Lesson 1: Human-Cultural Variation and Early Filipino Communities PDF

Lesson 1: Human-Cultural Variation and Early Filipino Communities Human and Cultural Variation 1. Natural Selection  Results in one or more favorable genes to become more common among a population.  Balancing selection occurs when a heterozygous comb...

Lesson 1: Human-Cultural Variation and Early Filipino Communities Human and Cultural Variation 1. Natural Selection  Results in one or more favorable genes to become more common among a population.  Balancing selection occurs when a heterozygous combination of alleles is positively favored. 2. Genetic Drift  Also known as the Wright effect named after geneticist Sewall Wright.  Refers to the various process that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations. 3. Gene Flow  A process involving the passing of genes from one populations to another through mating and reproduction.  Gene flow tends to decrease variation 4. Influence of the Physical Environment  Physical environmental conditions can produce variation even in the absence of genetic change.  Example: climate may affect how a human body grows and develop. 5. Influence of the Social or Cultural Environment   Modifications made by humans to their environment may lessen the likelihood of genetic adaption.  An example is to develop a practice (habit of drinking milk everyday) may lessen the chances of lactose intolerance among its population. Profile of the Filipino People 1. Early Filipino Communities  Anthropologist Robert E. Fox  associated with the discovery of the skull cap remains of the Tabon Man in 1962.  According to him, pre-Hispanic Filipino village can be classified as coastal, near-coastal or riverine (near rivers).  Marine resources form their staple food because chicken, cow and pigs constitute ritual foods.  Early Filipinos were commonly shifting cultivators as they tend to move residence once the field for farming was cleared.  Early Filipino’s considered every home as a “temple”.  Filipino’s adapt to their environment based on the climate pattern such as;  Ivatan in Batanes - an area known for frequent typhoons. 1.1 Social Classes  Consist of three major social classes: Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin. 1.2 Our Ancestors’ Communities   Early communities are divided into two kinds: ilawod and ilaya  Ilawod communities were near the shores and beside rivers.  Ilaya communities were located in inland area, forest, and mountain regions.  Many places and ethnics groups in the Philippines are still named after their relationship with bodies of water.  Pampanga (pampang), Cagayan (carayan-river), Pasig (dalampasigan), Mandaluyong (daluyong) 1.3 Culture of Our Ancestors 1.3.1. Education o Their parents and community elders are their teachers. o Bothoan- formal schools established in Panay. o Baybayin- writing system of our ancestor composed of 17 letters: 3 vowels and 14 consonants. o Writing instruments - knives, pointed stick, daggers and pointed metal called sipol. o Ink – colored sap of plants o They wrote on bamboo tubes, bark of trees, and plants. o Tagbanuas of Palawan and Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro use the baybayin writing system. o Arabic system of writing – Muslim own system of writing. Known as kirim in Maranao and jiut in Tausug. o Early Writing System -Butuan silver strip -Laguna Copperplate Inscription  -Catalagan Pot Inscription o Manunggul Jar – used in burying the dead. o They used their body parts to measure length like dipa, dangkal, and hakbang.  Music, Dance and Literature  Our ancestors had a rich heritage in literature divided into oral and written literature.  Oral literature – composed of salawikain (proverb), bugtong (riddles), alamat (legends), and epiko (epic).  Epic literature example: -Biag ni Lam ang of Ilocanos -Hudhud and Alim of Ifugaos -Ibalon of Bicolanos -Darangan of Maranaos  Written literature – consisted of poems and palys accompanied by music and dance about love, war, heroes,or beloved relatives.  Example: o Oyayi – cradle song to put babies to sleep. o Dallang – love song of the ilocanos o Tagumpay – song of remembrance to victory o Dung-aw – mourning song o Kanyaw – victory dance of Igorots o Binaylon – courtship dance of Manobos o Panjalay – war dance of Maranao  Religion and Belief in the Afterlife   Early Filipinos were paganistic and animistic in their beliefs.  Supreme god are called Bathala in Tagalog, Laon or Abba by Visayans, Ikasi by Zambals, Gugurang by Bicolanos, and Kabunian by Ilocanos  Anitos – spirit of their departed relatives where they offered food, wine, gold and other items.  Katalona/Babaylan – female priest who perform the ceremony.  Courtship and Marriage  Paninilbihan – a man had to devote time and effort in order to win the lady being courted by serving the lady’s parent by chopping firewood, fetching water and others.  Bigay-kaya/Dote – similar to dote or any material given by the man to the family of the lady before their marriage.  Status of Women  Women were given equal right as men in the barangay. They can own a property and can be the head of the barangay if the datu had no son.  They were also intermediaries to the spirit and leaders of religious ceremonies (babaylan).  They have the rights to name their children and always infront of men while walking.  Family/Community Amusement   During festivities, wine like lambanog (coconut wine), tapuy (rice wine), basi (sugarcane wine) and pangasi (rice wine) are served.  Games like bugtungan, carabao racing and palo cebu.  System of Government  The term barangay comes from the word balangay or boat.  Barangay is composed of 30-100 families.  Ruled by a leader called datu, gat, raha, or lakan.  Leaders performed blood compacts or sanduguan to settle agreements.  Sultanate – a form of government introduced by the Muslims composed of 10-12 barrios each with its own leader.  Datu is under the authority of Sultan.  Sultan is assisted by ruma bichara (council of datus), kali (religious adviser), panglima (governer), nakura (military chief), wazir (prime minister) and raja munda (sulatn’s heir).  Women could not be sultans because the belief that they are weak.