Lesson 3 - Disaster Risk Reduction and Management PDF

“Natural Hazards are part of life. But hazards only become disasters when people’s lives and livelihood are swept away… let us remind ourselves that we can and must reduce the impact of disasters by building sustainable communities that have long- term capacity to live with risk”...

“Natural Hazards are part of life. But hazards only become disasters when people’s lives and livelihood are swept away… let us remind ourselves that we can and must reduce the impact of disasters by building sustainable communities that have long- term capacity to live with risk” – Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan OVERVIEW This module discusses the concepts, definitions, law, and other pertinent details of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippine context. The learners will study about the country’s geographic location and how it is affected by natural disasters coming from the land and sea; and how human activity is often attributed as a direct contributor to the lasting effects of both natural and man-made calamities. Learners will also encounter several basic first aid lessons for varied situations, and inculcate in themselves the value of preparedness. IntROductIOn No country in the world is exempt from some form of natural or man-made disaster, yet what can set countries apart is the response of the government and citizenry to return their communities to a level of normalcy as quickly and effectively as possible. IntROductIOn Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) is a practice that does not merely seek to provide aid after a calamity has occurred, but to prepare citizens should one occur. This means providing constant education, resources to obtain information, and facilities that can capacitate individuals to prevent, prepare for, and minimize the impact that disasters can have on their community. AbstRActIOn Historically, response to disaster was more on being reactive; meaning that natural or man-made disasters had already occurred before the affected community is able to do anything about it. But the UN states that over the last few decades, there is an increasing awareness among societies that disasters are the “result of long-term processes,” where the risk has been created many years before a disaster actually happens. This means that overtime, we as a society are realizing that risks already exist and can increase the impact of a disaster to a community even before a negative event strikes. AbstRActIOn These definitions therefore give rise to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management as a study that analyses what can be done before, during, and after a calamity occurs. This includes preparation or prevention of the different natural and man-made disasters that may happen, the actions to be taken during the actual event, and the protocol to be followed after it occurs; such as retrieval and rescue, and rehabilitation of the affected community. This graph better illustrates the concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management REPubLIc Act nO. 10121 In the Philippines, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management was adopted as a nationwide practice and enacted into law in 2010 through R.A. 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act of 2010. REPubLIc Act nO. 10121 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management is the “ systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.” It aims to bring together different public and private stakeholders to spread education, increase mindful practices, and create a culture of preparedness with regards to facing disasters. fIVE (5) PRIORItIEs fOR ActIOn OutLInEd In thE hyOgO fRAmEWORk 1. Governance – Ensure disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. 2. Risk Assessment & Early Warning – Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. 3. Knowledge Management & Education – Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. fIVE (5) PRIORItIEs fOR ActIOn OutLInEd In thE hyOgO fRAmEWORk 4. Risk Management & Vulnerability Reduction – Reduce the underlying factors. 5. Disaster Preparedness – Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. REPubLIc Act nO. 10121 The PDRRM Act also provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), which is responsible for the formulation, development, and implementation of the Philippines’ National Disaster Risk Reduction, Management, and Recovery Framework. thE nAtIOnAL dIsAstER RIsk REductIOn mAnAgEmEnt cOuncIL (ndRRmc) The NDRRMC’s primary role is to be the lead actor in disaster response and mitigation as outlined in RA 10121, and additional roles include: o Developing the NDRRM Framework; which is the country’s “comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach” to DRRM. It shall serve as the principal guide to DRRMC efforts in the country and reviewed every five years or as necessary in order that it stays relevant to the changing needs of the times. thE nAtIOnAL dIsAstER RIsk REductIOn mAnAgEmEnt cOuncIL (ndRRmc) The NDRRMC’s primary role is to be the lead actor in disaster response and mitigation as outlined in RA 10121, and additional roles include: o Advising the nation’s President on the status of national disaster preparedness programs and management plans, disaster operations, and rehabilitation efforts; o It is also the recommending body in cases of declaring a state of national calamity and release of national calamity funds as needed. thE nAtIOnAL dIsAstER RIsk REductIOn mAnAgEmEnt cOuncIL (ndRRmc) The NDRRMC’s responsibilities are cascaded down to regional, provincial, city, and municipality levels through the formation of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office in each local government unit. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts DISASTER According to Republic Act 10121 Section 3-h, a disaster is a “serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.” It is the result of a combination of exposure to hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and not enough resources to prepare for or recover from the negative event. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts HAZARD As defined in Republic Act 10121, Section 3-v, a Hazard is a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.” Hazards may be natural, human-induced, or a combination of both. nAtuRAL hAZARds In thE PhILIPPInEs bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts VULNERABILITY The law refers to it as the characteristics and circumstances of a community which makes it prone to the damaging effects of a hazard. It explains why people, livelihoods, and properties located in areas where hazards occur can suffer damage and loss. In the country, vulnerabilities largely stem from poverty. Poverty causes and worsens vulnerabilities due to lack of capacity to prepare essential tools in preparing for disasters. The inability of a community to cope when a hazard occurs is called vulnerability. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts EXPOSURE Refers to “the degree to which a community is likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes.” RA 10121 refers to the physical location (e.g. on the foot of a volcano, proximity to a body of water, low- lying area), characteristics (type of soil, topography, temperature), and population density (overpopulation, congestion) of a community that “exposes” it to hazards. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts CAPACITY According to Republic Act 10121 Section 3-b, Capacity “is a combination of all strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a disaster.” The law further adds that this may include “infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities; as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management.” Capacity is also described as capability. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts DISASTER RISK It is the potential for loss of lives, health status, livelihood, assets and services, which can happen to a particular community over some specified future time period. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent has stated that “the combination of hazards, vulnerability, and inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk results in disaster,” highlighted in the equation. bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts The country’s Office of Civil Defense (OCD) explains that disasters are likelier to occur if “the extent of exposure and vulnerability of a community to a particular hazard is higher than its capacity to cope.” Simply put, an event is more likely to result in disaster if a community does not have the tools to rise above or recover from a natural or man-made event. However, it can also go the other way, as the OCD further states that disaster risk is reduced if the community has the capacity to “prepare for and confront a particular hazard is stronger than the extent of its exposure and vulnerability.” bAsIc dIsAstER cOncEPts The country’s Office of Civil Defense (OCD) explains that disasters are likelier to occur if “the extent of exposure and vulnerability of a community to a particular hazard is higher than its capacity to cope.” Simply put, an event is more likely to result in disaster if a community does not have the tools to rise above or recover from a natural or man-made event. However, it can also go the other way, as the OCD further states that disaster risk is reduced if the community has the capacity to “prepare for and confront a particular hazard is stronger than the extent of its exposure and vulnerability.”  DISASTER EQUATION IntROductIOn For all of its abundance of natural resources and generally great tropical climate, the beauty that the Philippines possesses comes at a price: the country’s geographic location places it in the path of typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters; while its topography wherein its regions are dotted by volcanoes also makes it prone to eruptions and the damages these can cause to human life, properties, and livelihoods. AbstRActIOn An archipelagic nation comprised of more than 7, 000 i s lan d s an d i s le t s locat e d i n Sout h e as t A s i a , t h e Philippines is characterized by its three largest islands: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; with a total land area covering approximately 300,000 km2. (Status Report on Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines, 2019) It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, and shares maritime borders with China, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Palau. (World Atlas, 2019) AbstRActIOn The country also consists of volcanic islands wherein some are active volcanoes, and “mostly mountainous interior” (US Library of Congress, 2006) which is typically surrounded by flat lowlands and plains of differing widths by the coastlines. The US Library of Congress in its profile on countries lists the sea level elevation at 2, 954 meters above sea level from the highest point of Mount Apo on Mindanao Island. AbstRActIOn Depending on the region, the country has either exclusively coastal regions, mountainous regions, wetlands, or flat stretches of open land; or a combination of all mentioned. The Philippines does not have desert terrain. The Philippines is a country with a tropical marine climate and with two main seasons: the dry summer seasons, and the wet rainy season for the rest of the year. AbstRActIOn The northeast monsoon from December to February produces the cool dry season characterized by cloudy weather but intermittent rainfall depending on the regions; while the southwest monsoon brings “rain and high temperatures from May to