Social Psychology PDF by David G. Myers, 10th Edition

Myers Social PSycholoGy Social PSycholoGy...

Myers Social PSycholoGy Social PSycholoGy TENTh EDITION www.mhhe.com/myers10e MD DALIM #1051507 10/11/09 CYAN MAG YELO BLK TENTh EDITION ISBN 978-0-07-337066-8 MHID 0-07-337066-5 9 0 0 0 0 EAN 9 780073 370668 www.mhhe.com David G. Myers  Confirming Pages 10e Social Psychology David G. Myers Hope College Holland, Michigan TM mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd i 10/10/09 11:28:54 PM  Rev.Confirming Pages TM Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1990, 1987, 1983. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. 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The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd ii 10/11/09 3:59:23 PM  Confirming Pages About the Author S ince receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa, David Myers has spent his career at Michigan’s Hope College, where he is the John Dirk Werkman Professor of Psychology and has taught dozens of social-psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in some three dozen scientific books and periodicals, including Science, the American Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psychologist. In addition to his scholarly writing and his text- books, he communicates psychological science to the general public. His writings have appeared in three dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He also has published general audience books, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance cen- ter for families in poverty, and spoken to hundreds of college and community groups. Drawing on his own experience, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocat- ing a revolution in American hearing-assistance tech- nology (hearingloop.org). He bikes to work year-round and still plays daily pick-up basketball. David and Carol Myers are parents of two sons and a daughter. mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd iii 10/10/09 11:28:55 PM mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd iv 10/10/09 11:28:57 PM  Confirming Pages Brief Contents chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology 2 Part One Social Thinking chapter 2 The Self in a Social World 34 chapter 3 Social Beliefs and Judgments 78 chapter 4 Behavior and Attitudes 122 Part Two Social Influence chapter 5 Genes, Culture, and Gender 156 chapter 6 Conformity and Obedience 190 chapter 7 Persuasion 228 chapter 8 Group Influence 266 Part Three Social Relations chapter 9 Prejudice: Disliking Others 306 chapter 10 Aggression: Hurting Others 352 chapter 11 Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others 392 chapter 12 Helping 440 chapter 13 Conflict and Peacemaking 482 Part Four Applying Social Psychology chapter 14 Social Psychology in the Clinic 524 chapter 15 Social Psychology in Court 532 chapter 16 Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future 590 Epilogue 610 References R-1 Credits C-1 Name Index N-1 Subject Index/Glossary S-1 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd v 10/10/09 11:28:57 PM  Confirming Pages Table of Contents chapter 1 Research Methods: How We Do Social Psychology 17 Introducing Social Psychology 2 Forming and Testing Hypotheses 17 What Is Social Psychology? 4 Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations 18 Social Psychology’s Big Ideas 5 Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect 24 We Construct Our Social Reality 5 Generalizing from Laboratory to Life 28 Our Social Intuitions Are Often Powerful but Sometimes Perilous 6 Postscript: Why I Wrote This Book 30 Social Influences Shape Our Behavior 7 Personal Attitudes and Dispositions Also Shape Behavior 8 Social Behavior is Biologically Rooted 8 Part One: Social Thinking Social Psychology’s Principles Are Applicable in Everyday Life 9 chapter 2 Social Psychology and Human Values 10 The Self in a Social World 34 Obvious Ways Values Enter Psychology 10 Not-So-Obvious Ways Values Enter Psychology 10 Spotlights and Illusions 36 I Knew It All Along: Is Social Psychology Research Close-Up: On Being Nervous about Looking Nervous 36 Simply Common Sense? 