NCM 106 Pharmacology (AY 2024-2025) PDF

NCM 106 – PHARMACOLOGY Chap 1 | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 – 2025 PHARMACOLOGY DRUG Greek word pharmakon = drugs & A.k.a medications logos = study Any chemical substance wh...

NCM 106 – PHARMACOLOGY Chap 1 | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 – 2025 PHARMACOLOGY DRUG Greek word pharmakon = drugs & A.k.a medications logos = study Any chemical substance which affects Scientific study of origin, nature, living systems chemistry, effects, and use of drugs. Dutch word “droog” means dry The study of biologically active Used for the treatment of disease, for compounds, how they react in the the prevention of illness of pathologic body, and how the body reacts to states, and for diagnosing disease them. conditions. A branch of knowledge that has to do with the chemicals that have DIFFERENT NAMES OF DRUGS PRESCRIPTION NAME biological effects. The name given to a drug before it PHARMACOLOGIST becomes official. A scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all OFFICIAL NAME kinds of biochemical, physiological, & The name after which the drug is listed other techniques. in one of the official publications. PHARMACODYNAMICS CHEMICAL NAME How the drugs affect the body. Exact chemical makeup. PHARMACOKINETICS How the body affects or reacts to the BRAND NAME drugs. The name given to a drug by the manufacturer. PHARMACY Also called trademark. A medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines. GENERIC NAME The study of techniques involved in the Legal and scientific name. preparation, compounding, dispensing, & storage of the drugs for medical use. PHARMACIST Qualified and licensed. Functions: o To prepare and dispense drugs; o Responsible for the manufacture of the dosage form of drugs (e.g. tablets, capsules, etc.) POSOLOGY The study of dosage or amount of TYPES OF DOCTOR’S ORDER drugs given in the treatment of STANDING ORDER disease. It is carried out until the specified period or until another order CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY discontinues it Study of drugs in humans (patient and E.g. BID = 6 AM – 6 PM volunteers). SINGLE ORDER It is carried out for one time only.  E.g. Immunizations It is the increasing response to the repeated doses of a drug that occurs STAT ORDER when the rate of administration It is carried out at once or immediately. exceeds the rate of metabolism or E.g. emergency cases, epinephrine excretion. E.g. TID = 8 AM, (but 11 AM pa lang, ig PRN ORDER administer mo na su drug) 1 PM, 6 PM It is carried out as the patient requires or as needed. IDIOSYNCRATIC EFFECT E.g. Pain relievers It is the unexpected peculiar response to the drug; either over response, TYPES OF DOCTOR’S ORDER under response, different response 1. Name of patient than expected, unpredictable, or 2. Date and time unexplained responses. 3. Name of drug 4. Dose of drug DRUG ABUSE 5. Route of administration Inappropriate intake of a substance, 6. Time or frequency either continually or periodically. 7. Signature of physician DRUG DEPENDENCE It is a person’s reliance to take a drug or substance. Intense physical or emotional disturbance is produced if the drug is withdrawn. ADDICTION It is due to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially the nervous. Also called physical dependence. HABITUATION It is the emotional reliance on a drug to EFFECTS OF DRUGS maintain a sense of well-being THERAPEUTIC EFFECT accompanied by feelings of need or The primary effects intended, that is cravings for the drug. the reason the drug is prescribed. Also called psychological Also called DESIRED EFFECT. dependence. SIDE EFFECTS DRUG INTERACTION The effect of the drug that is Effects of one drug are modified by the unintended. prior or concurrent administration of Also called SECONDARY EFFECT. another drug, thereby increasing or E.g. nausea, vomiting decreasing the pharmacological reaction. DRUG ALLERGY DRUG ANTAGONISM The immunologic reaction to the drug. The conjoint effect of two drugs is less Manifestations: redness of skin than the drugs acting separately. 2 < 1 (the medication is more effective ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION if it is given separately than if it is given A severe allergic reaction usually as 1 such as bioflu. occurs immediately following administration of the drug. SUMMATION Especially if the drug is administered The combined effects of two drugs through parenteral. produce a result that equals the sum of CUMULATIVE EFFECT the individual effects of each agent.  