PSY 100 Introductory Psychology PDF

Summary

These lecture notes cover the topic of social psychology, delving into the definition of social psychology, experiments, influencing factors, and the concept of conformity. It highlights the significant role social factors play in shaping human behavior.

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PSY 100 Introductory Psychology Prepared by Dr. Lufanna LAI (Remarks: Please read the Book Chapter uploaded to Moodle) Social Psychology 社會心理學 The definition of Social Psychology: The scientific study of humans’ thoughts, feelings and behavior in a social conte...

PSY 100 Introductory Psychology Prepared by Dr. Lufanna LAI (Remarks: Please read the Book Chapter uploaded to Moodle) Social Psychology 社會心理學 The definition of Social Psychology: The scientific study of humans’ thoughts, feelings and behavior in a social context. Social Psychology , * G* PMZ *쉽B *social conley ey.*료료 업 ) 몫" ,☆ 뽑 복생R 캡 (샷아는 tendency for the females.(* K , ) sicialization *,socializaition (3) Group support (群體支持): a personal agen([R1 ×) act of courage or moral fortitude by one or two members of a group may free others to disobey misguided or dRI 쏘니병 ? unjust authority (群體當中若有人敢於發言拒絕去 , 服從; 或者基於道德問題而拒絕去服從, 那麽, 其餘的人就 12 會附和). (* P behcuinr D rbediare ** *시 ( 다 이 랏팝 ey. * * ⑭g4 * group norms Cm omiy: ⑮ *kind5 1 L srcial e| 선 rejein ,략빛behavin i☆ * *탑P group presure , 넘도12몰5 ⑤** 류 ** s sundg fonily day. Socialnorms : 측교업리3다 Social Influence (II) Conformity 금모 (쑈 " 솔콩근* *"IF 1중 *t 솜 horms group. s The tendency to change our opinions or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms ( 行 為 規 範 ) in the absence of any direct pressure.  Conformist vs. Non-conformist Despite people’s widespread conformity, they often do not admit being influenced, especially for those have high status (較高地位) and seniority (較高資 歷/輩份). 13 」 14 : 협풋* *OB☆ 근립비리쿄 설 |못 3 림: 참호과 뮨크 … grop 팝. Also, people tend to perceive others to be more conforming than themselves (人類傾向認為其他人會比自己更 容易受到其他人的影響). Reason: people judge others by superficial clues ( 表 面 線 索 ) but judge themselves by Social focusing inward and introspecting about their own thought processes. Influence Some degree of conformity is essential for maintaining the society in order and for people to coexist peacefully (對社會 整體秩序有益). Social Influence Classic Studies on Conformity (I) Muzafer Sherif (1936) A visual perception experiment with subjects sat in a totally darkened room. Autokinetic effect: In darkness, a stationary point of light appears to move erratically in various directions (an optical illusion). Each group established its own set of norms regarding the length of movement of the small dot of light (in fact, no movement at all). '정 구포/ *범화깹트변표 n 합 보 다 IEIP*UFI코 Group EI⑦ ㆍ닷 ' 고 * Demonstrated how people’s judgment affects one another. *르크 고종 ,합P 시못몫 품 * 6 15 「 1 *×*1 서샵 시슘사포 A 점홍쿄 조ㄹ 싼 「 고심 14n로고랩했.*. 시⑫ 시르롯도|7 Cheating : F : 출몫고 업 | #aheating☆ 용EThcCsmiler팝 " * ] *비 Social Influence anr T며letbriefing. (II) Solomon Asch (1951) A visual discrimination test: subjects (only one real subject, others are confederate) were asked to indicate which of three comparison lines is identical in length to a standard line. Subjects took turns announcing their judgments out loud in the order of seating position. Given all the other subjects (confederates) gave an incorrect answer, how will the real participant respond? Results: In Asch’s classic conformity experiments, subjects conformed 37% of the time by following the confederate and gave the same wrong answers. Some participants knew that the majority was answering wrongly, they would still conform as they did not want to get rejection from others. 