Lesson 1 Communication Principles (PDF)

Communication Principles, Processes, and Ethics  Identify the principles, processes, and ethics of communication; Describe the elements of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts; Practice effective communication skills; Evaluate communication skil...

Communication Principles, Processes, and Ethics  Identify the principles, processes, and ethics of communication; Describe the elements of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts; Practice effective communication skills; Evaluate communication skills; Reflect on a learning experience. Learning Objectives Communication is a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2004) Defining Communication  In its simplest form, communication is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver (Baran, 2006) The sending or exchanging of thoughts, opinions or information by speech, writing or signs (Webster 1997) Defining Communication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another. (Newstrom, 2011) Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. (G.G. Brown) Defining Communication  “Communication” is the interaction of a person with other people, exchange of their ideas and feelings, and transmission of information from one person to another. (Hybel & Weaver) Communication is giving, receiving and exchanging of ideas, facts, opinions, information, signals or messages through an appropriate medium, enabling individuals or group to persuade, to seek information, to give information and to express emotions. (Fred G. Meyer) Defining Communication  Communication is the exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. (William Newman) Communication is a sum of all things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. It involves systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding. (Louis Allen) Defining Communication  Know your purpose in communicating. Know your audience. Know your topic. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. Work on the feedback given you. General Principles of Effective Communication  Communication Principles, Processes, and Ethics Principles of Effective Oral Communication Purposes of Communication Types of Communication Elements of Communication Processes of Communication  Be clear with your purpose. Be complete with your message. Be concise. Be natural with your delivery. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Principles of Effective Oral Communication  Be clear. Be concise. Be concrete. Be correct. Be coherent. Be complete. Be courteous Principles of Effective Written Communication (The 7 Cs)  To inform To persuade To entertain Purposes of Communication According to Mode 1)Verbal – the use of words 2)Non-Verbal – the use of symbols, pictures and body actions 3)Visual – pictures and images Types of Communication According to Context 1) Intrapersonal – talking to oneself 2) Interpersonal – communication between and among people 3) Extended – through the use of electronic media 4) Organizational – communication in organizational contexts 5) Intercultural – communication between or among people having different linguistic, ethnic, social and professional backgrounds Types of Communication Elements of Communication Sender Source of a message (West, 2009) encodes a message intended to produce the desired response The person who initiates the communication process The sender may be the writer of a letter, the first speaker in a conversation or the person who initiates the process though a gesture (Pathak, 2005) Elements Communication Message the physical product of the source spoken, written, or unspoken information sent from a sender to a receiver (West, 2009) Thoughts, ideas, and concepts that the sender wishes to communicate to the reader; since thoughts or ideas do not have physical form, they cannot be directly transmitted to the receiver. The sender therefore “encodes” the message using an appropriate code. (Language is also a type of code.)  Channel message vehicle and message carrier Pathway to communication (West, 2009) It represents our senses (visual/ sight, tactile/touch, olfactory/smell, and is dependent on who your receiver is. Elements of Communicatio n Elements of Communication Noise (Interference) Also referred to as communication barriers Anything that interferes with the message According to West, there are four types of noise: 1. Physical noise (external noise) – involves any stimuli outside of the receiver that makes the message difficult to hear 2. Physiological noise – biological influences on a sender or receiver that interfere with the transmission or reception of a message.  Elements of Communication Noise (Interference) According to West, there are four types of noise: 3. Psychological noise (internal noise) – biases, prejudices, and feelings that interfere with the accurate transmission or reception of a message. 