13 Focus On: I Knew It All Along 15 Self-Concept: Who Am I? 39 At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self 39 Development of the Social Self 40 Self and Culture 42 The Inside Story: Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama on Cultural Psychology 46 Self-Knowledge 47 Self-Esteem 52 Self-Esteem Motivation 52 The “Dark Side” of Self-Esteem 53 Perceived Self-Control 56 Self-Efficacy 57 Locus of Control 58 Learned Helplessness versus Self-Determination 59 The Inside Story: Daniel Gilbert on the Benefits of Irrevocable Commitments 62 Self-Serving Bias 63 Explaining Positive and Negative Events 63 Can We All Be Better than Average? 64 Focus On: Self-Serving Bias—How Do I Love Me? Let Me Count the Ways 65 Unrealistic Optimism 66 False Consensus and Uniqueness 68 Explaining Self-Serving Bias 69 Reflections on Self-Esteem and Self-Serving Bias 70 Self-Presentation 72 Self-Handicapping 73 Impression Management 73 Postscript: Twin Truths—The Perils of Pride, the Powers of Positive Thinking 76 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd vi 10/10/09 11:29:01 PM  Confirming Pages Contents vii Focus On: Saying Becomes Believing 134 The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon 134 Evil and Moral Acts 136 Interracial Behavior and Racial Attitudes 138 Social Movements 138 Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? 140 Self-Presentation: Impression Management 140 Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance 141 The Inside Story: Leon Festinger on Dissonance Reduction 144 Self-Perception 145 chapter 3 Comparing the Theories 150 Social Beliefs and Judgments 78 Postscript: Changing Ourselves through Action 152 Perceiving Our Social Worlds 80 Priming 80 Perceiving and Interpreting Events 81 Belief Perseverance 84 Part Two: Social Influence Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Our Worlds 85 chapter 5 Judging Our Social Worlds 88 Genes, Culture, and Gender 156 Intuitive Judgments 88 Overconfidence 90 How Are We Influenced by Human Nature Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts 94 and Cultural Diversity? 158 Counterfactual Thinking 97 Genes, Evolution, and Behavior 158 Illusory Thinking 98 Culture and Behavior 160 Moods and Judgments 100 Focus On: The Cultural Animal 161 Explaining Our Social Worlds 102 Research Close-Up: Passing Encounters, East and West 164 Attributing Causality: To the Person or the Situation 102 How Are Gender Similarities and Differences The Fundamental Attribution Error 105 Explained? 168 Expectations of Our Social Worlds 112 Independence versus Connectedness 169 Focus On: The Self-Fulfilling Psychology of Social Dominance 171 the Stock Market 113 Aggression 173 Teacher Expectations and Student Performance 113 Sexuality 173 Getting from Others What We Expect 115 Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Conclusions 117 Naturally? 175 Gender and Mating Preferences 176 Postscript: Reflecting on Illusory Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology 178 Thinking 119 Focus On: Evolutionary Science and Religion 179 chapter 4 Gender and Hormones 180 Behavior and Attitudes 122 Culture and Gender: Doing as the Culture Says? 181 How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Gender Roles Vary with Culture 182 Behavior? 124 Gender Roles Vary over Time 183 When Attitudes Predict Behavior 125 Peer-Transmitted Culture 184 The Inside Story: Mahzarin R. Banaji on Discovering Experimental Social What Can We Conclude about Genes, Culture, Psychology 126 and Gender? 186 Research Close-Up: You’ve Not Got Mail: Biology and Culture 186 Prejudicial Attitudes Predict Discriminatory The Inside Story: Alice Eagly on Gender Behavior 130 Similarities and Differences 187 The power of the Situation and the Person 187 When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? 131 Postscript: Should We View Ourselves as Role Playing 132 Products or Architects of Our Social Saying Becomes Believing 133 Worlds? 189 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd vii 10/10/09 11:29:07 PM  Confirming Pages viii Contents chapter 6 Postscript: On Being an Individual within Community 225 Conformity and Obedience 190 What Is Conformity? 192 chapter 7 Persuasion 228 What Are the Classic Conformity and Obedience Studies? 193 What Paths Lead to Persuasion? 231 Sherif’s Studies of Norm Formation 193 The Central Route 232 Research Close-Up: Contagious The Peripheral Route 232 Yawning 195 Different Paths for Different Purposes 233 Focus On: Mass Delusions 197 Asch’s Studies of Group Pressure 197 What Are the Elements of Persuasion? 