Lesson 8: Fallacies Handouts PDF

Lesso n 8: FALLAC Methods of IES (Part 4) Philosophizing Mr. Edward B. Noda Jr. Jose Abad Santos SHS  LOGIC Branch of philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments Studies and elaborates on good argumentation. Study of correct thinking and...

Lesso n 8: FALLAC Methods of IES (Part 4) Philosophizing Mr. Edward B. Noda Jr. Jose Abad Santos SHS  LOGIC Branch of philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments Studies and elaborates on good argumentation. Study of correct thinking and reasoning  Fallac y Group of statement that appear to be arguments but fail to support the conclusion. Eg:There is no hope in the Philippine government, because the Philippines is a tropical country. Argumentum ad Example Hominem the “Attacking s: Person” Hominem came from “How can we believe him Latin word “homo” which when he talks about means man. This fallacy social distancing, he is a literally means hitting the lawyer who is a liar.” person below belt instead of focusing on the issue “Of course he believes at hand. that the government is Attacking the person flawed, he is a rebel and presenting the argument a communist!” instead of the argument  Exampl Argumentum ad es: Misercordiam (Appeal to “All these charges are Pity) baseless; this is just plain Misercordium came harassment- can’t you see from Latin word how this is affecting my Misericordia which family?” means pity or compassion. A person uses “You should give me a emotion such as passing grade because I’ve pity to convince had a really tough  Example Argumentum ad s: Baculum (Appeal to “TV Patrol is the best news Force) Baculum is a Latin word which program on TV. If you means scepter or stick. A scepter is don’t a symbol of authority. Normally it is believe me, I won’t let you the Pope who carries it in his hands. watch the TV.” This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument. “If this peace agreement Using the threat of force or will not be signed by the an undesirable event to government, then we will advance an argument. have no recourse but to Argumentum ad Populum Examples “Appeal to : “I’m sure you want to people”/ Populum is the Latin word have an i phone. forBandwagon people. Most of TV Almost 80% of your fallacy are guilty of commercials schoolmates are using this argument which it.” exploit people’s vanity, desires, etc. “Every boy your age The idea is presented already has a acceptable because a lot of girlfriend, you should people accept it. Argumentum ad Tradition/ Antiquitatem “Appeal to Example Tradition” s: Traditio means tradition. “All of us in the family, from Advancing an idea since it our ancestors up to now, are has been practice for a devout Catholics, so it is only long time. right that you will be baptized as a Catholic.“ The idea is acceptable because it has been true “Marriage should be between a for a long time. man and a woman. It has been “This is the way it has so for a long time in this always been done” country; it should remain so Argumentum ad culpam “Appeal to Guilt” Example s: Appeal to guilt “If you really cared about our friendship, you would help me fallacy occurs when move this weekend,” someone tries to persuade another “I worked so hard to provide person by making for you, and this how you them feel guilty, repay me by not cleaning your room?” rather than using logical reasoning or Argumentum ad Example s: Ignorantiam “Appeal to “According to Zecharia Ignorance” Ignorantiam a Latin word for Sitchin, the author of the ignorance. Whatever has been book Cosmic Code, Adam was proven false must be true and vice the first test tube baby. Since versa nobody proves otherwise, Committed when a person could not therefore it is true.” give a counter argument or if he/she could not present any “I am sure that the students evidences or witnesses to prove or have understood the disprove the statement of another, instructions perfectly well his/ her assertions are correct and because no one raised a  Cause-and- Example s: effect (Post Hoc, Ergo, Propter Hoc) Assuming that the “Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has been effect is related to a going wrong in your life. You cause because both should get rid of it.” events occur one after “Jen comes to class just as the bell the other. rings every day. Jen’s arrival at class causes the bell to ring.” Assuming a “She became an old maid because “cause-and-effect” she used to sing while cooking.” relationship Fallacy of Exampl Composition es: The fallacy of composition “You are a doctor, occurs when someone therefore you came assumes that what is true for from a family of an individual part must also doctors.” be true for the whole. “ Each player on the In other words, it involves basketball team is an taking a characteristic of a excellent athlete, so part and incorrectly applying the team itself must be it to the entire group or excellent’” Fallacy of Example s: Division The fallacy of division “Your family is smart, occurs when someone therefore you are smart.” assumes that what is true for the whole must “You come from a family also be true for its of doctors and individual parts. intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this This is the opposite of course!” the fallacy of  Petitio Exampl es: Principii (Begging the “I have the right to free Question) speech, therefore you cannot A fallacy in which a stop me from talking.” conclusion is taken for granted in the “What is a declarative premises. sentence? It is a sentence that declares.” Assuming the thing or “Cheating is wrong because idea to be proven is it is immoral” true.  Argumentum ad Fallacy of Verecundia (Argument from Accident Authority) Committed when a person Occurs when one attempts to uses nameaof a popular celebrity apply a general rule to an irrelevant of an expert to put more or name situation. weight in the assertion being made. Example: Example: Cutting people with knives is a crime. Surgeons cut people with “My assignment in Surgeons knives. are criminals. Chemistry is not wrong. Ms. Aguirre, my English teacher who is known internationally as a novelist, confirmed my answer.” TWO TYPES OF REASONING DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE  What is - REASONING? Reasoning in philosophy refers to the process of thinking logically and critically about ideas arguments, and concepts. - It helps us analyze statements, draw conclusions, and evaluate whether those conclusions make sense.  DEDUCTIVE REASONING - In deductive you assume that the hypothesis is true and then write a series of statements that lead to a conclusion.  DEDUCTIVE REASONING - Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. DEDUCTIVE REASONING  EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING Premise 1: All birds have feathers. Premise 2: A robin is a bird. Conclusion: Therefore, a robin has feathers.  EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING Premise 1: All birds have feathers. Premise 2: A robin is a bird. Conclusion: Therefore, a robin has feathers.  EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING Premise 1: Mr. Moffat always wears black shoes to work. Premise 2: Mr. Moffat will be coming to work on Friday. Conclusion: Therefore, Mr. Moffat will wear black shoes on Friday..  INDUCTIVE REASONING - This involves making generalizations based on specific observations or cases. The conclusions drawn are probable but not guaranteed.  INDUCTIVE REASONING - Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions. INDUCTIVE REASONING  EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING Observation: Every swan I’ve seen is white. Conclusion: Therefore, all swans are probably white.  EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING Observation: The sun has risen in the east every day observed. Conclusion: The sun always rises in the east.  EXERCISE Identify whether each statement is an example of deductive or inductive reasoning. All fruits contains seeds. An apple is a fruit. Therefore, an apple contains seeds.  EXERCISE Identify whether each statement is an example of deductive or inductive reasoning. Every time I’ve eaten at that restaurant, the food has been excellent. Therefore, the food at that restaurant is always excellent.  EXERCISE Identify whether each statement is an example of deductive or inductive reasoning. I have seen five dogs today, and they all were barking. Therefore, all dogs must bark.  EXERCISE Identify whether each statement is an example of deductive or inductive reasoning. If it rains, the ground will be wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is wet.