Chapter 4 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management PDF

Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management | 1 ARE YOU READY? LEARNING OUTCOMES The Philippines is considered 9th most vulnerable country to disaster (World Risk Report 2020). Every year we are faced with different natural, human-induced,...

Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management | 1 ARE YOU READY? LEARNING OUTCOMES The Philippines is considered 9th most vulnerable country to disaster (World Risk Report 2020). Every year we are faced with different natural, human-induced, and In this chapter, you will be able to: environmental hazards due to our physical and geographical location and socio- Identify the key concepts of disaster risk economic and political situation. This leads to reduction and management through the the loss of lives and livelihood and worth analysis of the current disaster situation of millions of damages in infrastructure and our country. agriculture. Explore the different risk drivers of the In a disaster, marginalized sectors in the country’s vulnerability to disaster. community are the most vulnerable because of their dire situation. Their socio-economic Identify the framework, principles and the condition inhibits their ability to cope and programs of disaster risk reduction and recover from hazards. management in the Philippines. With this, the UST NSTP CWTS/LTS advocates Equip yourselves with basic knowledge, to its students and partner communities the practical skills and attitude required to Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and perform appropriate basic first aid care Management which aims to substantially response to those in need of emergency reduce risk by addressing the roots of people’s care. vulnerability and strengthening their capacities. This is done through their inclusion and active participation in the aspects of disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation. Why do we need to study Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the context of service-learning? With the knowledge and skills gained from the key concepts of disaster risk reduction and Because: management to first aid on different 1. We become agents with the capacity to BUILD emergencies, NSTP students are then called to a culture of disaster resilience in our families be partners in building a culture of disaster and communities. resilience through service-learning in our 2. We are called to EDUCATE on the different partner communities. approaches, knowledge, skills, and attitude required in managing disaster risk and CHAPTER OVERVIEW emergency situations. 3. We will INSPIRE fellow Filipinos with best Lesson One: DRRM practices and collective actions in building safe Lesson Two: CBDRRM and self-reliant communities. Lesson Three: BLS and Basic First Aid 4. We will be able to EMPOWER the communities by recognizing their strength and building up their potential and capabilities through our service-learning engagement with them. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 2 GLOBAL AND LOCAL FRAMEWORKS IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT In the previous chapter, we have learned about the different social issues and problems that concern us. To address the different societal issues, we experience, the members of United Nations (UN) came up with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Figure 1. 17 Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future which aim to mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities, tackle climate change, promote justice and peace, while ensuring that no one is left behind (UN, 2015).1 On March 2015, world leaders affirmed that disaster risk reduction needs to be at the core of sustainable development. They adopted the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, which aims to promote a “substantial reduction of disaster risk losses in lives, livelihoods while strengthening and investing to disaster governance to manage disaster risk”. 2 The Sendai Framework includes the Building Back Better approach to post-disaster recovery & reconstruction which focus on “building a disaster-resilient community better than before by the implementation of well-balanced disaster risk reduction measures, including physical restoration of infrastructure, revitalization of livelihood and economy/industry, and the restoration of local culture and environment”. (Figure 2) 1 Sustainable Development Goals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bN9yimMXro 2 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izpDdnaSxN0&t=22s Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 3  Pope Francis’ encyclical letter Laudato Si’ captures the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental justice in building and caring for our common home. It highlights the ‘intimate relationship between the poor and the fragility of the planet’. Protecting the planet requires an integrated approach to combating poverty, restoring dignity to the excluded, and at the same time protecting nature.3 In the Philippines, Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 was enacted to reform and transform disaster governance from mere response to risk reduction, prevention, mitigation, rehabilitation, and recovery. It brought a comprehensive, multi- hazard, multi-stakeholder, and interagency and community- based approach to disaster risk reduction which: Figure 2. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 1. Prioritizes community-level DRRM, focusing on the most vulnerable sectors (i.e., the poor, the sick, persons with disabilities, the elderly, women and children) 2. Recognizes the important role and strengthens capacities of local communities 3. Ensures broad-based and greater participation from civil society such as NGOs, academic institutions, and churches 4. Address the root causes of disaster risk such as inequality, poverty, and people’s inaccessibility to resources. 3 Laudato Si: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3Lz7dmn1eM Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 4 Lesson One DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES Before we get our gears ready, using this mnemonic device, let us first define some important terms and concepts in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management and see how they interact with each other.4 HAZARD A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation (UNDRR, 2020). Hazards can be classified into: 1. Natural hazards are associated to natural 2. Anthropogenic hazards, or human-induced processes and phenomena. hazards, are induced entirely or predominantly a. Geological or geophysical hazards by human activities and choices. originate from internal earth a. Technological hazards originate processes (e.g. earthquakes, volcanic from technological or industrial activity and emissions, tsunami, conditions, dangerous procedures, landslides, surface collapses and infrastructure failures or specific debris or mud flows) human activities. (e.g. industrial b. Hydrometeorological hazards pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic originate from atmospheric, wastes, dam failures, transport hydrological, or oceanographic accidents, factory explosions, fires occurrences (e.g. typhoons, flash and chemical spills) floods, heatwaves, drought, and b. Societal hazards originate from the coastal storm surges) inability of society to address inequality c. Biological hazards originate and injustices which is driven by organically or conveyed by biological political, cultural and economic vectors such as pathogenic systems (e.g. war, human rights microorganisms, toxins, and violations, militarization, terrorism, bioactive substances (e.g. bacteria, criminality, gender violence, racial viruses or parasites, as well as discrimination and class exclusion) venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes 3. Socionatural hazards are a combination of carrying disease-causing agents) natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. environmental degradation, climate change, physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil, ozone depletion). 