234 Milgram’s Obedience Experiments 199 Who Says? The Communicator 234 The Ethics of Milgram’s Experiments 200 Research Close-Up: Experimenting with a What Breeds Obedience? 201 Virtual Social Reality 238 Focus On: Personalizing the Victims 203 What Is Said? The Message Content 239 The Inside Story: Stanley Milgram on How Is It Said? The Channel of Communication 246 Obedience 205 To Whom Is It Said? The Audience 250 Reflections on the Classic Studies 205 Extreme Persuasion: How Do Cults What Predicts Conformity? 210 Indoctrinate? 254 Group Size 211 Attitudes Follow Behavior 256 Unanimity 211 Persuasive Elements 256 Cohesion 213 Group Effects 258 Status 213 Public Response 214 How Can Persuasion Be Resisted? 259 Prior Commitment 214 Strengthening Personal Commitment 260 Why Conform? 215 The Inside Story: William McGuire on Attitude Inoculation 261 Who Conforms? 218 Real-Life Applications: Inoculation Programs 261 Implications of Attitude Inoculation 264 Personality 218 Culture 219 Postscript: Being Open but Not Naive 265 Social Roles 220 Do We Ever Want to Be Different? 222 chapter 8 Reactance 222 Group Influence 266 Asserting Uniqueness 223 What Is a Group? 268 Social Facilitation: How Are We Affected by the Presence of Others? 268 The Mere Presence of Others 269 Crowding: The Presence of Many Others 270 Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others? 271 Social Loafing: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group? 273 Many Hands Make Light Work 274 Social Loafing in Everyday Life 276 Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups? 278 Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone 278 Diminished Self-Awareness 281 Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions? 282 The Case of the “Risky Shift” 283 Do Groups Intensify Opinions? 284 Focus On: Group Polarization 287 Explaining Polarization 288 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd viii 10/10/09 11:29:09 PM  Confirming Pages Contents ix What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? 324 Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory 325 Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others 325 Motivation to Avoid Prejudice 330 What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? 331 Categorization: Classifying People into Groups 332 Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out 335 Attribution: Is It a Just World? 339 What Are the Consequences of Prejudice? 342 Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Self-Perpetuating Stereotypes 342 Good Decisions? 290 Discrimination’s Impact: The Self-Fulfilling The Inside Story: Irving Janis on Prophecy 344 Groupthink 291 Stereotype Threat 345 Symptoms of Groupthink 292 The Inside Story: Claude Steele on Critiquing Groupthink 294 Stereotype Threat 347 Preventing Groupthink 295 Do stereotypes Bias Judgments Of Group Problem Solving 295 Individuals? 348 The Inside Story: Behind a Nobel Prize: Two Minds Are Better Than One 297 Postscript: Can We Reduce Prejudice? 350 The Influence of the Minority: How Do Individuals Influence the Group? 299 chapter 10 Consistency 299 Aggression: Hurting Others 352 Self-Confidence 300 Defections from the Majority 300 What Is Aggression? 355 Is Leadership Minority Influence? 301 Focus On: Transformational Community What Are Some Theories of Aggression? 356 Leadership 303 Aggression as a Biological Phenomenon 356 Postscript: Are Groups Bad for Us? 304 Aggression as a Response to Frustration 359 Aggression as Learned Social Behavior 362 What Are Some Influences on Part Three: Social Relations Aggression? 365 Aversive Incidents 365 Arousal 368 chapter 9 Aggression Cues 368 Prejudice: Disliking Others 306 Media Influences: Pornography and Sexual Violence 370 What Is the Nature and Power of Media Influences: Television 374 Prejudice? 308 Media Influences: Video Games 379 The Inside Story: Craig Anderson on Video- Defining Prejudice 308 Game Violence 382 Prejudice: Subtle and Overt 310 Group Influences 382 Racial Prejudice 310 Research Close-Up: When Provoked, Are Gender Prejudice 315 Groups More Aggressive Than Individuals? 384 What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? 319 How Can Aggression Be Reduced? 385 Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and Catharsis? 