October. Between March and May, hot, dry weather prevails.” (US Library of Congress, 2006) IntROductIOn While every Philippine region is unique in its culture, language, and people; the ties that bind all Filipino people are our likelihood of exposure to disasters and the urgency with which we must be prepared for them. Whether landlocked, coastal, or mountainous, our communities are more often than not only one disaster away from major deaths, further economic downfall, and difficulty to restore to a sense of normalcy. As a nation, we must understand the various risks present in our communities; whether natural or man-made, and prepare accordingly so that future generations will also have in them a culture of preparedness. AbstRActIOn In a study conducted by the UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, they cited a 2018 World Risk Report which found that the Philippines is ranked third among all of the countries with the highest disaster risk, with an index value of 25.14.%. The 2018 study also found that at least 60% of the country’s total land area is exposed to multiple hazards, and 74% of the population is prone to its negative impacts. AbstRActIOn Much of these risks can be attributed to the country’s location and geographical makeup, wherein extensive miles of coastline covered by the Pacific Ocean places the country at an extreme likelihood of being hit by tropical depressions, tsunamis, storm surges, rising sea levels, and other coastal hazards. Adding to the fact that the country also sits along the Pacific Typhoon Belt, the Philippines is “visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year,” according to the Asian Disaster Risk Reduction Center. AbstRActIOn The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN, 2008) defines climate change as an alteration of a particular location’s natural climate over time that “can be attributed directly or indirectly to human activity.” The study further states that climate change affects the country’s disaster risk in two ways: first, by increasing the weather and climate hazards, and secondly, through increasing the vulnerability of communities to natural hazards, particularly through degradation of the ecosystem, reductions in water and food availability, and changes to livelihoods. AbstRActIOn Additionally, the country is also located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, where the majority of the Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place; often resulting in volcanic eruptions as well. According to the National Geographic, deep ocean trenches and high mountain ranges are also a prominent characteristic of the Pacific Ring of Fire. AbstRActIOn Mountainous areas in the country during the wet season are at a risk of landslides; while densely congested urban areas, areas near natural and man-made waterways, low-lying areas, and areas that are near denuded forests are at an increased risk of flooding. dAVAO REgIOn At RIsk Davao Region, is located in the southeastern portion of Mindanao and bounded on the north by the provinces of Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Sur and Bukidnon; in the east by the Philippine Sea; and in the west by the Central Mindanao provinces; is often characterized by “good climate” and supposedly lies outside the typhoon belt, with maximum rainfall observed from November to January. The region also has average temperatures of 28 - 29˚C. (Regional Profile, davao.da.gov) dAVAO REgIOn At RIsk Yet it in recent years, the once famously dubbed ‘typhoon free’ Davao region is becoming increasingly affected by these changes; with Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) ravaging Davao Oriental and parts of Davao de Oro in 2012, and most recently, Tropical Depression Chedeng making a beeline for Davao region in March 2019, with the state weather bureau dubbing it a “rare tropical cyclone track.” (Macapagat, F. 2019, PIA) This has also led to notably increased rainfall in the region, where average rainfall for the whole year is 1,673.3 mm to 1,941.8mm based on climatological data of Davao City. (Regional Profile, davao.da.gov) dAVAO REgIOn At RIsk It isn’t just the rainfall becoming an increasing phenomenon in the region: temperatures are also soaring. In April - May 2019, Davao City experienced a “scorching” 35.4˚C, which resulted in a heat index of 43 ˚C. Defined by the Oxford dictionary, heat index is the “level of discomfort the average person is thought to experience as a result of the combined effects of the temperature and humidity of the air.” It was recorded as the hottest temperature ever for the summer season, where before temperatures only averaged 32 to 34 degrees Celsius in the city. (Tejano, I. 2019, Manila Bulletin) dAVAO REgIOn At RIsk The alternating unpredictable extreme heat and rainfall has brought much havoc to the region’s agriculture, aquaculture, and residential industries; where combined with poor urban planning, destructive farming practices, and other man-made risks; increases the likelihood of communities lacking preparation for large-scale disasters. IntROductIOn Any program executed well is a product of proper planning, preparation, and information dissemination to all the people and organizations involved, and DRRM is no different. When we are able to lay out our plans in a manner that is clear, concise, and can be understood by all types of people involved, then we are already halfway to preparing for the battle; so to speak. In terms of DRRM, this means a greater number of lives saved, and communities will have a higher likelihood of returning to normal once a storm has literally passed. AbstRActIOn As provided in the country’s National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, there are four thematic areas which are equally important. The absence or weak implementation of one area may affect the