Lesson 1 Overview of Information and Communications Technology PDF

OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Computer A computer is a machine that can: Accept input Execute a mechanical procedure Produce output Two properties th...

OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Computer A computer is a machine that can: Accept input Execute a mechanical procedure Produce output Two properties that measure the power of a computing machine are: How much information it can process? How fast can it process? Information The way computer scientists measure information is based on how what is known changes as a result of obtaining the information The primary unit of information is a bit. Information in computers is stored digitally, using bits and bytes. Hard drives, SSDs, and memory all store information that the computer can access and process. Computers process information through software and hardware. CPUs (Central Processing Units) take in data and perform calculations or tasks based on the instructions they are given. Computers use information to communicate with other systems via networks. Units of Information Unit Abbreviation Value in Bytes Description Bit b 1/8 of a Byte Smallest unit of information (0 or 1). Byte B 8 bits Typically represents one character. Kilobyte KB 1,024 Bytes Megabyte MB 1,024 KB (1,048,576 Bytes) Used for images, MP3s, or documents. 1,024 MB (1,073,741,824 Gigabyte GB Used for videos or storage devices. Bytes) 1,024 GB Terabyte TB Used for large storage devices. (1,099,511,627,776 Bytes) 1,024 TB Petabyte PB (1,125,899,906,842,624 Used for data centers or big data. Bytes) Exabyte EB 1,024 PB Used for massive data storage globally. Zettabyte ZB 1,024 EB Used for global internet traffic. Yottabyte YB 1,024 ZB Theoretical, used for future projections. The physical components of a computer. Programs and operating systems that instruct the computer how to perform tasks.  Category Examples Purpose Key Functions User Interaction Manages hardware, software resources, - Controls system operations - Minimal direct interaction; and provides a Manages hardware devices - runs in the background to System Software Windows, macOS, Linux platform for Provides a user interface (UI) - support applications and application Multitasking system processes. software. High level of direct Microsoft Word, Google Designed to - Word processing - Web interaction; user inputs lead Application Software Chrome, Adobe perform specific browsing - Graphic design - to specific outputs (e.g., Photoshop, Video Games tasks for users. Entertainment (games) creating documents, browsing web pages). - Virus/malware scanning - Disk Antivirus software (e.g., Helps to maintain Moderate interaction; usually management - Data backup and Utility Software Norton), Disk Cleanup, and optimize the used for system health recovery - System performance Backup programs computer system. checks or troubleshooting. optimization Peopleware is regarded as the most important element of the computer and communication system. Concept Description Emphasizes the importance of team dynamics, communication, and work environment in project Focus on Human Factors success. Work Environment Highlights the need for a conducive physical and psychological environment to boost productivity. Team Composition Diverse skills and backgrounds enhance problem-solving and innovation within teams. Advocates for empowering teams with autonomy and avoiding micromanagement for better Management Style outcomes. Communication Stresses the importance of clear and open communication channels for collaboration. LinK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaSCSGv6kFM  Year Place Machine Inventor Description 3000 BC Ancient Mesopotamia Abacus Early counting tool using beads on rods for arithmetic. 1642 France Pascaline Blaise Pascal Mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction. 1801 France Jacquard Loom Joseph Marie Jacquard First programmable machine using punched cards. Concept of a general-purpose computer; never 1836 England Analytical Engine Charles Babbage completed. Used punch cards for data processing in the U.S. 1890 USA Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith Census. First general-purpose electronic digital computer using 1946 USA ENIAC John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert vacuum tubes. 1951 USA UNIVAC I J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly First commercially available computer. Widely used computer with transistors, marking the 1956 USA IBM 1401 IBM Team transition from vacuum tubes. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLst_k_eWkE  Generations of Computers Generation Description First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes Large, bulky, and heat-producing; used for early computers like ENIAC. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Smaller, more reliable, and efficient; led to the development of smaller computers. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits Multiple transistors on a single chip, significantly reducing size and cost. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors Entire CPU on a single chip; led to the personal computer revolution. Fifth Generation (Present and Artificial Intelligence Focus on advanced computing, including AI, quantum computing, and machine learning. Beyond)  Panwar, Suraj Singh (2020). Introduction to computer information systems. 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