4 LISTEN TO: HANDA AWIT LINDOL Handa... Awit... Lindol! (Ready... Sing... Earthquake!) is a collection of songs for preparedness for earthquakes and related calamities, that can be used to educate listeners about earthquakes and preparing for them. https://soundcloud.com/up-diliman-ovcrd/sets/handa-awit-lindol Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 5  Reflective Question VULNERABILITY (WEAKNESSES) This is the economic, physical, What are the most common hazards environmental, material, social and that you experience in your community? cultural characteristics and circumstances Where does it originate? of a person and community that makes them susceptible to the damaging impact of hazards (Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman, 2012); (ACCORD et. al, 2012) and (CDP, 2010). Vulnerability Factors 1. Economic / Personal  Lack of biodiversity resources  Lack of control or access over assets such as farmlands, animals and tools  Limited skills and formal education  Low income  Poor public and mental health  Poverty & inequality Editorial Cartoon by Arlene Pasaje in Edge Davao November 18, 2016 2. Physical/ Environmental  The decline of risk regulating ecosystem services  Overconsumption of natural resources  Physically living in an unsafe location  Poor environmental management  Unprotected buildings and infrastructure Editorial Cartoon by Eugene Bacasmas in Philippine Star Jan. 25, 2020 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 6  3. Social and Organizational  Conflicts between individual and groups  Government policies and priorities that do not effectively address poverty and vulnerability, or that create and exacerbate poverty and vulnerability  Lack of awareness and activities in disaster preparedness  Marginalization and discrimination From a petition started by Ayen De Sagun “Rice Tariffication by gender, social status, disability, Law: A Government Trap” in https://www.change.org/p/rodrigo-duterte-rice-tariffication- age, ethnicity law-a-government-trap 5  Political divisions  Poor and lack of delivery of basic social services Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman (2012, p. 18-34); ACCORD et.al (2012, p. 48-55); CDP (2011) Reflective Question Vulnerability may also refer to the pre-existing conditions of a community that can be further In your household and community who intensified and worsened during and after the are the most vulnerable? What do you hazard. 6 think are the factors that make them vulnerable? CAPACITY (STRENGTH) Capacity is the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a family, community, society or organization that can be used to lessen the adverse impacts of a disaster, prepare for emergencies and recover from it. (ACCORD et.al, 2012, p. 14). 5 https://www.change.org/p/rodrigo-duterte-rice-tariffication-law-a-government-trap 6 Poverty and Inequality as Vulnerability | Watch the three-part series of Kwentong Kwarantine: Ano ang Inequality? by Prof. Devralin Lagos https://www.facebook.com/kwentongkwarantin/videos/1120475028302984 https://www.facebook.com/kwentongkwarantin/videos/247081119894369 https://www.facebook.com/kwentongkwarantin/videos/1166146790403340 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 7  Capacity Factors 1. Economic / Human Resources  Access to essential social services such as hospitals & schools  Adequate income and savings  Healthy population and ecosystem  Literacy and numeracy programs  Presence of micro-finance and local market  Utilization of local knowledge Editorial Cartoon of Kyth B. Pallogan in Baguio Herald Express Online (Jan. 21, 2018) 2. Natural/Physical Resources  Biodiversity resources  Food sustainability  Hazard resistant crops  Safe houses and infrastructure  Traditional architecture  Traditional water resources UST Main Building as first earthquake-resistant building in the Philippines by Carlo Angelo in https://www.deviantart.com/carlangelo25 3. Political/Social Resources  There is broad participation in decision making, where the poor and disadvantaged groups have a voice on matters that affect their lives  Inclusive leadership and political will  Presence of community organization  Presence of solidarity and social networks  Good kinship ties SOLIDARITY WITH HEALTH WORKERS by Dee Ayroso in www.bulatlat.com Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman (2012, p. 18-34); ACCORD et. al (2012, p. 48-55); CDP (2011) Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 8  Reflective Question Did you know? Increasing and strengthening the What are the capacities and the capacity of the community is KEY resources of your community? Are these in reducing the level of disaster resources available and accessible to the risk.7 8 vulnerable sectors? EXPOSURE The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas. (UNDRR, 2017). DISASTER RISK The probability that negative consequences may arise when hazards interact with vulnerable people, property and localities. Therefore, using this mnemonic device, we can say that disasters are the result of the interaction between vulnerable people/community with limited capacity, exposed to natural, anthropogenic, or socionatural hazards. Disaster Risk (DR) is HIGH if: 1. The probability of a hazard occurring is high (H) 2. The vulnerability of the community is high (V) 3. The exposure of the community to hazard is high (E) 4. The capacity of the community is low (C) 7 Watch: What is Capacity Building? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNr9_riy5XU 8 Participatory Guarantee System: Importance of Organic Farming for Small Scale Farmers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie84qCREqes Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 9  DISASTER A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses. (UNDRR, 2017). It is important to clarify that “natural” disaster10 11 is a misnomer because: the word “natural” triggers the idea that no matter the decisions taken by humans, the event would occur anyway and there is nothing we can do about it. the word portrays disasters as “extra-ordinary”, “uncontrollable”, “incredible”, “unpredictable”, “unexpected” phenomena where it strips disaster stories of its political, social, environmental and economic context - one where social injustice is pervasive. the attribution of blame for disaster losses to nature, or as an ‘act of God’, absolves powerful decision-makers of the A father carries the lifeless body of his daughter on the responsibility for allowing people to live in vulnerable way to the morgue after super typhoon Haiyan hit Tacloban City in Leyte province 9 conditions. Such view will shape the disaster policies, strategies and investment focusing only to the preventive measures to natural hazards but not in addressing the root causes of the vulnerability and strengthening the people’s capacity. (Gaillard, 2015; Blanchard, 2018) It is also important to note that not all hazards result in disasters. A hazard becomes a disaster only if: A community or a significant number of people are affected. The hazard hits a vulnerable community and disrupts the regular activities and livelihood of the community. The community does not have enough capacity to cope with the damages using its own resources and external aid is needed. 9 Photo Credit Reuters at https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2501471/Philippines-Typhoon-Haiyan-Bodies- piled-streets-makeshift-mortuaries-overrun.html 10 Watch: Eskinita Episode 4: Bagyong Yolanda, Bagyong Gobyerno : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-443MiqmtQ 11 Watch: Galit ba ang Diyos?: Pag-unawa sa Pandemya bilang Kalamidad: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=3201239109896771; READ: 5 Most Common (and Most Dangerous) Disaster Myths: https://disasterdoc.org/5-common-dangerous-disaster- myths/ ; WATCH: The Science of Disasters Series with Ilan Kelman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlVyY1UAOnU&list=PLCuu5t_nsFKC5IbjnahIEoKHK8o2vegaZ&index=2 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 10  UNDRR. (2019). Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 32. Why is the Philippines VULNERABLE to disaster?? A. Geographical and physical location Located in the western section of Pacific Ring of Fire, where majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur (CDRC, 2014). Located between the Eurasian and Pacific tectonic plates creating the seismic activity in the region which predicted to have the capacity to generate major earthquakes in the near future (CDRC, 2014). Located on the Western North Pacific Basin where 50% of worlds typhoon formed. On the average, 20-22 typhoons enter the Philippines each year (ESCAP/WMO, 2009; Bankoff, 2003). Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 11  Coastal areas increase susceptibility to storm surges, tsunamis and sea level changes predicted to affect more than 40% of the coastal population living in informal settlements (CFE-DM, 2018). Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the country is also vulnerable to the impact El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or drought. B. Climate Change Climate refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use The “Climate Dictionary” of the UN Development Programme, on one hand, defines global warming as “an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature that occurs when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases”; whereas climate change, pertains to “the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate that are warming the atmosphere, ocean and land.” There are several indicators of climate change such as the changes in the atmosphere, oceans and the frequency of extreme weather events (Dominicans for Justice and Peace, 2024). The Philippines is already experiencing the impacts of climate change including sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, rising temperatures and extreme rainfall due to greenhouse gas emission from human activities driven by industries and transportation (Oxfam, 2010). Did you know? It is projected that in year 2050: the country’s temperature will increase 1.8°–2.2°C; reduced rain falls from March–May, making the dry season drier Increased heavy and extreme rainfall in Luzon and Visayas during the southwest monsoon, making the wet season wetter, but decreasing rainfall trends for most of Mindanao. Increased frequency of extreme weather events, including days exceeding 35°C, days with less than 2.5mm of rain, and days exceeding 300mm of rain Rising sea levels of 0.48–0.65 meters by year 2100. Did you know that climate change threatens human rights by increasing health risks, disrupting food and water supplies, destroying homes, and causing economic instability? To learn more about how disasters and climate change impact human rights, check out Supplemental Reading 1: Vulnerable Sectors and Supplemental Reading 2: Chapter 2.2, How Climate Change is Affecting Human Rights, from the handbook Climate Change and Human Rights for the Youth in the Philippines. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 12  Poverty, Marginalization & Inequality Poverty, hunger, inadequate income, unemployment, and illiteracy are the key factors why Filipinos are vulnerable to disasters. When a hazard strikes, the impact will exacerbate poor people’s situation, making them unable to recover and drives them into further poverty. (CDRC, 2014; ACCORD et. al, 2012; CDP, 2011; Wisner, Gaillard and Kelman, 2012). 17.7 million Filipino people are living in extreme poverty (PSA, 2018). They are most likely situated in the hazard prone areas, with houses made of light materials. Their income is insufficient to meet their basic needs and they have lack of access to assets such as agricultural land and farm tools. Poor Filipino people have the lack of access to social insurance and basic social facilities such as hospitals and schools. 6 out of 10 Filipinos die without seeing a doctor while only 1 out of 10 Filipino youth are able to graduate in college (CDRC, 2014). Moreover, poor people experience social discrimination and marginalization because they have been denied access to their human rights, the lack of opportunity to participate in decision-making process and often neglected by those in power (Cadag & Gaillard, 2009). 12 This system is built on structural inequality which is perpetrated and maintained by the class interest of the powerful elite to accumulate more wealth and maintain power for themselves. Thus, there is unequal distribution of wealth and resources in society. This is not conducive to achieving disaster resilience for communities as the essential elements of good governance, accountability, sustainable environment, food security, respect for human rights and democracy is missing (ACCORD et. al, 2012; IBON, 2020). 13 14 12 Watch: GMA Digital Specials: BAKIT MAHIRAP ANG MAGING MAHIRAP SA LUZON LOCKDOWN? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihO6MfhgED0 13 LISTEN: The UrbanisMO Podcast S3 Episode 2: Economic Repercussions, Social Relations, and #COVID19PH https://soundcloud.com/user-641630314/the-urbanismo-podcast-s3-ep2 14 Watch: Power and poverty in disaster-prone urban contexts - The Philippines: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7j4O_V3oNA Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 13 C. Development Aggression and Environmental Degradation Development aggression refers to systematic accumulation and exploitation of indigenous people’s collective rights to land and their resources in the guise of “development projects” resulting to environmental degradation, human rights violations, and displacement of community. Development aggression increases the vulnerability of communities to disasters. For instance, large scale mining causes contamination of water and rivers which are the primary source of food and income for fisher folks. Construction of dams will displace the inhabitants leading to loss of community’s land, livelihood and even culture. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 14  Case Study PAYATAS TRASHSLIDE 2000 On July 10, 2000, a 50-foot-high mountain of packed trash collapsed after a week of heavy rains caused by Typhoons “Ditang” and “Edeng”. As a result of the trashslide, 218 residents, many of whom were women and children, died and thousands of houses were buried. Despite being a garbage dumpsite, around 3000 urban poor lived in Payatas and scavenged the trash as a means of living. Photo from: https://www.bworldonline.com/payatas-landfill- After the disaster, survivors were relocated by the closure-causes-stir/ government to a socialized housing project in Kasiglahan Village, Rodriguez, Rizal. However, this did not make them less vulnerable to disasters. Most of them had difficulty looking for jobs or earned less as the area is far from the city center. Since the village is near Wawa Dam, they experience flash floods every rainy season. The substandard quality of houses also makes them vulnerable to the effects of an earthquake as it is located within a 500-meter radius of the West Valley Fault line. For the victims of the July 2000 Payatas disaster, poverty and political neglect acted as a vicious worsening cycle which ranged from vulnerability to poor recovery, from marginality to further marginalization, from danger zone to death zone. (Gaillard & Cadag, 2009; Ellao, 2013). Photo from: https://trashingitout.wordpress.com/ Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 15 Case Study The Tragedy of Mining in Rapu-rapu Island Ecosystem, Albay Province By Emelina Regis, Ph.D. In April 2005, Lafayette, an Australian mining firm started mining gold, silver, copper and zinc on Rapu Rapu island, Albay. Within barely six months of operation, Lafayette however caused cyanide spill and fish kills in October 11 and 31, 2005 after heavy rains. For months, it paralyzed the livelihood of predominantly poor fishing communities in Rapu-Rapu and Sorsogon due to chemical contamination of the water system. Lafayette denied the fish-kill. Mines Geosciences Bureau of DENR supported it with a report that only 2-15 kilos of dead fish were collected at the outfall of the river/creeks, further exonerating Lafayette from the blame. The report of the Pollution