bringing back or maintenance of equilibrium in communities affect by calamities. This DRRM framework in the country is aligned to Hyogo Plan (2005-2015) where it seeks to build resilience of communities by making Disaster Risk Reduction a national and local priority. AbstRActIOn The country’s DRRM concept accepts the idea “ Bounce, Back, Better”. It is given that hazard events may occur at any time at any rate, but tries to lessen the effect by improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with minimum damage or destruction given the improve capacities of the people dIsAstER PREVEntIOn And mItIgAtIOn PREVENTION Direct avoidance of the negative impact of hazards and disasters. Its concept is rooted in the intention to completely avoid potential disasters through actions taken even before an event occurs; examples of which include constructing seawalls at coastal areas, creating earthquake-tolerant buildings, etc. One of the actions for disaster prevention is the implementation of policy on “No Build Zones.” It is legalized by the government to prevent the occurrence of disasters (OCD, 2019). dIsAstER PREVEntIOn And mItIgAtIOn MITIGATION It lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards, and their related disasters. Mitigation measures require engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction, as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness. dIsAstER PREVEntIOn And mItIgAtIOn KINDS OF MITIGATION Ø Structural/Engineered Measures Examples of structural construction of dams, tsunami / sea wall, floodgates and channel, installation of tsunami sensors and deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting System (DARTS), a common tool used in tsunami warning (OCD, 2019) dIsAstER PREVEntIOn And mItIgAtIOn KINDS OF MITIGATION Ø Non Structural/Non Engineered Measures Examples of non-structural endeavors are community-based mapping, mangrove reforestation, waste management and establishment of early warning systems (OCD, 2019). dIsAstER PREPAREdnEss dIsAstER PREPAREdnEss It is the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professionals, and other organizations to anticipate and effectively respond to, and recover from incoming or occurring disasters. These are required by law to be supported by formal institutional, legal, and budgetary capacities. dIsAstER REsPOnsE dIsAstER REsPOnsE It is where emergency services and public assistance are provided during or immediately after a disaster so that lives may be saved, health impacts reduced, public safety is ensured, and the most basic subsistence needs of the people most affected are met. It is also called “disaster relief” as it is focused on immediate and short- term needs. dIsAstER REhAbILItAtIOn And REcOVERy dIsAstER REhAbILItAtIOn And REcOVERy This principle means that learning from the lessons from past disasters. The premise lies on the thought that we do not want to suffer the same devastation again. Hence, in our rehabilitation and recovery efforts, we must not only go back to normal situation but we should also strengthen our DRRM capacities to avoid suffering from the same disaster situation again. (OCD, 2019). EAch thEmAtIc AREA gOAL LEAds tO thE cOuntRy’s OVERALL dRRm VIsIOn, As ILLustRAtEd hERE IntROductIOn In a country that is incredibly prone to natural disasters, and as well as those borne from human activity, it is extremely important that all sectors of society are equipped with the most basic knowledge of what to do in emergency cases; especially the youth. IntROductIOn Empowering the youth with information, basic emergency response training, and even simulated application, enables them to experience the very real possibility of disasters and respond accordingly. This in turn creates a generation of informed and trained individuals who can then pass it on to the future youth to come. AbstRActIOn The youth are regarded as vital stewards in creating a culture of preparedness, such that it is integrated in R.A. 10121 that disaster risk reduction and management is mandated as a part of secondary and tertiary education curricula. AbstRActIOn It is highlighted in Section 14 of R.A. 10121 that Regional and Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils and Offices should encourage the cultivation of a culture of preparedness among the youth, specifically through education and their participation in organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster- prone areas. bAsIc fIRst AId FIRST AID It is defined as the initial assistance or treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly becomes ill. The person who provides this help may be a first aider, a first responder, paramedic, or EMT. bAsIc fIRst AId FIRST AID The primary objective of First Aid is to preserve life. The initial application of life-saving measures can “often bring relief from crippling pain and prevent medical conditions from deteriorating while more advanced care is on its way.” bAsIc fIRst AId FIRST AIDER This is a person who takes primary action while also making sure to take care of everyone in an emergency situation and to keep everyone involved safe, and to cause no further harm while doing so. bAsIc fIRst AId Why is First Aid important? It is vital for oneself and their community to have knowledge on First Aid. It allows you to assist injured persons in the event of an accident or emergency situation until professional help arrives. First Aid professionals say that these skills can be applied in the home, the workplace, or in public locations; and the more that there are First Aid certified people in a community, then the safer that community becomes. chARActERIstIcs Of A gOOd fIRst AIdER: 1. Gentle – Should not cause or inflict pain as much as possible. 2. R e s o u r c e f u l – M a k e s d o w i t h materials available at the moment. 