17 Social Influence Stimuli used in Asch’s study 18 Social Solomon Asch’s Experiment Influence on Conformity Social Influence Influencing Agents: People who are anxious (容易焦慮), low in self-confidence (自信心低) or concerned about the approval of other (介意別人睇法) ☆봅슘나긋 권 핌 얽 will demonstrate more conformity. δ People with high needs for structure or certainty (不能忍受不清楚/不明確/ 紛亂/矛盾 _ 的情况) are more likely to conform. People who live in collectivist culture (集 9 體 主 義 文 化 ) which value group Hg ☆ : individual isd cooperation (團隊合作) and cohesiveness culture (團隊凝聚力), and group relationship (團隊 關係) will demonstrate more conformity. 20 노발합 보 AX** *saus B↑B* 본수P* 탈봇 Y국근권받⑤로 봉, (III) Compliance The changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests. The persons who make the requests have little or no authority. Social Influence 21 국쁠 험표싼. The Norm of Reciprocity (利益互惠規範) We often comply when we feel Social indebted to a requester who has done us a favor. Influence 표문공몹픈키롯*습 Compliance induced by norm of 공발다. reciprocity does not last long e.g., the effect will not longer than a week. 22 F뭇삼송 fyrequest Sequential Request Strategies (Two-Step Compliance) GF*T문삼화숍1Yegurat (1) Foot-in-the-door technique (得寸進尺技巧): A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the salo , #Sale 순☆[몫 eg. * * stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request..속률값 !BNL Explanation: Self-perception theory 생본동 ** 업방소 ⇒ * 채[ 용리쌍 -People infer their attitudes by observing their own Social behavior (觀察自己的行為後, 再推論自己的立場或者態度). -First, by observing your own behavior, you see yourself Influence as kind and cooperative when approached with request. ☆**총 KXB↓F 꽃부생군철노 Second, when confronted with the much bigger request, = GXXV 245 숍 + you respond in ways that maintain this self-image (i.e., ^ 톱** 있 콤ㆍ문 * 위업 니속 * ⇒ , : 포롯아었빠 ⇒마 Ibeing kind and cooperative). behaeAarslerly()법'☆☆] a 11칩 :.Gurru disp 영 사무* 다했신소한 오 :군 * * 디☆ 23 「 」 」 Social Influence lg 문퇴포송습을. Ip salesbargengY** 뷰IU1 PU토교시 수월1 문** (2) Lowball Technique (向顧客虛報低價的 - Managentk 품 ☆ ] ↑ P Sales f 못* *↑ ]코밤 ( ; ↓ ↑; ) n 랫커름* *인 출대 B합수보표*크 , 몸 技 巧 ): One person gets another to agree to a request but then increases the size of the request by revealing hidden costs. Despite the increase, people often follow through on their agreement. Explanation: Psychology of Commitment (i) Once people make a particular decision, they justify it by thinking of all its positive aspects. As they get increasingly committed ( 約 束力 ) to a 시급( *. 고R 송* *습, *1 * course of action, they grow more ;* 료b 또 R***5 5 '" tb 고 *. * * bGY *ybaRfactor** 초 " resistant to changing their mind. 샵. F 청P 업 종의포물 : 값부 라 * 옵 ☆ (ii) A sense of unfulfilled obligation (未 소졸 스부 tsole 숍 ( commilmend) [모이요했 ) E ↑ # (* pf Norm of reciprocity II serventy * 근f+ 完成的責任) to the person with whom *. , * LL * 닛 *+ 24 they negotiated. 「 「 Social Influence (3) The-Door-in-the-Face (以退為進技巧): The real request is preceded by a large requestD one that is rejected. It is likely that *☆슘 f트론곱 별 people will comply with the second * * fy request 무조속고 smaller request. ,모 request real request② J '|북t졸 금목합 보순률F토속공 Explanations: (i)Principle of Perceptual Contrast (接 ~ 收方面的反差): To the person exposed : to a very large initial request, the # IBY모사모업 …빛 금업국공서국 g 합 R t second request "seems smaller." * _ Drequest t 대포ㆍ교함을 * 숍 샘* 숍 requet : ** ② (ii)Reciprocal Concessions (互相讓步): ~. 닷몹홧장 When an individual backs down from a f트 ☆군컵Drequsln large request to a smaller one, this concession should be matched by our own compliance. adivityy Class References Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press. Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. 26 겸 술

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