Anatomy of Human Movement and Performance PDF

ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE RACHEL CATE P. PIGUERRA Subject Professor PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA CONTENT  RCP PIGUERRA...

ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE RACHEL CATE P. PIGUERRA Subject Professor PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA CONTENT  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Objectives: At the end of the session, the students will be able to answer the following: —What is anatomy, physiology and its subdivisions? —What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? —What are the characteristics of Life? — hat are the different levels of organization? W What are the different Anatomical Terminologies?  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY `PRE TEST A pre assessment of your knowledge about the topic. Try to answer the pre test by matching the terms on Column A to the correct definition of the term on Column B. Write the letter of your answer on a sheet of paper  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY PRE TEST COLUMN A COLUMN B 1.Biology a.Study using microscope 2.Gross anatomy b.Study of functions 3.Physiology c.Study of cells d.is the study of anatomical structures visible to 4.Surface anatomy naked eye 5.Anatomy e.Study of anatomical changes due to disease 6.Histology f.Study of tissue g.Study of history 7.Cytology h.study of developmental changes of the body 8.Pathology before birth 9.Embryology i.Study of structure and parts j.the study of form and markings of the body surface 10.Microscopic k.Study of life anatomy PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY ANATOMY Anatomy is often defined as the study of structures and form of the body and its parts. Branch of Biology The word anatomy is derived from two Greek words (“ana” means “up” and “temos or tomos means cutting”  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY SUBDIVISIONS Surface Anatomy Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Specialized Branches of Anatomy PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA Subdivisions of Anatomy  Subdivisions of Anatomy RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY — ross Anatomy is the study of anatomical G structures visible to unaided eye (naked eye). Gross anatomy (gross; large) deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye. Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs or skin can be examined, historically, by means of cadaveric (kad-a-VER-ic; a dead body) dissections (di-SEK-shun; to cut Dissection of male torso. apart).The gross dissection proceeds through From:http://catalogue.wellcomeli brary.org/record=b1579770 “cutting.” Subdivisions of Anatomy RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Subdivisions of Anatomy RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Microscopic anatomy (micro; small) is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to examine the smallest structures of the body; tissues, cells, and molecules. Subdivisions of Anatomy RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Histology is the study of tissues. Cytology, like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures. Pathology is the study of anatomical changes due to disease. Subdivisions of Anatomy RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth PRESENTATION study of the functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Came form a combination of two Greek words “physis” means nature and “logos” means words or study. Helps to understand how the body works. Subdivision of RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Physiology CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Is the process by which complex food products are broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by individual body cells. Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Refers to the movement of digestion nutrients through the wall of digested tube into the blood fluids for transport to cells for use. Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Refers to the removal of waste products produced during many body functions, including the breakdown and use of nutrients in the cells. CO2 is a gaseous waste that is excreted during respiration. Characteristics of Life/ RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Life Processes Refers to the movement of body fluids and many other substances, such as nutrients, hormones and waste products, from one body area to another.  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY Reproduction Involves the formation of a new individual also the formation of the new cells in the body to permit growth, wound repair, and replacement of dead or aging cells on a regular basis. What are the Levels of Organization? Levels of Organization Levels of Organization and Body Systems  STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting with the cell and ending with the entire organism. ATOM MOLECULE CELL TISSUE ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN Bika, i o Levels of Organization  Levels of Organization Bika, i o Levels of Organization  Chemical Level © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical level—basis for life –The organization of the body begins at the chemical level and there are more that 100 different chemical building blocks of nature, called atoms and molecules. –Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving material –Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm.  Atom ✓ tiny spheres of matter small and invisible. ✓ Every materials thing in the universe, including the human body, is composed of atoms. Molecules ✓ The combinations of atoms form larger chemical grouping. Cellular Level  Cellular Level The Cell is next in complexity, in fact many billions of times more complex than molecules. Cells (and this is important!) are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest and most numerous structural units that posses and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter. Tissue Level  Tissue Level ✓Tissue Level is the next higher level of organization beyond the cell. ✓Tissue are the “fabric” of the body. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function. Epithelium Connective Tissue Muscle Nerves Organ Level  Organ Level ✓ Organs are more complex units than tissues. It is defined as a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that, together, they can perform a special function. ✓ An organ is like an item of clothing with a specific function made up of different fabrics. ✓ Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver and spleen are all examples of organ.  