2 = 1 (effectivity is equal) DRUG EVALUATION PRECLINICAL TRIALS SYNERGISM Chemicals tested on laboratory The combined effects of drugs are animals. greater than the sum of each individual agent acting PHASE I STUDIES independently. Chemicals tested on human 2 > 1 (effective if combined into 1 volunteers. medication) PHASE II STUDIES POTENTATION Drug tried on informed patients with The concurrent administration of two the disease. drugs in which one drug increases the effect of the other drug. PHASE III STUDIES 1 + 1 (e.g. glutathione + vitamin c; Drug used in the vast clinical market. vitamin c increases the effects of glutathione) PHASE IV STUDIES Continual Evaluation of the drug. THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS PALLIATIVE BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY Relieves the symptoms of a disease but PHARMACOGNOSY does not affect the disease itself. The branch of pharmacology dealing Not treating the disease, only the with economic, biological, and symptoms chemical aspects of natural drugs and Symptomatic their constituents. Study of the sources of drugs and the CURATIVE physical characteristics of crude or Treats the disease condition. unrelined drugs. Study of drugs derived from herbal and SUPPORTIVE other natural sources and how the Sustains body function until other body reacts to them. treatments of the body’s response can The study of natural (plant and animal) take over. drug sources. A body part that does not function well so you do something as an alternate. PHARMACOKINETICS Examples: The study of what the body does to the o Urinary catheterization until drug. the kidney can function itself. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, o CPR, NGT Metabolism, Elimination) o Pt who can’t poop, a colostomy is done instead of ABSORPTION the poop going thru the anus. From the site of administration to the bloodstream SUBSTITUTIVE Movement of drug particles from GI Replaces body fluids or substances. tract to body fluids by passive E.g. insulin injections for DM absorption, active absorption CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRUG ABSORPTION: Destroys malignant cells. 1. BLOOD FLOW. Rich blood supply enhances absorption (Ex. IM injection RESTORATIVE promotes faster absorption than Returns the body to health. subcutaneous injection) E.g. multivitamins for elderly clients.  2. PAIN. Slows gastric emptying rate, so 2. BARRIERS TO DRUG DISTRIBUTION. the drug remains longer in the Prevent some medication from stomach. entering certain body organs. (Ex. Placental Barrier. Shields from the 3. STRESS. Causes vasoconstriction, so the possibility of adverse drug effects. drug taken orally will be absorbed Many substances, like drugs, nicotine slowly. and alcohol do not cross the placental 4. FOODS. Interferes with absorption. barrier.) 5. EXERCISE. It can decrease blood 3. OBESITY. Body weight plays a role in circulation to the GI tract by causing drug distribution because blood flows more blood flow to the muscles. Oral through fat slowly, thus increasing time drugs will be absorbed slowly. before a drug is released. 6. NATURE OF THE ABSORBING SURFACE. 4. RECEPTOR COMBINATION. A receptor is The transport of drug molecules is faster an area on a cell where a drug through a single layer of cells. Drugs attaches and a response takes place applied to the mucous membrane will - A receptor is usually a protein be absorbed faster than those applied or nucleic acid. Other to the skin. receptors are enzymes, lipids, 7. SOLUBILITY OF THE DRUG. The drug must and carbohydrate residues. be in solution. Liquid drugs are - Drugs can have an agonist absorbed faster than solid drugs (response) or antagonist (no 8. pH. Acidic drugs are best absorbed in response/blocker) effect. an acidic environment. Alkaline drugs - Agonist will connect itself to are best absorbed in an alkaline the receptor site and cause environment. a pharmacological response 9. DRUG CONCENTRATION. Drugs - There can be competition at administered in high concentration the receptor site when more tend to be more rapidly absorbed than than one drug tries to occupy the drug administered in low it. concentration. Bolus dose is given to obtain a rapid effect of a drug. METABOLISM Breakdown of drugs 10. DOSAGE FORM. An active drug may be Primary organ responsible for combined with another substance metabolism is the liver. from which it is slowly released or may be prepared in a vehicle that offers FACTORS THAT AFFECTS DRUG METABOLISM: relative resistance to the digestive 1. AGE. Infants and the elderly have action of the stomach contents. (Ex. a reduced ability to metabolize some Enteric-coated drugs like drugs. erythromycin). 