3. Observant – Should notice all signs. Aware of what may happen. chARActERIstIcs Of A gOOd fIRst AIdER: 4. Tactful – Handling the victim with the utmost care and in a calm manner. 5. Emphatic – Should be comforting. 6. R e s p e c t a b l e – M a i n t a i n s a n attitude that is both caring and professional. cOnsEnt There are ethical considerations when it comes to rescue, as well. The International Federation of the Red Cross states that “the responder must obtain permission from the victim, or their parent or guardian,” (Australian Red Cross, 2020) and advises as well on the following: ü A conscious person needing first aid has the right to either refuse or accept care. If the person is conscious, their consent must be obtained before commencing any first aid cOnsEnt There are ethical considerations when it comes to rescue, as well. The International Federation of the Red Cross states that “the responder must obtain permission from the victim, or their parent or guardian,” (Australian Red Cross, 2020) and advises as well on the following: ü If the person is a minor, obtain consent from their parent or guardian if one is present. If they refuse, opt to just stay nearby and call emergency personnel who can better deal with the emergency. cOnsEnt There are ethical considerations when it comes to rescue, as well. The International Federation of the Red Cross states that “the responder must obtain permission from the victim, or their parent or guardian,” (Australian Red Cross, 2020) and advises as well on the following: ü If the person needing aid is either unconscious or cannot formally give consent, then it is assumed under law they have given consent and first aid can be administered. EmERgEncy According to Republic Act 10121 Section 3-R, an emergency is an unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger, that demands immediate action. The American College of Emergency Physicians advise that in any emergency, it is vital that there is a clear plan of action to follow. This enables prioritization of demands that may be placed on you, and help you decide on your best action. EmERgEncy ü Assessing the situation - Evaluating the scene accurately is one of the most important factors in the management of an incident. Identify any safety risks and assess the resources available. ü Making an area safe - The conditions that give rise to an incident may still present a danger and must be eliminated if possible. Move the casualty to safety. When approaching a casualty, make sure you protect yourself: wear highvisibility clothing, gloves, and head protection if you have them. EmERgEncy ü Giving Emergency help - Once an area has been made safe, use the primary survey to quickly carry out an initial assessment of the casualty to establish treatment priorities. Start life-saving first aid as soon as possible. Ask bystanders to call for the emergency services. ü Assisting the emergency services - Hand over any notes you have made to the emergency services when they arrive. Answer any questions they may have and follow any instructions. bLEEdIng As provided by the St. John’s Ambulance Organization of the United Kingdom, if bleeding caused by external factors resulting in an open wound isn’t controlled quickly, your patient may “lose a lot of blood, become unresponsive, and possibly develop shock. Shock does not mean emotional shock; it is a life-threatening condition, often caused by loss of blood. Your priority is to stop the bleeding.” WhAt ARE buRns And scALds? Burns on the skin can be caused by “dry heat” such as contact with fire, an extremely hot surface, or prolonged, unprotected extreme exposure to the sun. A scald meanwhile can be caused by contact with “wet heat”, like steam or a hot drink. Professional emergency responders advised that the longer the burning occurs; the injury becomes more severe. “Your priority is to cool the burn as quickly as possible.” WhAt ARE buRns And scALds? ü RED SKIN AND SWELLING WhAt ARE buRns And scALds? ü PAIN IN THE AREA OF THE BURN WhAt ARE buRns And scALds? ü BLISTERING MAY START TO APPEAR nOsEbLEEd A nosebleed is blood flowing from the nose due to internal damage, or external force. St. John’s Ambulance Organization notes that it is typically caused when “tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils are ruptured.” Causes of nosebleeds include forced trauma on the nose, sneezing, picking or blowing the nose too hard, high blood pressure, and anti-clotting medication. bAsIc LIfE suPPORt According to the American Red Cross, Basic Life Support or BLS, “generally refers to the type of care that first- responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or an obstructed airway.” BLS requires know-how in “cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.” hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE A Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest are often thought to be similar, but they are not the same. A HEART ATTACK is a “CIRCULATION” problem, as it is the result of blockage of the flow of blood to the heart. (American Heart Association, 2020) Blockages in the artery prevents the body’s oxygen-rich blood from reaching a section of the heart; and if the blocked artery is not quickly reopened, then the part of the heart which the artery nourishes starts to die. hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE The American Heart Association further adds that symptoms of a heart attack “may be immediate and may include intense discomfort in the chest or other areas of the upper body, shortness of breath, cold sweats, and/or nausea/vomiting.” Commonly though, the symptoms begin slowly and can continue on for hours or even up to weeks at a time before an attack occurs. hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE “Unlike with cardiac arrest, the heart usually does not stop beating during a heart attack. The longer the person goes without treatment, the