Firefighter Training: Lesson 2 PDF

Communications Emergency calls are received through two basic systems. Emergency Service Specific Public Safety Answering Telecommunications Center Point Communications centers contain a variety of equipment. Tone- Two-way TDD-TTY-...

Communications Emergency calls are received through two basic systems. Emergency Service Specific Public Safety Answering Telecommunications Center Point Communications centers contain a variety of equipment. Tone- Two-way TDD-TTY- generating Telephones radio Text phone equipment Recording Alarm- Direct-line Computers systems, receiving telephones devices equipment Processing an emergency call requires gathering information. Type of emergency Cross street, Location of landmarks nearby emergency Number, location Callback number of people involved Name, location of caller Receiving nonemergency calls is also a part of station communications. Be Requests for professional assistance Know All types Refer those Personal procedures you cannot calls answer You must remain calm and courteous when handling angry calls. Take information Refer caller PIO as contact Be familiar with department Emergency services dispatching begins with some form of alert. Audible Pager alarm Alerting device Radio systems used to transmit messages vary based on location and size. Fixed Mobile Portable location Radio communication and terminology are regulated by specific practices. Do not send Communications personal Commissions – messages over Use clear text Both U.S. and department Canada channel Always follow local protocols when sending a message, these are part of the official incident record. Identify yourself Wait a Acknowledge second or message two for signal Apparatus Radio Terminology Truck (ladder) Engine company Company Rescue Brush squad/ company company Apparatus Radio Terminology EMS (ALS, IVT, BLS, Hazardous Materials D/A, D/O) company Other Special Companies Aircraft rescue and fire fighting company REVIEW QUESTION What is the procedure for receiving a nonemergency external communication? Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes three basic components. Personal protective Respiratory protection Personal alert safety clothing (PPC) equipment system (PASS) Personal protective equipment is designed to meet two purposes. Minimize risk Protect from of injury or hazards fatality Structural fire fighting protective clothing must meet NFPA® 1971. All PPC must include permanent label demonstrating compliance Altering protective clothing may endanger lives and have other effects. Remove moisture liner DO NOT Add Sew to combustible outer shell decals Personal protective equipment has several design benefits and limitations. Helmets must be worn correctly to properly protect and identify firefighters. Eye protection devices are required by NFPA® 1500 and come in many varieties. Protective hoods provide a continuous layer of protection between coat and helmet. Protective coats are required by NFPA®1971 to have three layers, which provide limited protection. a. Outer shell b. Moisture barrier c. Thermal barrier WARNING! All layers of the protective coat must be in place during any fire fighting operation. Failure to wear the entire coat and liner system during a fire may expose you to severe heat resulting in serious injury or death. NFPA® 1971 requires several design features for protective coats. Reflective trim Wristlets Collars Drag Rescue Device (DRD) Closure system Additional PPC protects firefighters from a variety of hazards. Protective trousers Protective gloves Additional PPC protects firefighters from a variety of hazards. Hearing protection Protective footwear devices Roadway operations clothing is designed to increase firefighter visibility. Care of personal protective equipment is a matter of safety. Procedures for care Department SOPs NFPA® 1851 Manufacturer’s instructions Inspect PPC frequently and for several types of damage and/or contamination. Inspection findings determine cleaning method used WARNING! Do not wash contaminated protective clothing in washing machines used for other garments or items. Do not take contaminated protective clothing into the living or sleeping quarters of the fire station or your residence. PPE that is carried in personal vehicles should be placed in closable garment bags intended for that purpose. PPC must be repaired immediately by qualified personnel. Repairable damage PPE both protects and isolates firefighters from hazards. Creates a protective Prevents awareness barrier of environmental changes Remember several specific safety considerations regarding PPE. Steam burns Delays Consider design from shell and awareness of and purpose liner heat PPE must fit in 2 inches (50mm) order to work minimum overlap Remember several specific safety considerations regarding PPE. Thermal burns Radiant heat at compression can penetrate points Excessive Extreme fire sweat conditions Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus will be discussed in Lesson 4 REVIEW QUESTION What is the purpose of personal protective equipment? Fire Behavior The fire triangle is the oldest and simplest fire model. The fire tetrahedron represents the uninhibited chain reaction that must be present for fire to occur. There are two types of energy reactions that you should understand. The process of ignition follows a sequence of steps. Sufficient heat transfer Causes pyrolysis (solid Fuel heated – fuels); vaporization (liquid Temperature increases fuels) Releases ignitable vapors or gases Energy necessary for ignition Continues production, Provided by external source ignition so combustion Fuel can be heated until reaction sustained ignites There are several materials that affect both ignition and fire development. Fuel Passive Heat agents Oxygen WARNING Smoke is fuel and is always potentially flammable. ONLY those trained shall wear full PPE and SCBA anytime working in smoke. Classifications of Fire Understanding the concept of heat transfer can help in several ways. Understand transfer from initial fuel package to others Estimate size of fire before attacking – Evaluate effectiveness of attack Transfer occurs from warmer to cooler – Same temperature cannot transfer The concept of transfer rate is influenced by several factors. Related to temperature differential – Thermal conductivity Greater temperature difference – Greater transfer rate Heat flux Conduction is the transfer of heat through and between solids. Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluid (liquid or gas). Radiation is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave, without an intervening medium. The incipient stage starts when the elements of the fire triangle come together and combustion begins. The growth stage occurs as the fire transitions and is influenced by air in the compartment. The fully developed stage occurs when all combustible materials are burning. The decay stage brings combustion to a complete stop through two means. There are several factors that will affect fire development. Affects heat release rate Class A Class B Fuel type Fires involving single type of fuel rare Compartment fire as result of gas leak Availability Building configuration and location Construction materials Contents of additional Proximity of initial fire to exposed fuel sources fuel There are several factors that will affect fire development. Compartment Large vs. small compartment volume and High ceiling can make determining extent difficult ceiling height All buildings exchange air from inside to outside Influences Ventilation Can be increased or assisted Two forms of compartment fires Changes HRR decreases/increases There are several factors that will affect fire development. Thermal Insulation properties of Heat reflectivity Retention compartment High humidity, cold temperatures Strong winds Ambient If window fails, door conditions opens on windward side Wind direction, velocity Cold temperatures Atmospheric air pressure REVIEW QUESTION What three things must be present for fire to occur? Summary You have reviewed: Communications Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Fire Behavior Questions?