Adjudication Board in 2005 however showed cyanide levels in water of the affected creeks and siltation ponds, exceeding the standard of 0.05 parts per million (ppm) up to 36,000 times. The problem of Lafayette mining can never be blamed on the weather because this company and concerned government agencies were forewarned since year 2000 by the research conducted by Institute for Environmental Conservation and Research (INECAR) of Ateneo de Naga University. The study recommended that if mining will pursue it will have a negative impact to geophysico- chemical nature, economy and public health of the communities in Rapu-Rapu. It is sad that during unsolved problems of mining in Rapu-Rapu, the government continues to invite foreign mining companies to mine many areas in the Philippines. What is further heartbreaking is the fact that these foreign companies, such as Lafayette Mining Ltd. of Australia , come from rich countries, yet their own government would tolerate their mining, causing destruction of large areas of productive land and sea in a poor country and results to further destruction and poverty. Mining is not only a political issue in the Philippines because it causes the destruction of the major economic base of a poor country. People depend on agriculture and fisheries that are sustainable and could sustain generations of people from all walks of life despite typhoons, earthquakes. In the end, the issue is moral, which is greed. Its perpetuation is ultimately an issue on justice for peace loving people living in separate islands but linked with a simple trust to a loving God. Excerpt from: Regis, E. G. (2007, August 23). The Tragedy of Mining in Rapu-rapu Island Ecosystem, Albay Province. Retrieved September 1, 2020, from http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=2309 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 16 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION, MANAGEMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Since disasters are indicator of failed practice of governance and unsustainable economic, environment and social processes, reducing disaster risk requires to resolve and address the structural causes of vulnerability (poverty, marginalization, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation & development aggression) while strengthening the capacity (increasing the resources, fostering dialogue and people’s solidarity) to achieve sustainable development for all. Therefore, using the mnemonic device earlier, Disaster Resilience can only be achieved by reducing and managing disaster risk at the community level. 16 15 Responsibility to reduce the disaster risk does not lie with disaster risk managers alone. It is rather a concern for everyone. Reflective Question As an NSTP student, how can you help address, resolve, and decrease the vulnerabilities of people and strengthen the capacities of communities to build a disaster resilient country? 15 READ Information, Education and Communication Materials for Disaster & COVID-19 Prevention and Management ; http://www.ocd.gov.ph/index.php/iec; https://sites.google.com/phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/infographics/home; https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/18-publication/2714-information-education-and-communication- materials; https://doh.gov.ph/2019-nCoV Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 17 Lesson Two COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT While dealing with disasters is the main responsibility of the government as they have the human capacity and resources to address it, we can still do our part as individuals and members of a community. The Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) is an approach that emphasizes the practice of reducing disaster risks by decreasing the vulnerability of people and increasing their capacities. This is done through the community’s active and organized participation in collectively analyzing the causes of their vulnerabilities, wise management and use of their resources and planning for adverse events. Rights-Based Approach can be used as a complementary tool of CBDRRM. Rights-Based Filipino youth discuss on how they can play a substantial role Approach (RBA) means that in order for people in mitigating disasters and promoting resilient community. (World Vision: https://www.worldvision.org.ph/news/youths- affected by disasters to claim/reclaim the rights that voice-on-disaster-risk-reduction/) were violated, it is the obligation of the state as the primary duty-bearer to secure the basic needs of the affected families such as shelter, clothing and food. Learning Activity Whatever you have listed down, those Imagine yourself in the situation of a poor person exposed to things are considered your human different hazards: rights, whether they be food, shelter, freedom, health, education etc. As a human being: The Universal Declaration of Human What are the 3 things that you consider to be most Rights recognizes that all humans as important to you? being "born free and equal in dignity In reality, are you able to achieve those things? and rights" regardless of "nationality, What do you think should be done to the things or place of residence, gender, national or people that you value? ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status". CLICK THE LINK TO SEE THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS https://www.zenpencils.com/comic/134-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights/ Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 18 However, in reality, as discussed in Lesson 1, poverty is a consequence of an unjust society which means that many of the poor people’s rights are neglected and violated. When a disaster happens, the poor people are the most affected. Therefore, your answers to the third question are exactly what should be done to your Human Rights: it should be recognized, upheld, defended and protected especially more during disasters so that you as a survivor can be able to live a life with dignity (ACCORD, 2012 p. 6). 16 Government as duty-bearers are accountable to give quality service to the most affected while the rights- holders have the responsibility to be pro-active in the assertion of their human rights and in building their own community-based organizations to help mitigate and address disasters as opposed to passively waiting for relief and aid. CBDRRM and RBA focuses on: 1. Capacity Building17 Builds upon and strengthens existing coping strategies and capacities such as solidarity, cooperation, local knowledge, and resources. Usually, the poor and highly vulnerable communities have very low literacy rates and providing basic Filipino Older Persons participated in an Emergency Training Artemio Andaya 16 WATCH: Rights based approach in practice: introduction European Youth Forum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMxHYFDh4K4 17 WATCH: Building Capacity for Disaster Risk Management https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxp6R1D2Kng Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 19  knowledge on hazards, its effects, and preparedness measures linked with their practices gives them the confidence to deal with emergency situations. 2. Inclusivity and Responsiveness No person will be left behind. It creates space for the vulnerable to share their voice, commitment, and abilities. It is responsive to the communities’ PWD are included in Disaster Preparedness Planning and urgent needs such as accessibility and Implementation | Photo: Philippine Coordinating Center for prioritization of needed services during a disaster Inclusive Development situation. Eg. Early warning systems, community shelters or search and rescue services are accessible to the needs of persons with disabilities in the event of a disaster. 3. Participatory and Empowering18 Community members are at the heart of decision- making and implementation of their own DRRM activities. It gives people the power to create their own disaster risk assessment, project planning, implementation, and evaluation. 