greater the damage.” The American Heart Association adds there are noted differences in symptoms of a heart attack between men and women; which can include “shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, and back/jaw pain.” hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE What to Do? Call your local emergency number even if you are not sure if it’s a heart attack, as every minute counts! “It’s best to call your local emergency number to get to the emergency room right away. Emergency medical services (EMS) staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. EMS staff are also trained to revive someone whose heart has stopped. Patients with chest pain who arrive by ambulance usually receive faster treatment at the hospital, too.” hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE What to Do? The American Heart Association goes on to define CARDIAC ARREST as the malfunctioning of the heart and it unexpectedly stops beating as a result. Cardiac arrest is an “ELECTRICAL” problem, often triggered by electrical malfunctions in the heart that can then cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). As the pumping action is disturbed, the heart might be not be able to pump blood to the brain and other organs. hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE What to Do? Seconds after cardiac arrest, a person could be gasping for air, or not breathing, and then becomes unresponsive. Death occurs within mere minutes if treatment is not administered. hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE What to Do? Cardiac arrest can be reversible if treatment is administered in time: ü First, call your local emergency number and start Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) right away. ü Then, if an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, use it as soon as possible. ü If two people are available to help, one should begin CPR immediately while the other calls your local emergency number and finds an AED. hEARt AttAck, cARdIAc ARREst, And stROkE “Unlike with cardiac arrest, the heart usually does not stop beating during a heart attack. The longer the person goes without treatment, the greater the damage.” The American Heart Association adds there are noted differences in symptoms of a heart attack between men and women; which can include “shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, and back/jaw pain.” stROkE St. John Ambulance Organization in the UK defines stroke as the starvation of oxygen to the brain due to the disruption of the supply of blood. Stroke Symptoms ü Assess the symptoms of stroke by learning the following: BEFAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time) warning signs, and “you might save a life from stroke.” WhAt Is cPR? It stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR combines the movement of chest compressions and rescue breaths to “give a person the best chance of survival following a cardiac arrest.” However, in this time of COVID-19 outbreak, it is advised to not perform rescue breaths on an unresponsive victim. Call 911 if someone is unresponsive and not breathing normally so that emergency oxygen-providing equipment can be used instead. WhAt Is chOkIng? “When someone is choking, their airway is partly or completely blocked, meaning they may be unable to breathe properly. They might be able to clear it by coughing, but if they can't you will need to help them straight away.” WhAt Is chOkIng? St. John Ambulance provides the following signs and symptoms of choking: Signs and Symptoms ü difficulty breathing, speaking or coughing ü a red puffy face üsigns of distress, and they may point to their throat or grasp their neck. cOROnAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) As per the World Health Organization (2020) COVID-19 is an “infectious disease caused by the coronavirus (SARS- CoV-2), which is a respiratory pathogen.” The WHO details that it learned of this new virus first from cases in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China on Dec. 31, 2019. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 1 Symptoms of COVID-19 Most common Other symptoms that are Symptoms of Other less common symptoms of less common and may severe symptoms COVID-19 affect some patients COVID‐ 19 disease Fever ü Loss of taste or smell ü Shortness of ü Irritability breath Dry Cough ü Nasal congestion ü Loss of appetite ü Confusion ü Conjunctivitis (also ü Confusion ü Reduced consciousness known as red eyes) (sometimes associated ü Sore Throat with seizure) ü Headache ü Anxiety The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 1 Symptoms of COVID-19 Most common Other symptoms that are Symptoms of Other less common symptoms of less common and may severe symptoms Fatigue COVID-19 affect some patients COVID‐ 19 disease Fatigue ü Muscle or Joint Pain ü Persistent pain ü Depression ü Different Types of Skin or pressure in ü Sleep disorders Rash the chest ü More severe and rare ü Nausea or Vomiting ü High neurological ü Diarrhea temperature complications such as ü Chills or Dizziness (above 38 °C) strokes, brain inflammation, delirium and nerve damage cOROnAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) While COVID-19 affects people of all ages, it poses a greater risk to the extremely young and old, pregnant women, and those whose immune systems are already compromised (those with existing diseases, or those who had operations, etc.) Medical experts advise that those who experience fever, coughing with a difficulty in breathing or chest pain/ pressure, and loss of speech /movement; should immediate medical care. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 2 Those Most at Risk of Severe Illness from COVID-19 ü Those aged 60 and over, and those with existing health problems like high blood pressure, illnesses in the heart and lungs, diabetes, obesity, or cancer; are at a higher risk of developing serious complications from COVID-19. However, anyone regardless of age or health condition can get seriously ill from COVID-19 and die. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected? ü Physical Distancing - Maintain at least a meter distance from others to lessen the possibility of infection when others cough, sneeze, or speak. When indoors, it is important to have even greater distance from others. The further away people are from each other, the better. ü Normalize wearing a mask while being around other people. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected? ü Use an alcohol-based hand rub or sanitizer after handling various objects if soap and water are not readily available. If it is, always wash your hands thoroughly. ü Sneeze into your bent elbow when you sneeze, and cover your mouth with tissue or cloth when coughing. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected? ü Avoid touching the orifices of your face: the eyes, nose and mouth. üClean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly touched, such as door handles, faucets and phone screens. üKeeping rooms well ventilated. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected? ü Avoiding crowded or indoor settings ü Avoid shaking hands; greet people with a wave, a nod, or even bow instead. ü Monitor your LGUs and workplace for localized health guidelines. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 4 Quarantine and Isolation ü While both are methods of preventing the spread of disease, the terms are not synonymous. QUARANTINE is the restriction of activities, or the separation of people who are not sick, but may have had exposure to COVID-19. Quarantine is done either at a designated facility, or at home for 14 days. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 4 Quarantine and Isolation ü While both are methods of preventing the spread of disease, the terms are not synonymous. ISOLATION meanwhile is the separation of those who are ill and showing symptoms of COVID-19, or who have tested positive. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 5 Incubation Period of COVID-19 ü It can take an average of 5-6 days from the time one is exposed to COVID-19 for symptoms to begin showing; and can last for 1 – 14 days. It is one of the primary reasons why medical experts advise that people who have been exposed to the virus have to stay apart from people for 14 days in order to prevent the spread of the virus, especially if testing is not readily available. The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s information on the coronavirus disease: Sec. 7 Can Antibiotics prevent or treat COVID-19? ü Antibiotics are not to be used against viruses, as they only work on bacterial infections. Since COVID-19 is caused by a virus, antibiotics will not work. These types of medication should not be used as a means to prevent or treat COVID-19. However, doctors might use antibiotics to either prevent or treat the bacterial infections which can be a secondary complication of COVID-19 in very ill patients. Antibiotics are to be used only as directed by a doctor. cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) Flooding is among the most common disaster that we experience, that’s why it is important to know the basics of water search and rescue, according to the Office of Civil Defense. cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person: ü REACH. If the drowning person is conscious but they are within reach, reach out or extend an object to the person in trouble. You may reach the person with pole, paddle, tree branch or whatever materials available. When reaching for a drowning person: cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person: ü REACH 1. Lay level on the ground so as not to get pulled in 2. Reach as far out as possible 3. Yell to get their attention cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person: ü THROW and TOW. Another option is to have the drowning person reach for a floatation device that is held by a rope by rescuers on both sides of the river shore or flooded street. When doing this method, try the following cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person: ü THROW and TOW 1. Chose a strategic spot to set up to throw bag. 2. Get and keep eye contact with the subject. 3. Aim for the subject’s head or slightly up river. cOROWAtER sEARch And REscuE nAVIRus dIsEAsE (cOVId-19) The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person: ü THROW and TOW 4. Make a strong underhand throw when the subject is in the target zone. 5. Carefully bring the subject to an “eddy” or the best landing spot you can find. 6. Be ready to make a second throw. EARthquAkE The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) of DOST defines an earthquake as “a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. Earthquakes originate from the “tectonic plate boundary,” adds PHIVOLCS- DOST. The “focus point” inside the earth where an earthquake starts is referred to as the HYPOCENTER, while the EPICENTER is the location on the surface of the earth directly above the focus. (PHIVOLCS- DOST, 2018) ” EARthquAkE As per PHIVOLCS, there are two ways to measure the strength of an earthquake: 1. Magnitude – measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. 