385 Prejudice 319 A Social Learning Approach 387 Socialization 320 Institutional Supports 322 Postscript: Reforming a Violent Culture 389 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd ix 10/10/09 11:29:11 PM  Confirming Pages x Contents chapter 11 Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others 392 What Leads to Friendship and Attraction? 396 Proximity 397 Focus On: Liking Things Associated with Oneself 400 Physical Attractiveness 402 The Inside Story: Ellen Berscheid on Attractiveness 407 Similarity versus Complementarity 412 The Inside Story: James Jones on Cultural Diversity 414 Liking Those Who Like Us 415 Focus On: Bad Is Stronger Than Good 416 Relationship Rewards 418 What Is Love? 420 Passionate Love 421 Companionate Love 424 What Enables Close Relationships? 426 Gender 470 Religious Faith 470 Attachment 426 Equity 428 How Can We Increase Helping? 473 Self-Disclosure 430 Focus On: Does the Internet Create Reduce Ambiguity, Increase responsibility 473 Intimacy or Isolation? 432 Guilt and Concern for Self-Image 474 Socializing Altruism 475 How Do Relationships End? 434 Focus On: Behavior and Attitudes among Rescuers of Jews 478 Divorce 434 The Detachment Process 435 Postscript: Taking Social Psychology into Postscript: Making Love 438 Life 480 chapter 12 chapter 13 Helping 440 Conflict and Peacemaking 482 Why Do We Help? 443 What Creates Conflict? 484 Social Exchange and Social Norms 443 Social Dilemmas 484 The Inside Story: Dennis Krebs on Life Competition 491 Experience and Professional Interests 445 Perceived Injustice 493 Evolutionary Psychology 452 Misperception 493 Comparing and Evaluating Theories of Helping 454 Research Close-Up: Misperception and War 498 Genuine Altruism 454 Focus On: The Benefits—and the Costs— How Can Peace Be Achieved? 499 of Empathy-Induced Altruism 458 Contact 499 Research Close-Up: Relationships That When Will We Help? 459 Might Have Been 502 Number of Bystanders 460 The Inside Story: Nicole Shelton and Jennifer The Inside Story: John M. Darley on Richeson on Cross-Racial Friendships 503 Bystander Reactions 462 Cooperation 504 Helping When Someone Else Does 464 Focus On: Why Do We Care Who Wins? 506 Time Pressures 465 Focus On: Branch Rickey, Jackie Robinson, Similarity 466 and the Integration Of Baseball 512 Research Close-Up: Ingroup Similarity and Communication 514 Helping 467 Conciliation 519 Who Will Help? 469 Postscript: The Conflict between Individual Personality Traits 469 and Communal Rights 521 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd x 10/10/09 11:29:14 PM  Confirming Pages Contents xi Part Four: Applying Social How Do Group Influences Affect Juries? 583 Minority Influence 584 Psychology Group Polarization 584 Research Close-Up: Group Polarization chapter 14 in a Natural Court Setting 585 Leniency 586 Social Psychology in the Clinic 524 Are Twelve Heads Better Than One? 586 Are Six Heads as Good as Twelve? 586 What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical From Lab to Life: Simulated and Real Juries 587 Judgments? 526 Postscript: Thinking Smart with Illusory Correlations 527 Psychological Science 589 Hindsight and Overconfidence 528 Self-Confirming Diagnoses 529 Clinical versus Statistical Prediction 529 chapter 16 Implications for Better Clinical Practice 531 Social Psychology and Focus On: A Physician’s View 531 the Sustainable Future 590 What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? 532 An Environmental Call to Action 592 Depression 532 Enabling Sustainable Living 595 The Inside Story: Shelley Taylor on Positive Illusions 534 New Technologies 595 Loneliness 536 Reducing Consumption 596 Anxiety and Shyness 538 Health, Illness, and Death 540 The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth 598 What Are Some Social-Psychological Increased Materialism 598 Approaches to Treatment? 544 Wealth and Well-Being 598 Inducing Internal Change through External Materialism Fails to Satisfy 602 Behavior 544 Focus On: Social Comparison, Belonging, Breaking Vicious Circles 545 and Happiness 604 Maintaining Change through Internal Toward Sustainability and Survival 605 Attributions for Success 547 Research Close-Up: Measuring National Using Therapy as Social Influence 547 Well-Being 607 How Do Social Relationships Support Health Postscript: How Does One Live Responsibly and Well-Being? 549 in the Modern World? 608 Close Relationships and Health 549 Close Relationships and Happiness 552 Epilogue 610 Postscript: Enhancing Happiness 555 References R-1 Credits C-1 chapter 15 Name Index N-1 Social Psychology in Court 558 Subject Index/Glossary S-1 How Reliable Is Eyewitness Testimony? 