Lesson 4.1 Glossary PDF

Lesson 4.1 Glossary A Abomasum – The true stomach of a ruminant animal, the majority of the digestion occurs here. Absorption – The passage of digested food from the alimentary canal to the circulatory system. Alimentary canal – The passage...

Lesson 4.1 Glossary A Abomasum – The true stomach of a ruminant animal, the majority of the digestion occurs here. Absorption – The passage of digested food from the alimentary canal to the circulatory system. Alimentary canal – The passage in an animal’s body through which food passes from mouth to anus. Anabolism – Constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells into compounds that are more complex. Anterior – In four-legged animals, toward the head; the opposite of posterior. Anus – The posterior opening of the digestive tract. Avian – Refers to birds; the class Aves. B Bile – Yellowish green alkaline bitter liquid. Stored in the gall bladder. Aids in the digestion of fatty acids. Bolus – Regurgitated food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed; a cud. C Cardia – Juncture of the esophagus and stomach that prevents food from moving back into the esophagus. Cecum (pl. ceca) – “Blind gut” where small and large intestine join. Performs little function except in the horse, where it assists with the digestion of roughages through bacterial action. Chyme – The partly digested material passed from the stomach into the duodenum. Cloaca – Enlarged vent in chickens used to excrete waste and lay eggs. Concentrates – Grain and protein supplements, ex. corn Crop – Craw; a saclike enlargement in the esophagus of many birds to store food. Cud – A small wad of regurgitated feed in a ruminant’s mouth, which is rechewed and swallowed. D Digestion – The breaking down of food into simple substances that are more readily available to the body to use. Digestive tract – The mouth, esophagus, digestive organs, stomach or stomachs, crop, gizzard, the small and large intestines, and anus; all of the organs of an animal or fowl through which food passes. Duodenum – In mammals, the part of the small intestine nearest the stomach. In birds, the part of the small intestine nearest the gizzard. Curriculum for Agricultural Science Education © 2020 ASA – Lesson 4.1 Glossary – Page 1  E Enzyme – An organic catalyst; a large protein molecule produced by the body that stimulates or speeds up various chemical reactions without being used up itself. Esophagus – Gullet; the tube that connects the throat or pharynx with the stomach. It varies greatly in the vertebrates; e.g., in the crop of a bird, it is distended for retention of food. F Feed – 1) Harvested forage, such as hay and grain, for livestock. 2) To furnish with essential nutrients. G Gastrointestinal tract – The digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. Gizzard – The muscular posterior stomach of birds, which has muscular walls and a thick, horny lining; its principle function is the grinding or crushing of coarse feed particles. The presence of grit increases the efficiency of the grinding process. Gullet – The esophagus. I Ileum – The third and lowest division of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum. J Jejunum – The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. L Large intestine – An organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed. M Mastication – The process of chewing food. Metabolism – The chemical changes that take place in the living plant and animal cells whereby one compound is converted to one or more other compounds. Monogastric – Simple stomached animals. Ex. Pigs, dogs, and horses. Mouth – The opening through which an animal or human takes in food. O Omasum – The third compartment of the ruminant stomach. It contains a mass of suspended, parallel, rough- surfaced leaves that grind ingesta to a fine consistency. P Pancreas – A gland below and behind the stomach that secretes pancreatic juice. Posterior – Hind or rear. Prehension – The method or the way food is delivered to the mouth. Proventriculus – The true stomach of birds, which is a spindle-shaped organ between the esophagus and gizzard. Curriculum for Agricultural Science Education © 2020 ASA – Lesson 4.1 Glossary – Page 2  R Rectum – The terminal or lower part of the intestine, which ends at the anus. Reticulum – The second compartment of the ruminant stomach, where bacterial digestion continues. Has a honeycomb-textured lining. Roughage – High fiber feed. Examples: pasture, hay, silage. Rumen – Largest part of the ruminant stomach; a large amount of bacterial fermentation of feed materials occurs in the rumen. Ruminant – Animal with a four-chambered stomach, consumes large quantities of roughages. S Salivary glands – Glands that open into the mouth and secrete a fluid with digestive, irritant, or anticoagulatory properties. Small intestine – Long folded tube attached to the lower end of the stomach. Stomach – In humans and certain other vertebrate animals, a large saclike organ into which food passes from the esophagus or gullet for storage while undergoing the early stages of digestions. V Vent – The opening of the cloaca; the anus of a bird. Villi – Microscopic, hair-like extensions or projections of the inner lining of the digestive tract. Curriculum for Agricultural Science Education © 2020 ASA – Lesson 4.1 Glossary – Page 3