2. Intensity - measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment. (Lumen, Geology) tyPEs Of EARthquAkE The PHIVOLCS-DOST cites the following definitions of the types of earthquakes we experience: ü Tectonic Earthquakes - Produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries. ü Volcanic Earthquakes - Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes. The text are not readable, please refer to our module. tsunAmI A Tsunami is defined as “a series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.” (PHIVOLCS- DOST, 2018) It can be mistakenly called tidal waves, and sometimes mistaken for storm surges. PHIVOLCS-DOST adds that tsunamis might happen when “the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it.” tsunAmI But a rather unknown fact is that aside from underwater earthquakes, a tsunami can also be produced by other natural phenomena which can include: ü underwater landslides (ex. Palu, Indonesia 28, September 2018) ü volcanic eruptions (ex. Krakatau – 27, August 1883 and 22 December 2018) and ü very rarely by large meteorite impacts in the ocean. tsunAmI thREAt In thE PhILIPPInEs The Philippines is frequently visited by tsunamis. It was recorded on 17 August 1976, that a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in Moro Gulf produced a tsunami that was up to 9-meters high which caused devastation in the southwest coast of Mindanao, and left more than 3,000 people dead, and a thousand people missing. A tsunami on November 15, 1994 caused by the Mindoro Earthquake also generated tsunamis that left 49 casualties. tsunAmI thREAt In thE PhILIPPInEs Natural Signs of an Approaching Tsunami: ü A felt earthquake ü Unusual sea level change ü Rumbling sound of approaching waves tsunAmI sAfEty And PREPAREdnEss The PHIVOLCS –DOST advises the following: ü During the retreat of sea level, interesting sights are often revealed (stranded fishes on dry land, sandbars and coral flats may be exposed) which may tempt people to flock to the shoreline thereby increasing the number of people at risk. tsunAmI sAfEty And PREPAREdnEss The PHIVOLCS –DOST advises the following: ü If a strong earthquake is felt and unusual sea conditions like rapid lowering of sea level are observed, immediately move towards high grounds. ü Never go down the beach to watch for a tsunami. When you see the wave, you are too close to escape it. üStay out of danger areas until “all clear” is issued by competent authority. A tsunami is not a single wave but a series of waves. LAndsLIdE The NDDRMC- OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook of Project DINA defines a landslide as “the movement of soil, rocks, mud or debris down a slope.” A landslide can be caused by continuous heavy rains (rain-induced landslides) or shaking due to earthquake (earthquake- induced landslides). LAndsLIdE PREPAREdnEss The Philippines is prone to a variety of natural hazards, i.e. typhoon and earthquakes, making the occurrence of landslides inevitable. Safety experts promote that awareness and preparedness are the most effective prevention and mitigation measures against the threat of a landslide in communities. LAndsLIdE PREPAREdnEss The PHIVOLCS-DOST advices the following landslide preparedness methods: ü Hazard mapping (Landslide Susceptibility Map) ü Public information (Landslide Warning Signs) ü Engineering intervention measures or slope protection measures (Gabion walls, Drainage, or Erosion control) ü Early warning systems (monitoring systems designed to predict events that precede landslides in order to issue a hazard warning. It mitigates risk by reducing the consequences.) The following is also advised by the NDRRMC-OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook on the actions to take during a landslide: Stay in a Safe Area and Be Alert: ü When inside a house or building and evacuation is not possible, stay inside and get under a sturdy table. ü When outside, avoid affected areas and go to a safer place. ü When landslide cannot be avoided, protect your head ü When driving, do not cross bridges and damaged roads. fIRE The Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Council under the Department of Labor and Employment in their manual for industries defines fire as “a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material and oxygen.” It is also known as “rapid oxidation” with the evolution of light and heat. Fires that are unmonitored or uncontrolled poses danger not only to human life but also to people’s investments, properties, and livelihood. Basic knowledge on fire prevention and on what to do in case of fire is very important. (NDRRMC-OCD, 2011) fIRE PREVEntIOn The NDRRMC- OCD lists the following fire prevention tips from the Disaster Preparedness Guidebook: ü Ensure that fire alarms and sprinklers work. ü Practice your evacuation plan and participate in fire drills. ü Turn off LPG tanks when not in use. ü Hire an electrician to check on your electrical wirings at least once a year. fIRE PREVEntIOn The NDRRMC- OCD lists the following fire prevention tips from the Disaster Preparedness Guidebook: ü Unplug appliances and gadgets after using or charging. ü DO NOT leave lighted candles and cigarettes unattended. ü Teach children on fire safety. fIRE PREVEntIOn The NDRRMC- OCD lists the following fire prevention tips from the Disaster Preparedness Guidebook: ü Learn how to use a fire extinguisher. Remember PASS: Pull the pin, Aim the nozzle at the base of fire Squeeze the lever Sweep from side to side. fIRE ExtInguIshER The city’s Central 911 defines it as a “portable device that discharges a jet of water, foam, gas, or other materials to extinguish a fire.” In case of Fire, the NDRRMC-OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook lists the following tips: ü Stay calm and evacuate immediately. ü Sound the fire alarm and call 911 for assistance. ü If you’re in a building, use the stairs and do not use elevators. üBefore opening doors, check handle first. If hot, DO NOT OPEN as the room may already be on fire. fIRE ExtInguIshER ü If there is smoke, get down low and cover your mouth and nose with damp cloth. ü If your clothes catch fire, STOP running, DROP to the floor, and ROLL to put out the flames. ü If trapped, stay in the room and signal for help using bright colored cloth at the window or make noise. ü After the fire, do not return inside your house or building unless authorities deemed it safe.