561 The Power of Persuasive Eyewitnesses 561 When Eyes Deceive 562 The Misinformation Effect 564 Focus On: Eyewitness Testimony 565 Retelling 567 Reducing Error 567 Research Close-Up: Feedback to Witnesses 568 What Other Factors Influence Juror Judgments? 572 The Defendant’s Characteristics 572 The Judge’s Instructions 575 Additional Factors 577 What Influences the Individual Juror? 578 Juror Comprehension 578 Jury Selection 580 “Death-Qualified” Jurors 582 mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd xi 10/10/09 11:29:17 PM  Confirming Pages Preface Regardless of background or major, students will see their world reflected in Social Psychology Students will see themselves, their families, or their workplaces within the pages of this text. In barely a century of formal study, significant insight has been gained into belief and illusion, love and hate, conformity and independence— social behaviors that we encounter virtually every day in all walks of life. In these pages students will see themselves and the world in which they live and love, work and play. Like the study of Social Psychology, I continue to envision this text as solidly scientific and warmly human, factually rigorous and intellectually provocative. In this edition, social phenomena that are important and relevant to today’s students are revealed throughout the narrative, and in enriching elements such as margin notes and chapter-ending Postscripts. mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd xii 10/10/09 11:29:20 PM  Confirming Pages Understanding that students majoring in psychology, business, law, teaching, or many other areas may be drawn to the study of Social Psychology, this text is written in the intellectual tradition of the liberal arts. As with great literature, philosophy, and science, liberal arts education seeks to expand our thinking and awareness beyond the confines of the present. By focusing on humanly significant issues I offer the core content in ways that appeal to, and draw on applications from, a wide array of behaviors and experiences. Social Psychology can now offer partial answers to many questions we face in our homes, communities, and societies: How does our thinking—both conscious and unconscious— drive our behavior? What leads people sometimes to hurt and sometimes to help one another? What kindles social conflict, and how can we transform closed fists into helping hands? mye70665_fm_i-xxv.indd xiii 10/10/09 11:29:33 PM  Rev.Confirming Pages Engaging research reflects students’ interests and their environment As we see in the research literature as well as popular blogs (and, more recently, “tweets”), social psychology remains a compelling and dynamic area of study. Readers of this text from around the world have reached out to me, affirming that this richness is captured in the narrative as well as hallmark features in each chapter. In addition to part openers, chapter outlines, and summaries, each chapter includes g g the following features. 126 Part One Social Thinking THE inside STORY Mahzarin R. Bana ji on Discovering Psychology Experimental Socia l Graduating from high school in India a single goal—to at age 15, I had but leave my well-adjuste and implicit (unco ily to live the paten d and secure fam- nscious) forms. Might tly more daring of attitudes, belief this also be true The Inside Story essays capture compel- secretarial assist a minute, I looke that involved living ant. Proficient at d forward to a a block away from and exciting life typing scores of life of independen of a words ce words “Implicit Attitu not knowing it would my students and s, and values? Hesita des” as the title of become such a centra ntly, I wrote the a grant proposal, l part of what I would study for ling stories of famous researchers in their own mother, despite me to try colleg after which I would not having attend e—but only for my parents. My ed college, persu a semester, we agree aded With Tony Green an extended collab the next two decad wald and Brian Nose oration on implic k, I have enjoyed es. be free to choos d, that few scientists it social cognition e my path. are blessed with. words, highlighting the interests and questions The end of my first and went. Moth have to swallow semester at Nizam er didn’t ask about College came my plans. I didn’t of studies that