4. Gender Sensitive 19 Women are subjected to the additional burden of their gender as they are confined to housekeeping or child-rearing roles depriving them of opportunities for financial independence. They are also subjected to gender-related violence especially during disaster. CBDRRM and RBA recognizes that the needs of women should be addressed in all aspects of DRRM. 5. Proactive and Comprehensive The emphasis is on preventive and mitigating Single Mothers of Kasiglahan Village, Rodriguez, Rizal measures in preparation for disasters, instead of illustrate the dangerous areas for the children and women in their community using hazard and resource mapping. merely reacting after a hazard strikes. It strengthens the non-structural (health, literacy, public awareness, training, and community organizing) and structural (disaster resilient infrastructure) capacities of the whole community and addresses every aspect of decreasing their vulnerabilities. 18 WATCH: Community members work together for disaster risk reduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyH6htOsSMk 19 WATCH: Six steps to mainstream gender equality in Disaster Risk Reduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-XhihCAtLM Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 20  Local government units are encouraged to invest in DRRM and emergency equipments 6. Collective Mobilizes all persons in a community to develop their own organization. The organization is a testament to their capacity, enabling them to achieve their own plans and projects. The process by which their capacities are strengthened to form and run their own organizations is in fact a part of the process of claiming their rights. 7. Collaborative Encourages collaboration with other people’s organizations, academic institutions, and non- government organizations. These partnerships are avenues for learning as they share their scientific and local experiences to disasters which will be the basis for their unity and solidarity The School Watching Application (DepEd SWApp) is a mobile and web app developed by DepEd, in partnership with towards change. Save the Children Philippines (SCP) and Prudence Foundation, that specifically engaged students in disaster CLICK the links if you want to see: Video of the app: preparedness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyQCKlznBOQ Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 21 Activities of Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management This section will celebrate the highlights and gains of CBDRRM as showcased by the good practices of different people’s organization and their partners. NSTP students are encourage to share, replicate and develop these activities in service-learning with the vulnerable sectors. Learning and journeying with them contributes to promotion of human rights, justice and resilience. We hope that this will become an inspiration for you to collaborate with the community in building a disaster resilient nation. Community Disaster Risk Assessment It is a participatory activity and a process which involves the community members so that they will be able to collectively: a. Identify and analyze the hazards that might affect their community, b. Identify and analyze their vulnerabilities and capacities that largely determine the degree by which a hazard can affect them, and therefore help them understand the causes of disasters (ACCORD, 2012, p. 1). The UST NSTP students facilitated community disaster risk assessment together with the various at-risk sectors in the partner communities. The process lets the community understand their situation increased their awareness and knowledge regarding their exposure to hazards and helps them to formulate disaster risk reduction plan in their community. Did you know? Tips in Facilitating Community Risk Assessment 20 Community Risk Assessment is the first step in community Listen and learn from the people. Spend enough time disaster risk planning where the with them. Have the confidence that poor people can voice, experience, and the needs of analyze, teach, and plan. Treat them with respect and as every member of the community partners in community development. especially the vulnerable sectors Use different methodologies and strategies such as are collectively heard and visualization techniques, ice breakers, group dynamics recognized. The process enables and interactive games that allows poor people to express them to work together and to themselves. strengthen their strategies to Be flexible with people's priorities and schedule. We address their vulnerabilities. should be the one adjusting to their priorities, not them to our schedule. 20 Chambers, 1994; Geilfus, 2008; Manalili, 2012 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 22 MORE ON THE TOPIC To know more about Community Risk Assessment Watch: ABC of VCA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS719VN-HfU Watch: Community members work together for disaster risk reduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyH6htOsSMk Participatory Capacities and Vulnerabilities Assessment: Finding the link between disasters and development https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/112522/participatory-capacities-vulnerabilities- assessment-010602-en.pdf;jsessionid=AE67F8232ED121934B1425E5E036CC6D?sequence=1 Community Awareness, Education & Advocacy It is an activity that provides community members an opportunity to learn and discuss the strategies on disaster mitigation, prevention, response, and rehabilitation. It also aims to gain public recognition of their situation through information campaign, community dialogue and participatory learning. Its goal is to share their local knowledge to create specific action that can help reduce disaster risk in their community. Below are some examples of Community Awareness, Education & Advocacy: DRRM Seminar of UST NSTP CWTS/LTS Since 2010, 100,000 NSTP CWTS/LTS students learned Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Basic First Aid and Basic Emergency Response using a mixed method of UST cloud campus e-learning and classroom-based learning. It is done thru the partnership of UST NSTP with UST Red Cross Youth Council, Rescue 177, MMDA & Philippine Heart Association. Click the link to see is a peek on DRRM Seminar 2019. https://bit.ly/346IpNN Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 23  NSTP CWTS | LTS Resilience Schools (Community First Aid and Disaster Preparedness Seminar) 22 21 As part of their Fieldwork, NSTP CWTS/LTS students trained approximately 5, 000 participants from several partner communities and institutions, with the proper skills in conducting First Aid Care on different emergencies. Lumad Bakwit School in UST UST students immersed and gave solidarity with the “Lumad Bakwit”(indigenous peoples from the Mindanao who are internally displaced due to human rights violations and threats to destroyed their schools and communities by state forces and paramilitary groups brought by the development aggression TUKLAS Innovation Labs TUKLAS Innovation Labs is a community-centered innovation fair that seeks to find homegrown solutions on disaster risk reduction and management. One of the featured inventions was the ANIA Disaster Preparedness Simulator which uses virtual reality as a novel tool for communities to experience and learn from authentic disaster scenarios and improve preparedness. SolveX38 is an intelligent flood warning and monitoring system providing real-time information to communities at risk from flooding. To know more about Tuklas Innovation Labs, click the link: TUKLAS VIDEO 21 READ the Fieldwork Report of NSTP students: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ZVWfn1MX9GejviWWhWP2zWnmTG8Nxk9j?usp=sharing Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 24  Reflective Question Being a student of your course, how can you use your expertise in advocating for Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in your community and in the country? Community Early Warning and Risk Communication System It is a system that disseminates timely and meaningful warning information to enable communities threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. It