man who is driving the car is my father. ADVERB An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Ex. fast, slowly, well, very M O Adverbs answer the questions, “How?”, “Where?”, “When?”, “How often?” and “To what.C degree?” M Adverbs should not be used to modify nouns. U R Kinds of Adverb FO 1. Adverb of Manner (how) KS Ex. He spoke (poorly, fluently,slowly). Written Exercise: Change the following adjectives to adverbs by adding ly. O O 1. slow FB 2. merry PD 3. graceful 4. quick T SI 5. quiet VI 6. careful 7. courageous 8. weak 9. easy 10. neat Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 32 2. Adverb of time (when) Ex. He is coming (tomorrow, next week, next month, tonight). Written Exercise: Underline the time expression used in each of the following sentences. 1. The doctor will check him up very soon. M O 2. Are you going to Baguio this summer?.C 3. I could not sleep well lately. M 4. The students complained about their grades last week. U R 5. They will spend their vacation in Baguio in April FO 6. My sister will see the dentist later on. KS 7. He hopes to finish college next year. O 8. It rained hard last night. O 9. Mother is baking a cake right now. FB 10. Yoly is happy all this morning. PD T 3. Adverb of place (where) SI Ex.: Let us meet in the restaurant. VI The concert will be in the park. 4. Adverb of frequency (how often) Ex. He writes to him (daily, regularly, weekly). 5. Adverb of negation/affirmation Ex. Yes, no, not, never, always, absolutely definitely Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 33 CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions connect words or group of words. Ex. and, but, or, for, yet, therefore, also, however, because, so that, as long as Ex. I will love you as long as the grass shall grow. M PREPOSITION O Preposition shows the relation between a word and a noun or pronoun that follows. It.C indicates: M a. place and position – at, in, across, above, below, between, behind, beyond U R b. direction and motion – in, towards, out, about, around, through, by, down, over FO c. time – at, before, after, during, since, until KS Ex. I have been waiting for your call since last week. O O INTERJECTION FB Interjection expresses emotion, acts as a signal, or adds a conversational touch. It PD usually ends with an exclamation point. Ex. ouch! , what! , wow! , hurray! T SI Ex. Hurray! Ginebra won the game. VI VERBALS Verbals are used as modifiers or nouns in the subject, object, predicate complement or object of a preposition. Three Kinds of Verbal Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 34 1. Infinitive – to + the simple form of the verb (no s, no d, or ed, no ing) Ex. To speak is necessary to improve one’s English. 2. Gerund – verb + ing Ex. Speaking is necessary to improve one’s English. 3. Participle is a word that is formed from a verb and used as an adjective. M Ex. Speaking English always, she acquired the mastery of the language. O.C M CORRECT ENGLISH USAGE U Accede – means to agree with. R FO Concede – means to yield, but not necessarily in agreement. Exceed – means to be more than. KS We shall accede to your request for more evidence. O O To avoid delay, we shall concede that more evidence is necessary. FB PD Access – means availability Excess – means too much. T SI VI The lawyer was given access to the records of the company. The expenditures this month are far in the excess of income. Accept – means to take when offered. Except – means excluding. (preposition) Except – means to leave out. (verb) Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 35 The hero gladly accepted the ‘keys to the city. All the food except the vegetables were eaten by the children. The school excepted her from taking gym classes because of her illness. Adapt – means to adjust or change M Adopt – means to take as one’s own O Adept – means skillful.C M U Children can adapt to changing conditions very easily. R The orphan was adopted by the young couple. FO Propery instruction and practice will make you an adept chess player. KS NOTE: adapt to, adopt by, adept in or at. O O FB Adapted to – implies original or natural suitability. The gills of the fish are adapted to underwater breathing. PD Adapted for – implies created suitability. T Atomic energy is constantly being adapted for new uses. SI VI Adapted from – implies change to be made suitable. The movie was adapted from the best selling book. Addition – means the act or process of adding. Edition – means printing of a publication. Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 36 In addition to a dictionary, he always uses a thesaurus. The first edition of Duka’s book was published in 1997. Advantage – means a superior position. Benefit – means a favor conferred or earned (as a profit). He had an advantage in experience over his opponent. M O The rules were changed for his benefit..C NOTE: to take advantage of, to have an advantage over. M U R Adverse – (pronounced AD-verse) means unfavorable.FO Averse – (pronounced a-VERSE) means disliking. KS He took the adverse decision poorly. O Many students are averse to criticism from their classmates. O FB Advise – means to give advice. Advise is losing favor as a synonym for notify. PD Acceptable: The teacher will advise the student about study habits. T Unacceptable: We are advising you of a delivery under separate cover. SI (SAY: notifying) VI Affect – means to influence. (verb) Effect – means an influence. (noun) Effect – means to bring about. (verb) Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com  Visit For more Pdf's Books Pdfbooksforum.com P a g e | 37 Your education must affect your future. The effect of the last war is still being felt. A diploma effected a tremendous change in his attitude. NOTE: Affect also has a meaning of pretend. M O She had an affected manner..C After – is unnecessary with the past participle. M U SAY: After checking the timetable, I left for the station. R DON’T SAY: After having checked (omit after) the timetable, I left for the station. FO KS Ain’t – is an unacceptable contraction for am not, or not, or is not.