4. Semantic noise – occurs when senders and receivers apply different meanings to the same message; it may take the form of jargon, technical language, and other words and phrases that are familiar to the sender but that are not understood by the receiver. Elements of Communication Receiver recipient of the message; if the receiver fails to respond right to the message then, communication is not effective (Manalo, 2006) The intended target of a message (West, 2009) He or she might be the listener, the reader, or observer He or she usually responds to the sender by: Listening or reading or observing carefully Interpreting the message Responding to the message Elements of Communication Feedback A verbal (respond in words) or non-verbal (facial expressions, body posture, and so forth) response to a message. Two types of feedback: Internal feedback occurs when you assess your own communication External feedback is the response you receive from other people PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Example The speaker generates an idea Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend Then speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or She thinks of how to tell him using actions. their native language. The speaker transmits or sends out a message. She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.” The receiver gets the message. Rico hears what Daphne says. He tries to analyze what she means The receiver decodes or interprets based on the content and their the message based on the context. relationship, and he is heartbroken. The receiver sends or provides He frowns and does not say feedback. something because he is in pain. COMMUNICATION MODELS  Linear Model of Communication A characterization of communication as a one-way process that transmit a message from a sender to a receiver. (West, 2009) Aristotle’s Model SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE Lasswell’s Model TO WHICH WITH SAYS TO WHO? CHANNEL WHAT WHAT? WHOM? Communicator ? EFFECT? Message Receiver Medium Feedback  David K. Berlo Ph.D. in Communications, University of Illinois, Charles Osgood was his faculty advisor A “disciple” of Wilbur Schramm Previously served as Director of Department of Communications, Michigan State University Joined Illinois State as President of the university (1970-1973  Linear Models: Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model SOURCE MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVER Comm. Skills Content Hearing Comm. Skills Attitudes Encodes Elements Seeing Decodes Attitudes Knowledge Treatment Touching Knowledge Social System Structure Smelling Social System Culture Code Tasting Culture A source encodes a message for a channel to a receiver who decodes the message FEEDBACK AND THE INTERACTIONAL MODEL: OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL "In fact, it is misleading to think of the communication process as starting somewhere and ending somewhere. It is really endless. We are little switchboard centers handling and rerouting the great endless current of information.... " (Schramm W.1954) quoted in McQuail&Windahl (1981)  Wilbur Schramm emphasized the importance of the study of communication as a discipline of study. He founded the Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois in 1947. In 1954, with fellow theorist Charles E. Osgood, he created a circular model of communication that focused not only on the components of communication, but also on the behaviors of senders and receivers. Interactional Model: Osgood-Schramm’s Model Message Encoder Decoder Interpreter Interpreter Decoder Encoder Message  Wilbur Schramm (1954) developed a graphic way to represent the reciprocal nature of communication. (Baran, 2010) This model shows that communication goes in two directions: sender to receiver and from receiver to sender. This circular process suggests that communication is ongoing rather than linear. The interactional approach is characterized primarily by feedback, which can be defined as responses to people, their messages or both. Interactional Model Shared Meaning and the Transactiona l Model(West, 2009) A characterization of communication as the reciprocal sending and receiving of messages. In a transactional encounter, the sender and receiver do not simply send meaning from one to the other and then back again; rather, they build shared meaning through simultaneous sending and receiving. Transactional Model (West, 2009) NOISE (Receiver/ Sender) Message (Receiver/ Sender) Field of Experience Field of Experience Shared field of experience Giving and receiving of messages is simultaneous and mutual. Transactional indicates that the communication process is cooperative. The transactional process requires ongoing negotiation of meaning. It is characterized by a common “field of experience”. Refers to the influence of a person’s culture, past experiences, personal history and heredity on the communication process. When two people’s fields of experience overlap, they can communicate effectively.  In Summary Early models showed that communication is linear and that senders and receivers have separate roles and functions. The interactional approach expanded that thinking and considered + communication as a circular process where feedback is involved between communicators. The transactional approach refined our understanding by stressing the importance of the communicator’s field of experience, by showing the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages and by focusing on the mutual involvement of the communicators to create meaning.  Uphold integrity - Be truthful with your opinion and be accurate with your integrity. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy- Show compassion and consideration with beliefs, affiliations, and privacy of others. Observe freedom of expression effectively – Be careful of what and how you say your words depending on the type of people you are communicating with. Communication Ethics  Observe freedom of expression effectively – Be careful of what and how you say your words depending on the type of people you are communicating with. Promote access to communication – Give others an opportunity to express what they feel and think about the message being communicated. Be open-minded – Accept that others have different views or opinions, which may conflict with yours. Develop your sense of accountability- Acknowledge responsibility for all your actions, good or bad. Communicatio n Ethics Intelligence plus character, that is the goal of true education. ~Martin Luther King  ACTIVITY 1 (Week 1) Activities for this week will just be posted in the Google Classroom. I encourage everyone not to become “lurkers” in the classroom. Feel free to share your thoughts. Communication Models: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-O-fV5qT-0 Communication Ethics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFLqxSFES0c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5nFsqFJnxY Additional Inputs  Wood, Julia T., Communication Mosaics An Introduction to the Field of Communication. 3rdEdition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2004. West, Richard; Turner, Lynn H., Understanding Interpersonal Communication. International 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. Tubbs, Stewart; Moss, Sylvia, Human Communication Principles and Contexts. 11th Edition. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Morreale, Sherwyn P.; Spitzberg, Brian H., Human Communication Motivation, Knowledge, & Skills.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2001. Manalo, Paterna E. and Fermin, Virginia E., Fundamental Speech Communication for Filipinos. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore, 2006. Resources Thank you for watching! Communication and Globalization  At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1)Present ideas on communication and globalization; 2)Explain the impact of globalization on communication and vice-versa; 3)Write a reaction paper; and 4)Reflect on a learning experience. Learning Objectives  Guess which brand of each of the logo designs represents. Warm-up Activity  What are the new communication technologies? How do these new technologies affect the way we communicate today? De-briefing Questions  Globalization is a complex concept and a single meaning may not be able o capture its total essence. Also its definition depends on which lens one looks at a globalization. Mansbach nd Rhodes (2013) postulate that globalization involves ploriferating connections among societies and peoples, growing porosity of national frontiers, ploriferation of transnational processes, and the growing importance of authoritative actors other than national governments, such as transnational corporations, social networks, and international organizations.  The basic concept of globalization is the expansion and integration of the cultural, political, economic, and technological domains of countries. The world is borderless because the countries are interconnected and interdependent. With the advent of globalization associated with advanced technologies and systems across regions, the flow of information and communication has become smoother, faster, and easier.  Colonization. This marked the beginnings of globalization. Diaspora. During the Jews era, this phenomenon refers to people’s movements and inhabitation in countries outside of their own. Other scholars call this migration. Technologies. Technologies have immensely facilitated globalization. With the internet, people are no longer strangers to events outside of their own country. Drivers of Globalizatio n  The process by which people and goods move easily across borders. An economic concept- the integration of markets, trade and investments. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated Globalization  It is important to communicate effectively with people of different background, age, culture, gender, beliefs, orientations, preferences, and status to cope with the challenges and demands brought about by this phenomenon.  Express your ideas effectively in verbal, non-verbal, and written forms in either digital or non-digital environment or both. Use effective listening skills to evaluate arguments and rationalize judgments, and improve job-effectiveness and work relationship. Communicate with a purpose to a variety of audiences. Promote collaboration and cooperation with others. How to Communicate Effectively in a Global Society  Form groups of 3 members and make a poster with a slogan about the impact of globalization on communication or vice-versa and explain your work in one or two paragraphs. Group Activity  5 4 3 2 1 1) The poster is exceptionally attractive, in terms of color, design and layout. 2) The purpose is clear and well-defined. 3) The graphics are related to the topic. 4) The poster looks neat. 5) The labels are readable and relevant. Rubric for Poster Legend: 5 (To a very great extent) 4 (To a great extent) 3 (To some extent) 2 (To a little extent) 1 ( Not at all) Communication in Multicultural Contexts  At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1) Determine situations, which display effective communication in multicultural contexts; 2) Discuss culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images; 3) Write about various and intercultural communication modes and issues; 4) Increase cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of ideas; and 5) Reflect on a learning experience. Learning Objectives