is based on the local knowledge of the community on what will be effective for them. It is developed, established, and managed by the community for the safety of its residents. Photo Credit: Dave Martinez Characteristics of an effective community-based early warning system22 23 Hazard-specific, Target group-specific & Location- specific Brief and clear (KISS Rule: “Keep It Short and Simple”) Updated so the people are informed and would not panic There are specially assigned persons in the community to disseminate the warning Regular monitoring of the hazard Organized and clear dissemination of the warning 22 Elements of End-to-End, People-Centered Early Warning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_rfyZ0G4QE 23 Early Warning Systems Save Lives in Disaster-prone Communities: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb8- 18F14Hk Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 25 Formation of Community-Based Disaster Organization It is a process of the community members to create their own organization focused on reducing their vulnerabilities and increasing their capacities with the goal of being disaster resilient. The organization will have their own set of officers, committees, and by-laws that they themselves create and agree upon. This also ensures the sustainability of the organization as the community members themselves run it. Case Study KADAMAY: Community-Led Kusinang Bayan of Sitio San Roque Sitio San Roque is comprised of approximately 6,000 urban poor families based in Barangay Bagong Pag-asa, Quezon City. Since 2010, they are continuously threatened with demolition to make way for the Quezon City Central Business District project of the local and national government. Like most urban poor communities, the residents were mostly landless farmers who came from the provinces and started to live in Sitio San Roque hoping for better livelihood opportunities for their families. Amidst living in poor conditions, they were able to find ways on how they can improve their situation by creating their own community-based organization. They were able to increase their skills and capacities because of learning with and from each other. Through this, they were able to reach out and seek support from other individuals and Roque was created by supporters and advocates for their calls for a decent, affordable, pro-people and inclusive urban development. When the Enhanced Community Quarantine was implemented in Metro Manila from March to May 2020, they were able to cope through the creation of their own Kusinang Bayan. The COVID-19 restrictions led to the loss of livelihood of the residents and the lack of means of getting food was a pressing concern. While waiting for government aid to reach them, the organization was able to set-up at least 20 community kitchens distributed in the area. Through the donations they received, they were able to provide warm meals to at least 2000 families in their community every day. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 26  The Kusinang Bayan is manned by the members and they share the tasks of food preparation, cooking, and distribution. They also have volunteer community health workers that constantly checks the physical health and well-being of the members. 25 Sitio San Roque’s Kusinang Bayan counters the portrayal of urban poor in mass and social media as “pasaway”, “walang disiplina” and “tamad”. The government has consistently put them in bad light, with the numerous attempts of demolishing their community kitchens and arrest of their members, with the police saying that they have defied quarantine protocols. In the midst of the pandemic and other disasters, the stories of the vulnerable sectors who have limited capacities but found ways on how to collectively help themselves and their communities should be celebrated and emulated. 24 ALAY BAYAN LUSON In 2018, Alay-Bayan Luson, Inc., together with the community of Bagulin, La Union, ran a project where one barangay transferred their knowledge and skills about disasters to another barangay. For eight months, members of the Disaster Preparedness Organization of Brgy. Alibangsay became community instructors and helped create the organization of nearby Brgy. Cardiz. They gave trainings on CBDRRM, basic leadership skills as well as basic health skills. To view their experience: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2B52kTkkFU 24 To know more about Save San Roque Alliance: Watch Kusinang Bayan: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=315484130146618 Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 27 SYNTHESIS AND CHALLENGE We have discussed and analyzed the interconnected factors that cause disasters. Even though our country has a high exposure to different hazards due to physical and geographical location, we must acknowledge that disaster is not just a natural event but also a consequence of the unsustainable economic, political and environmental practices of people. It is important to understand that disaster resilience can only be achieved when the most marginalized people are empowered – when their vulnerabilities have decreased, and their capacities have increased. It is the government’s responsibility as the duty-bearers to provide appropriate solutions and services to the peoples’ needs before, during and after a calamity strikes. To achieve this, the root causes of vulnerabilities such as poverty, marginalization and inequality must be addressed. The people must also be given the opportunities to capacitate themselves. It has been proven that when given the tools and opportunity, the people and communities work together to learn new knowledge and skills on how to find solutions to the problems that affect them. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented disaster that exposed the pressing need to address the root causes of vulnerabilities in our country. It is our hope and prayer that we learn from the practices of the likes of Sitio San Roque who were able to help each other even with their meager resources. Let us also be inspired by our fellow Thomasians who used their talent and skills in music to raise funds through organizing an online concert for the security guards, janitors and contractual employees of our University who were not able to work due to the suspension of classes because of the community quarantine.25 Like them, we have the capacity to overcome our limitations and look for ways on how we can collectively help alleviate the suffering of others. We may be physically distant from each other, but we can still practice social solidarity. Let the “new normal” be a “better normal”. Let us envision a society where everyone has access to the resources that they need to live a life with dignity. The Thomasian core values of Competence, Commitment and Compassion must be upheld now more than ever as we come up with ideas on how to implement the lessons we have learned in this module. As a Thomasian, how can you work with your fellow classmates or family members or community in achieving a “better normal” for all? 25 https://www.facebook.com/BenguetToUste Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Two: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) Page | 28 Lesson Three BASIC LIFE SUPPORT AND BASIC FIRST AID ON DIFFERENT EMERGENCIES LESSON GUIDE INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID Introduction to First Aid 1. Definition What is FIRST AID? 2. Scene Size Up 3. Primary Assessment First aid is the temporary and immediate care given to a 4. Secondary Assessment person who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill. It can also involve home care if medical assistance is Introduction to Basic Life Support delayed or not available. First aid includes recognizing 1. Definition 2. Updates for 2015 life-threatening conditions and taking effective action to 3. Cardiac Chain of Survival keep the injured or ill person alive and in the best 4. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) possible condition until medical treatment can be a. Definition obtained or until the chance for recovery without b. Signs and symptoms medical care is assured. c. Management 5. Cardiac Arrest First aid does not replace the physician, nurse, or a. Definition paramedic. In fact, one of the primary principles of first b. Signs aid is to obtain medical assistance in all cases of c. Management serious injury. 6. Hands-only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation a. For Teens b. CPR (Hands-Only) with Covid-19 Precaution by Philippine Heart Scene Size-Up (Survey the Scene) Association In any emergency situation, there are three simple steps 7. Breathing Emergencies to take to guide your actions. If you ever feel nervous or a. Airway Obstruction confused, remember these three emergency action i. Anatomical obstruction steps to get you back on track: ii. Foreign Body Obstruction iii. Signs and Symptoms iv. Management iv.1. Backslap a) CHECK the scene and the person. iv.2. Abdominal Thrust b) CALL 9-1-1 or the local iv. 3. Chest Thrust emergency hotline. b. Respiratory Arrest c) CARE for the person. i. Definition ii. Sign iii. Management Before approaching an ill or injured person, stop and Focusing on Hands Only CPR take a good look at the scene: Is it safe? Wounds Are there any hazards? 1. Bleeding What happened? a. Types of bleeding How did it happen? b. Way to Control bleeding 2. injuries b. Closed wounds i. Definition ii. Signs and symptoms iii. Management Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 29  LESSON GUIDE Primary Assessment c. Open wounds CHECK THE PERSON i. Definition If the scene is safe, quickly check the person: ii. Signs and symptoms 1. Check whether the person is responsive. iii. Types 2. Check the person’s ABCDs: iv. Management a) Airway d. Burns Make sure the person has an open airway. If the i. Definition person is speaking, moaning, or crying, the ii. Signs and symptoms person’s airway is open. iii. Management b) Breathing Check for normal breathing for 5 to 10 seconds. Muscle, Bone, and Joint Injuries A person is breathing normally if air is moving into 1. Definition and out of the lungs and the chest is rising and 2. Types falling in a normal, regular pattern. Someone who a. Sprain can speak or cry is breathing. b. Strain c) Circulation c. Dislocation Quickly look at the person from head to toe for d. Fracture signs of life-threatening bleeding. 3. Signs and Symptoms 4. Management d) Disability Assess neurological status of the person (Alert, Medical Emergencies Voice, Pain, Unresponsive) 1. Asthma Attack a. Definition b. Signs and symptoms CALL c. Management If an individual is unresponsive or has a life-threatening 2. Severe Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis) condition, you must call 9-1-1 or the local emergency a. Definition contact. b. Signs and symptoms c. Management If a person becomes unresponsive, his or her vital signs 3. Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia a. Definition deteriorate, or your secondary assessment reveals a b. Signs and symptoms condition that requires emergency care, call 9-1-1 or the c. Management local emergency contact. 4. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) a. Definition b. Signs and Symptoms CARE c. Management Care for any life-threatening conditions first. Give the care that is needed, within the scope of your Environmental Emergencies knowledge and training. Continue to Check, Call, and 1. Heat Related Emergencies Care, providing continual care with these guidelines: a. Heat cramps b. Heat Exhaustion Monitor the person’s breathing, level of c. Heat stroke responsiveness, and overall condition. 2. Definition Help the person rest in a comfortable 3. Signs and symptoms position. 4. Management If necessary, roll the person into the recovery position. Poisoning Keep the person from getting chilled or 1. General Care for Poisoning overheated. 2. Types of Poisoning 3. Bites and Sting Reassure the person. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 30  LESSON GUIDE RECOVERY P OSITION A person who is unresponsive or has an altered level Transfer Techniques of responsiveness should be rolled into the recovery position. Additional Videos: Bandaging When placing a person in the recovery position, Splinting remember: Bleeding Muscle and Bone Injury Support and protect the head while rolling the person. Try to roll the person as one unit (head, back, and legs at the same time). Roll the person into a position where the body will stay safely on its side. Check the ABCs after you complete the roll. Secondary Assessment Once you are confident that all life-threatening conditions have been addressed, perform a secondary assessment to check for conditions that may not be as obvious. The secondary assessment consists of three steps: 1. Ask SAMPLE Questions 3. Perform an Injury Check Interview the ill or injured person and any Look carefully for injuries that were not identified bystanders at the scene using the acronym during the primary assessment. An injury check SAMPLE to guide your questions: may involve a focused examination or a hands- on check. If you find a medical-identification product during your check, read it carefully. 2. Check the Vital Signs Level of Responsiveness Is the person alert, sleepy, or confused? Is the person’s responsiveness changing? Breathing Listen for sounds. Is the breathing fast or slow? Skin Is the skin dry or wet? Color? Temperature? Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 31 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT What is Basic Life Support (BLS)? Basic life support is the act of sustaining life-sustaining functions after events which may have rendered a victim unresponsive with no visible breathing or gasping breathing. This is accomplished with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation or CPR. CPR Updates for 2015 In the 2015 guidelines, several steps in traditional CPR were removed while some were improved. The summary of major changes is the following: A simplified universal adult BLS algorithm was created. Refinements were made for recognition of victims in need of CPR from unresponsiveness, absence of pulse and breathing to unresponsiveness and absence of breathing or no normal breathing (victim is gasping). Untrained lay rescuers should provide compression-only (Hands-Only) CPR, with or without dispatcher guidance, for adult victims of cardiac arrest. The rescuer should continue compression-only CPR until the arrival of an AED or rescuers with additional training. Look, listen, and feel for breathing has been removed. Emphasis for rapid identification of potential cardiac arrest by dispatcher with immediate dispatch-guided CPR. Emphasis was placed on high-quality CPR (Adequate rate and depth, complete chest recoil after each compression, minimize interruptions in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation). A change from Airway-Breathing-Compression (ABC) sequence to Compression-Airway- Breathing (CAB) sequence. Compression rate is 100-120/min rather than at least 100/min. Compression depth for adults is at least 2 inches (5cm) but not greater than 2.4 inches (6cm). Cardiac Chain of Survival CPR alone may not be enough to help someone survive cardiac arrest. Advanced medical care is needed as soon as possible. A person in cardiac arrest will have the greatest chance of survival if you follow the four links in the Cardiac Chain of Survival: 1. Early recognition and early access to the emergency medical services (EMS) system. The sooner someone calls 9-1-1 or the local emergency number, the sooner EMS personnel will take over. 2. Early CPR. CPR helps supply blood containing oxygen to the brain and other vital organs. This Retrieved from: https://www.aedbrands.com/resource- helps to keep the person alive until an AED center/choose/chain-of-survival is used or advanced medical care is provided. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 32 3. Early defibrillation. An electrical shock, called defibrillation, may help to restore an effective heart rhythm. 4. Early advanced medical care. EMS personnel provide more advanced medical care and transport the person to a hospital. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) What is Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)? When blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, people experience chest pain. This reduced blood flow usually is caused by coronary heart disease and when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is reduced, a heart attack may result. Signs and symptoms Chest pain, discomfort or pressure The most common signal is persistent pain, discomfort or pressure in the chest that lasts longer than 3 to 5 minutes or goes away and comes back. Build-up of fatty materials on the inner walls of the arteries reduces blood flow to the heart muscle and may cause a heart Discomfort in other areas of the upper attack. body in addition to the chest such as the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, stomach or back. Trouble breathing The person may be breathing faster than normal because the body tries to get the much- needed oxygen to the heart. The person may have noisy breathing or shortness of breath Other signals The person’s skin may be pale or ashen (gray), especially around the face. Some people suffering from a heart attack may be damp with sweat or may sweat heavily, feel dizzy, become nauseous or vomit. They may become fatigued, lightheaded or lose consciousness. Management If you suspect the person is having a heart attack based on his or her signals, call 9-1-1 or your local emergency number immediately Have the person stop what he or she is doing and rest comfortably (photo on the right). This will ease the heart’s need for oxygen. Many people experiencing a heart attack find it easier to breathe while sitting. Ask that person to stop what they are doing and rest. Comfort Loosen any tight or uncomfortable the person helps to reduce anxiety and discomfort. Retrieved clothing. from American Red Cross First Aid/CPR/AED Participant’s Manual Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 33  Closely watch the person until advanced medical personnel take over. Notice any changes in the person’s appearance or behavior. Monitor the person’s condition. Be prepared to perform CPR and use an AED, if available, if the person loses consciousness and stops breathing. Ask the person if he or she has a history of heart disease. Some people with heart disease take prescribed medication for chest pain. You can help by getting the medication for the person and assisting him or her with taking the prescribed medication. Offer aspirin, if medically appropriate and local protocols allow, and if the patient can swallow and has no known contraindications. Be sure that the person has not been told by his or her health care provider to avoid taking aspirin Be calm and reassuring. Comforting the person helps to reduce anxiety and eases some of the discomfort. Talk to bystanders and if possible the person to get more information. Do not try to drive the person to the hospital yourself. He or she could quickly get worse on the way. Cardiac Arrest What is Cardiac Arrest? Did you know? Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to circulate blood to the brain and Without oxygen, brain damage other vital organs. The beats, or contractions, of the heart can begin in about 4 to 6 minutes, become ineffective if they are weak, irregular or and the damage can become uncoordinated, because at that point the blood no longer irreversible after about 10 flows through the arteries to the rest of the body. When the minutes. heart stops beating properly, the body cannot survive. Breathing will soon stop, and the body’s organs will no longer receive the oxygen they need to function. A person in cardiac arrest is unconscious, not breathing and has no heartbeat. The heart has either stopped beating or is beating weakly and irregularly so that a pulse cannot be detected. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of cardiac arrest in adults. Cardiac arrest also results from drowning, choking, drug abuse, severe injury, brain damage and electrocution. Did you know? Cardiac arrest can happen suddenly, without any of the The most common life-threatening warning signs usually seen in a heart attack. This is known as abnormal arrhythmia is ventricular sudden cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. Sudden fibrillation (V-fib). cardiac arrest is caused by abnormal, chaotic electrical activity of the heart (known as arrhythmias). Signs The main signals of cardiac arrest in an adult, a child and an infant are unconsciousness and no breathing. The presence of these signals means that no blood and oxygen are reaching the person’s brain and other vital organs. Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 34  Management Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately if you suspect that a person is in cardiac arrest or you witness someone suddenly collapse. Perform CPR until an AED is available and ready to use or advanced medical personnel take over. A person in cardiac arrest needs immediate CPR and defibrillation. The cells of the brain and other important organs continue to live for a short time—until all of the oxygen in the blood is used. Component of High-quality CPR What is CPR? CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths. Chest compressions are required when the heart is not beating in order to pump oxygen-containing blood. Rescue breaths and chest compressions, given together, help to take over the heart and lungs. CPR increases a person's chances of survival during cardiac arrest. For this chapter, you are only required to learn the Hands-only CPR (Teens and Adults) for lay bystanders (With COVID19 Precautions). Hands-only CPR is basically summarized into 4Cs which are: a. Check b. Call c. Cover d. Care/ Compress CHECK Checking the Scene (Survey the Area) Your first priority when preparing to perform first aid is to ensure your own personal safety. Never risk your own personal safety. Next, you will ensure the safety of the victim and any bystanders at the scene. Always assess the situation from a safety standpoint first. Do a 10-second survey that includes looking for three things: a. Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim(s), or bystanders b. The mechanism or cause of the injury or injuries c. The number of victims Creator: JIM WATSON | Credit: AFP/Getty Images Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Lesson Three: Basic Life Support and Basic First Aid On Different Emergencies Page | 35  If at all possible, put on protective gloves to guard against exposure to any blood or bodily fluids. Prior to approaching the victim, quickly scan the area for any hazards such as downed power lines, spilled fuel, weapons, and an unstable vehicle or structure. If the scene is not safe, you can either make it safe by removing the hazard, if possible, or retreat from the scene and get help before proceeding. Never attempt a rescue that you have not been specifically trained to do. Remember, staying safe is your first priority; you won’t be able to help someone else if you become a victim yourself. The scene can also provide clues to whether the victim is injured or ill. For example, if you note a ladder next to a person lying on the ground, you would assume the victim is injured from a fall. This is referred to as the mechanism of injury. If a person is found sitting in a chair in a restaurant, you would assume the victim is ill. Knowing the mechanism of the injury will allow you to give useful information to the EMS personnel who will later attend to the victim. This will enable the physician to fully recognize the extent of injuries. Also determine the number of injured people. Once you have determined the number of victims, you can then have a bystander contact the necessary resources. You may request more than one ambulance if you find several people who are injured or ill. And, if there is more than one victim, you will have to prioritize which one you should give attention first. Take Note Ask for consent and introduce To begin, establish rapport with the victim by introducing yourself after checking yourself and explaining that you are there to help. It would be very helpful to demonstrate competence, confidence unresponsiveness and and compassion. Obtain consent to treat before