2. NUTRITION. Liver enzymes involved in DISTRIBUTION metabolism rely on adequate amounts Bloodstream to the site of its action of amino acids. Lipids, vitamins, and FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRUG DISTRIBUTION: carbohydrates. 1. VOLUME DISTRIBUTION. Clients with 3. INSUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF MAJOR edema have enlarged areas in which BODY HORMONES. insulin/adrenal a drug can be distributed and may corticosteroids can reduce need an increased dose. Smaller dose the metabolism of drugs in the liver. may be needed for client with dehydration 4. HALF LIFE. Is the time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in  the body to reduce by 50%. In other 4. AGONIST. produce a response words, after one half-life, the concentration of the body will be half 5. ANTAGONIST. block a response of the starting dose. 6. INDICATION. the use of that drug for EXCRETION treating a particular disease (ex. Elimination of the drugs or its chemical Diabetes is an indication for insulin; by-products Insulin is indicated for the treatment of bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast diabetes) milk 7. SIDE EFFECTS. Physiologic effect not Primary organ responsible for excretion related to the desired effect is the kidney. 8. ADVERSE EFFECT. more severe than FACTORS THAT AFFECTS DRUG EXCRETION: side effects. Undesired effects that 1. RENAL EXCRETION. Carried out by may be unpleasant or even glomerular filtration and tubular dangerous. May occur as: secretion, which increase the quantity a. May have other effects on the of drug excreted. body besides the therapeutic effect 2. DRUGS CAN AFFECT ELIMINATION OF b. Patient is sensitive to the drug OTHER DRUGS. Examples: Probenecid given prevents excretion of penicillin Antacid c. Drug's action on the body increases elimination of ASA causes other responses that (acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin) are undesirable/unpleasant 3. BLOOD CONCENTRATION LEVELS. d. Patient taking too much/too When the peak level of the drug is little of the drug reached, excretion level becomes greater than absorption, and blood 9. TOXIC EFFECTS OR TOXICITY. occurs levels of drugs begin to drop. when there is an unintentional overdose of a drug. 4. HALF LIFE. Is the time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in 10. TOLERANCE a decreased the body to reduce by 50%. In other responsiveness over the course of words, after one half-life, the therapy; when the person begins to concentration of the drug in the body require higher doses to produce the will be half of the starting dose. same effects that lower doses once provided. (Ex. Heroin addiction, the PHARMACODYNAMICS body metabolizes the drug more Study of the biochemical and rapidly than before) physiological effects of drugs as well as their mechanism of action. 11. DEPENDENCE. occurs when a person is The study of what the drug does to the unable to control the ingestion of body drugs. The mechanism of drug actions in living 12. PLACEBO EFFECT. drug dosage that has tissues. no pharmacologic activity because the dosage form has no active 1. ONSET OF ACTION. time takes to reach ingredients. the minimum effective concentration after the drug is administered. 13. OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC). Non- prescription drugs sold without a 2. PEAK OF ACTION. occurs when the prescription in a pharmacy. drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration. PHARMACOGENETICS The study of genetically determined 3. DURATION OF ACTION. Length of time reactions of drugs in the human body. the drug has a pharmacologic effect.  PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS Study of how drugs may be used in the treatment of disease. Which among the drugs would be most effective or appropriate for a specific disorder or what dose would be required? Use of drugs and clinical indications of drugs to prevent and treat disease TOXICOLOGY Study of poisonous effects of drugs. DRUG THERAPY The proper administration of drugs used to treat disease.