Psychoanalytic Theory PDF

PERSONALITY DID YOU KNOW THAT... A drug with all sorts of wonderful properties was discovered by a young ambitious physician in his search for a solution to lessen pain and improve...

PERSONALITY DID YOU KNOW THAT... A drug with all sorts of wonderful properties was discovered by a young ambitious physician in his search for a solution to lessen pain and improve performance. PERSONALITY DID YOU KNOW THAT... It helps soldiers gain energy and has successful trials in heart disease, nervous exhaustion, addiction to alcohol and morphine, and several other psychological and physiological problems. PERSONALITY DID YOU KNOW THAT... He even tried it himself and told her fiance to try it also so she can gain weight and increase strength. Excited to see his fiance, he delayed his experiment. A collegue completed it and published the results. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory PERSONALITY OVERVIEW Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Biography Levels of Mental Life Provinces of the Mind Dynamics of Personality Defense Mechanism Stages of Development PERSONALITY HAVE YOU EVER WONDER What makes Freud so interesting? PERSONALITY The twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, sex and aggression The theory was spread beyond its Viennese origins Freud’s brilliant command of language PERSONALITY Overview Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings in the various sciences and humanities. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Born on May 6, 1856 in Biography Freiberg, Moravia now part  of Czech Republic. London. Sigismund Freud Firstborn favourite child out of 7 of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud though his father has 2 grown sons from previous marriage. Died on Sept 23, 1939 in PERSONALITY Notable experiences When his younger sibling was born, he felt hostility towards his brother Julius that he had unconscious wish for Julius’ death. Freud did not have a close friendship with any of his younger siblings. He did, however, enjoy a warm, indulgent relationship with his mother PERSONALITYIn 1885, he received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna and decided to study in Paris with the famous French neurologist Jean-Martin He spent 4 months with Charcot, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria through hypnosis Charcot. PERSONALITY His journey to fame In 1886 after he returned from Paris, where he had learned about male hysteria from Charcot. He assumed that this knowledge would gain him respect and recognition. But most physicians present were already familiar with the illness and knew that it could also be a male disorder. PERSONALITYFreud developed a close professional association and a personal friendship with Josef Breuer, a well-known Viennese physician. principal therapeutic While using Breuer taught Freud about catharsis, Freud gradually catharsis , the process of and laboriously discovered removing hysterical the free association symptoms through “talking technique , which soon them out.” replaced hypnosis as his THEORIES OF PERSONALITYBreuer had discussed in His journey to fame detail with Freud the case of Anna O, a young woman Freud had never met, but  whom Breuer had spent hysteria several years many hours treating for earlier. Freud urged Breuer to collaborate with him in publishing an account of Anna O and several other cases of hysteria. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His journey to fame After his professional disagreement with Breuer, Freud then turned to his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin physician  who served as a sounding board for Freud’s newly developing ideas. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His personal He crises had begun to analyze  his own dreams, and after the death of his father. He initiated the practice of analyzing himself daily. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY His personal crises He  realized that he was theory that neuroses now middle-aged and have their etiology in a had yet to achieve the child’s seduction by a fame he so parent. passionately desired. He abandoned his THEORIES OF PERSONALITYIn 1902, Freud invited a His s professional In 1908, this organization adopted a more formal relationship name—the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. physicians to meet in his home to discuss psychological issues. These five men—Freud, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler—formed the Wednesday Psychological Society. small group of somewhat younger Viennese “It is not scientific differences that are so important; it is usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy or revenge, that gives the impulse to enmity. The scientific differences comes later” -Sigmund Freud THEORIES OF PERSONALITY  Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory PERSONALITY Levels of Mental Life PERSONALITY Unconscious The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that  Preconscious are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions. PERSONALITY Unconscious Ex. A man may know that he  Preconscious is attracted to a woman but may not fully understand all the reasons for the attraction PERSONALITY Unconscious Freud believes that unconscious is the explanation for the  Preconscious meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue , and certain kinds of forgetting, called repression. PERSONALITY He also believes that a Unconscious portion of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that  Preconscious have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetitio which he called phylogenetic endowment. PERSONALITY Preconscious The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are  Preconscious not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty PERSONALITY Preconscious The contents of the preconscious come from two sources; from the Preconscious conscious unconscious perception. and PERSONALITY Conscious It is the only level of mental life directly available to us. This  Preconscious refers to mental elements in awareness at any given point in time PERSONALITY Conscious Ideas can reach consciousness from two  Preconscious different directions; external world and preconscious. PERSONALITY Levels of Mental Life PERSONALITY Provinces of the Mind PERSONALITY Provinces of the Mind PERSONALITY Id: Pleasure principle The id has no contact with reality, yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires. PERSONALITY Id: Pleasure principle It seeks gratification of needs without regard for what is possible or what is proper PERSONALITY Ego: Reality principle It is the only region of the mind in contact with reality. The ego becomes the decision-making or executive branch of ersonalit. PERSONALITY Ego: Reality principle When performing its cognitive and intellectual functions, the ego must take into consideration the incompatible but equally unrealistic demands of the id and the superego together with the external world PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle It has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection. PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle Two subsystems: Conscience tells us what we should not do (If unmet, it results to guilt) Ego Ideal tells us what we should do (If unmet, it results to inferiority) PERSONALITY Superego: Moral principle A well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through the process of repression. It cannot produce repressions by itself, but it can order the ego to do so. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY THEORIES OF PERSONALITY THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory PERSONALITY OVERVIEW Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Biography Levels of Mental Life Provinces of the Mind Dynamics of Personality Defense Mechanism Stages of Development PERSONALITY HAVE YOU EVER WONDER What are the driving forces behind people’s actions? PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety. This motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives. PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality Drives operate as a constant motivational force which comes from the id and controlled by the ego. These two drives are: Sex and Aggression PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality “For Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety.” PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality 1. Drive a. Sex (Eros) b. Aggression (Thanatos) 2. Anxiety a. Neurotic Anxiety b. Moral Anxiety c. Realistic Anxiety PERSONALITY Dynamics of Personality 1. Drive It is the motivational principle, to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions. It originates in the id, but they come under the control of the ego. PERSONALITY a. Sex The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido; all pleasurable activity is traceable to the sexual drive. PERSONALITY a. Sex Libido Originally, Freud maintained that libido was associated only with the sexual instincts; later, revising his position, he viewed libido as the psychic and pleasurable feelings associated with gratification of the life instincts PERSONALITY a. Sex Besides the genitals, the mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure and are called erogenous zones. PERSONALITY a. Sex Manifestations of Sex or Eros 1. Narcissism 2. Love 3. Sadism 4. Masochism PERSONALITY a. Sex Narcissism Primary Narcissism Usually occurs during infancy because infants are self centered Secondary Narcissism Usually occurs during puberty when their libido is redirected back to their ego as they become pre occupied with appearance and other self interests PERSONALITY a. Sex Love Develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves. Example: Children’s first sexual interest is the person who cares for them, generally the mother. PERSONALITY a. Sex Sadism The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person. Carried to an extreme, it is considered a sexual perversion, but in moderation, sadism is a common need and exists to some extent in all sexual relationships. It becomes perverted when the sexual aim of erotic pleasure becomes secondary to the destructive aim PERSONALITY a. Sex Masochism The need to experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others. It becomes a perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive drive. PERSONALITY b. Aggression It is considered as the destructive drive. The aim of this drive is to return the organism to its inorganic state which is death and the final aim is self destruction. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety, but the id, superego, and external world each are involved in one of three kinds of anxiety— PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety a. Neurotic Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the id results in neurotic anxiety. Defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from id impulses. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. People may experience neurotic anxiety in the presence of a teacher, employer, or some other authority figure because they previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against one or both parents. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety b. Moral Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the superego produces moral anxiety. It stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. failure to behave consistently with what they regard as morally right, like failing to care for aging parents. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety c. Realistic Anxiety The ego’s dependence on the outer world leads to realistic anxiety. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger which is closely related to fear. PERSONALITY 2. Anxiety Ex. We may experience realistic anxiety while driving in heavy, fast-moving traffic in an unfamiliar city, a situation fraught with real, objective danger. PERSONALITY Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used. When carried to extreme, can lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. PERSONALITY Defense Mechanisms 1. Repression 2. Denial 3. Reaction formation 4. Displacement 5. Fixation 6. Regression 7. Projection 8. Introjection 9. Sublimation 10. Rationalization PERSONALITY 1. Repression Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by forcing threatening objects to the unconscious. PERSONALITY 1. Repression Ex. A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships. PERSONALITY 1. Repression What happens to these impulses after they have become unconscious? PERSONALITY 1. Repression 1. The impulses may remain unchanged in the unconscious. 2. They could force their way into consciousness in an unaltered form 3. They are expressed in displaced or disguised forms. PERSONALITY 2. Denial It involves denying the existence of some external threat or traumatic event that has occurred. PERSONALITY 2. Denial Ex. Parents of a child who has died may continue to deny the loss by keeping the child’s room unchanged. PERSONALITY 3. Reaction formation It is adopting an exaggerated disguise than its original form. PERSONALITY 3. Reaction formation Ex. A young woman who deeply resents and hates her mother. Because she knows that society demands affection toward parents, such conscious hatred for her mother would produce too much anxiety. PERSONALITY 4. Displacement Redirection of unacceptable urges into a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse will be disguised or concealed. PERSONALITY 4. Displacement Ex. A man who is angry at his wife may displace his anger onto his employee PERSONALITY 5. Fixation It is remaining in the current psychological stage due to anxiety. PERSONALITY 5. Fixation People who continually derive pleasure from eating, smoking, or talking may have an oral fixation.