have (implicit.harvard. used the Implicit edu) and the millio From the hundreds Association Test and tell. Just befor now know that ns of tests taken people carry knowl , we that guided—and sometimes misguided—their home, I bought of Social Psychology (it seemed like a the five volumes for the equivalent e one holiday trip of the 1968 Hand book of a dollar apiece and feelings (attitu which often contra des) of which they st with their consc edge (stereotype are unaware, and s) lot of book for the We know that subco ious expressions. findings. For example, Chapter 4 offers an of a 24-hour train ume and knew with ride home, I had blunt clarity that money). By the end polished off one vol- this science, which pendent marker tudes, that peop rtical brain activit of implicit atti- le differ in their y can be an inde- studied social proce sses experiment implicit attitudes, essay by Mahzarin R. Banaji on her journey I had to do. Doctoral and postd ally, was something octoral fellowships attitudes and stereo dict real-life behav and that such types pre- ior. Most opti- work with three enabled me to remarkable peop mistically, we know from being a secretarial assistant in India to Tony Greenwald Elizabeth Loftus at Ohio State, and at the University le early in my caree Claude Steele and of Washington. At r: attitudes, even old modified by exper that implicit ones, can be ience. while still interested Yale, in human memo being a Harvard professor. covered that memo ries come in both ry researchers, I dis- explicit (conscious) Mahzarin Banaji Harvard University hope, can reveal enough of a micro implicit associatio pant’s attitude abou smile or a micro t a given statement. frown to indicate n A newer and wide the partici- test (IAT) ly used attitude A computer-driven uses reaction times to measure, the impl measure how quick icit association test assessment of implic & other s, 2002, 2003). One ly people associate (IAT), it assessing whether can, for example, concepts (Greenwal attitudes. The test uses White people take measure implicit d reaction times to measu than with White longer to associate racial attitudes by re faces. Across 126 positive words with people’s automatic IAT have correlated studies, implicit Black 400 Part Three Social Relations , on average, a mode associations meas associations betwe (Hofm ann & others, 2005) st.24 with explicit ured by the en attitude self-reported attitu objects and evalua ing Experimental. (See “The Insid des tive Social Psychology e Story: Mahzarin words. Easier pairing.”) R. Banaji on Disco s A review of more ver- focusON (and faster respon than 100 studies ses) are online reveals that and of more than taken to indicate strong explicit (self-repor 2.5 million IATs er ple’s behaviors and judgm t) and implicit attitudes comp leted unconscious assoc ents (Greenwald both help predict iations. Thus, explicit and & others, 2008; Nose peo- Liking Things Associated with Oneself implicit attitudes k & others, 2007) either alone (Spen may together predi. ce & Townsend, ct behavior bette For attitudes form 2007). r than ed early in life, and explicit attitu such as racial and des frequently diver gender attitudes, We humans love to feel good about ourselves, and gen- numbers of people whose last names overlap with the ter predictor of ge, with implicit implicit behavior. For exam attitudes often being predicted interracial ple, implicit racia the bet- erally we do. Not only are we prone to self-serving bias city names. Toronto has a marked excess of people roommate relati l attitudes have other attitudes, such onships (Towles-Sc successfully (Chapter 2), we also exhibit what Brett Pelham, Matthew whose names begin with Tor. as those related hwen & Fazio, 2006) cal candidates, expli to consumer beha. For Mirenberg, and John Jones (2002) call implicit egotism: Moreover, women named “Georgia” are dispropor- cit self-reports are vior and support the better predictor. for politi- We like what we associate with ourselves. tionately likely to move to Georgia, as do Virginias to That includes the letters of our name, but also the Virginia. Such mobility could help explain why St. Louis people, places, and things that we unconsciously con- has a 49 percent excess (relative to the national propor- nect with ourselves (Jones & others, 2002; Koole & others, tion) of men named Louis, and why people named Hill, mye70665_ch04 _122-154.indd