Levels of Organization Organs are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.) Organ systems work cooperatively to performnecessary life functions.  Are the most complex of the organization units System Level of the body. The system level of organization involves varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that, together, they can perform complex function for the body. Eleven Major Systems Compose the Human Body 1. Integumentary system (hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands) 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Endocrine system 5. Cardiovascular system 6. Lymphatic system 7. Respiratory system 8. Digestive system 9. Nervous system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system  Levels of Organization System level – Systems—most complex organizational units of the body – System level involves varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions: Support and movement Communication, control, and integration Transportation and defense Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Reproduction and development Functional System Principal Organs Primary Functions Category Support and movement Communication, control, and integration Transportation and defense Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Reproduction and development Functional System Principal Organs Primary Functions Category Support and Integumentary Skin Protection, movement temperature regulation, sensation Skeletal Bones, ligaments Support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production Muscular Skeletal muscles, Movement, tendons posture, heat production Functional System Principal Organs Primary Functions Category Communication, Nervous Brain, spinal cord, Control, regulation, and control, and nerves, sensory organs coordination of other integration systems, sensation and memory Control and regulation of Pituitary Gland, other systems Endocrine adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids and other glands Transportation Cardio- Heart, arteries, veins, Exchange and transport of and defense vascular capillaries materials Lymph Nodes, Immunity, fluid balance Lymphatic Lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils Functional System Principal Organs Primary Functions Category Respiration, Respiratory Lungs, Bronchi Tree, Gas exchange, Acid-based nutrition, Trachea, larynx, nasal balance and excretion cavity Breakdown and Digestive Stomach, small and absorption of nutrients, large intestines, elimination of waste esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, Kidneys, ureters, acid-based balance Urinary bladder, urethra Reproduction Reproductive Male: testes, vas Reproduction, continuity and deference, prostate, of genetic information, Development seminal vesicles, penis nurturing of offspring Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breast  Levels of Organization System Level Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and Respiratory system eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Takes in oxygen and Food eliminates carbon dioxide Cardiovascular system CO2 O2 CO2 Via the blood, distributes oxygen O2 and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs CO2 Urinary system O2Eliminates Integumentary Nutrients nitrogenous wastes system and excess ions Protects the body as a Interstitial fluid whole from the external environment Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Feces Urine  Organism Level The living human organism is certainly more than the sum of its parts. It is a marvelously integrated assemblage of interactive structures that is able to survive and flourish in an often hostile environment. Examples of different levels of organization the human organism permit expression of the characteristic associated with life: 1.To maintain a normal body temperature and fluid balance 2.To maintain constant blood levels of important chemicals and nutrients 3.To experience effective protection against desease 4.Elimination of waste products 5.Coordinated movement  Organism Level An organism consists of a collection of o rgan systems. Six important life processes: Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction In health, all parts of the body must be functioning together in a process called homeostasis.  Levels of Organization 1. Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cells ▪ Catabolism and anabolism 2. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli ▪ Withdrawal reflex 3. Movement (contractility) ▪ Of body parts (skeletal muscle) ▪ Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)  Levels of Organization 4. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organism 5. Reproduction: ▪ Cellular division for growth or repair ▪ Production of offspring 6. Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state. Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells.  Anatomical Terms – The Language of Anatomy Anatomical terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Locations Direction Regions Structures © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Basic Anatomical Terminology Basic Anatomical Terminology © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The anatomical position is a standardized Anatomical Position method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands standing upright □facing the observer, head level □eyes facing forward □feet flat on the floor □arms at the sides □palms turned forward (ventral) Some Anatomical Directions Superior and Inferior Anterior and Posterior Dorsal and Ventral Proximal and Distal Medial and Lateral  Positions and Directions Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another. It usually along one of the three major body planes  Positions and Directions Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body Positions and Directions Anterior Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body  Positions and Directions Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body  Positions and Directions Distal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Distal / Proximal Cont. When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots. Proximal Distal  RCP PIGUERRA PRESENTED BY thank you PRESENTED BY RCP PIGUERRA