Pharmacology 2024-2025 Review PDF

PHARMACOLOGY 2024-2025 treatment, prevention and COURSE OUTLINE:...

PHARMACOLOGY 2024-2025 treatment, prevention and COURSE OUTLINE: diagnosis of Module 1-Basic Concepts In Pharmacology disease Module 2- Drug Names forms, and route of Drug Classification categorization of administration drugs which include Module 3- Safe And Quality Drug Administration classification of drugs Module 4- Drug Computation and Infusion rates according to: a) body Module 5- Drug Action, Drug Study, EBN systems Module 6- The Nursing Care Plan b) regulation of substance abuse c) therapeutic use BASIC CONCEPTS IN PHARMACOLOGY d) physiologic or chemical actions. Definition of Terms Mechanism of Action This explains how the drug provides a Pharmacology study of the biological therapeutic effect effects of chemicals including the effects on living organisms that happen when the Pharmacogenetics The study of how a drug combines with patient’s genome cellular drug affects his response to receptors the drug. Drugs A substance which Pharmacodynamics The study of the has a physiological effects of drugs in effect when ingested the body. This or otherwise study includes how introduced into the and when the drug body peaks in the Therapeutic Indication The disease/s to be body, when is it in its treated by the given lowest concentration medicine and the and individuals for which others. it is intended Pharmacokinetics The process of drug Contraindication The conditions and movement to achieve circumstances which drug action. the drug is The four processes undesirable to use and that completes caution must be given pharmacokinetics Side Effects secondary effects of include: drugs which may be ADME-absorption, predictable resulting distribution, to either desirable or metabolism and undesirable excretion effects. This reaction Pharmacotherapeutics known as clinical may be different from pharmacology is the one patient science which deals to another with use of drugs in Adverse Effect Are drug effects which is unintentional and/or unexpected VENUS Q. MONTEVEROS 1  PHARMACOLOGY 2024-2025 after administration of Pharmacopeia drug in normal are more complete than Formularies, but they dosage are sometimes used interchangeably. Drug Toxicity Occurs when drug Pharmacopeia includes chemical properties, exceeds the analytical compositions, physical constants therapeutic drug level aside from the chemical properties. which may be caused by improper prescription and RA 6675- THE GENERICS ACT OF 1988 administration and/or - Promotes, requires and ensure the due to genetics, age, production of an adequate supply disease and distribution, use, and process including co- morbidities. acceptance of drugs - September Generic Awareness month Nursing The use of nursing RA 9711 – FDA ACT of 2009 Responsibility process in drug -regulate the drugs and other devices and administration using products used in the body. Appropriate assessment, diagnosis, -analyze the components of these products plan of care, and approve them intervention and evaluation (ADPIE). RA 9165- COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS of 2002 SOURCES of Drugs -Safeguards the people from harmful effects of dangerous drugs. Regulates S2 drugs,confiscates Plants any S1 drugs. ANYTHING THAT ENTERS AND EXITS PH Animals ( Insulin for Pig, Rabbis for PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIAL inactivated virus from mammals ) Minerals ( Substance ingested ) PHASE I: PRE-CLINICAL TRIAL PHASE Synthetic ( Bioengineered drugs ) which includes the study of the target drug. This includes genetics and animal studies. DRUG REGULATION PHASE II: CLINICAL TRIAL PHASE INTERNATIONAL REGULATION includes 3 phases and include volunteer human (UNODC) subjects. LOCAL REGULATION ( FDA ) Formulary PHASE III: POST-CLINICAL TRIAL PHASE -official book of the standards and post-marketing stage wherein there is continuous references for the determination of the study and monitoring of identity, purity, and quality of pharmaceutical the drug effects even when it is out in the products and crude plant drugs in the market. Philippines (EO No. 302, Series 2004 PHARMACOVIGILANCE is a continuing clinical trial involving the detection, understanding and preventionof adverse effects. VENUS Q. MONTEVEROS 2  PHARMACOLOGY 2024-2025 Example: RANITIDINE was pulled out from CATEGORY D the market in April 2020 because it was found There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the out that it contains a cancer causing chemical. potential benefits from the Category D use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable Pharmacologic Class Therapeutic Class despite its potential risks group of active Examples include Tetracyclines, moieties that share classified into diff. Chemotherapy drugs, ACE inhibitors scientifically groups according to documented their chemical CATEGORY X properties and is characteristics, Teratogenic. Evidence of fetal harm is defined on the basis structure and how established. May cause congenital Category X of any combination they are used to treat disease or death of the fetus. of three attributes of specific disease. Example includes contraceptive drugs the active moiety: DRUG NAMES, FORMS, and ROUTES Mechanism of Action (MOA), Physiologic Effect GENERIC NAME (PE) C The official, non-proprietary name of the drug. hemical Structure This means no company owns this drug and is (CS) - FDA universally accepted. Example: Acetaminophen PREGNANCY CATEGORY CATEGORY A BRAND NAME Adequate studies in pregnant women have not The proprietary name of a drug and is a demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trademark of a trimester of pregnancy, and no evidence of risk certain company. in late trimester. Example: Tylenol Example include multivitamins CHEMICAL NAME CATEGORY B Describes the drug's chemical structure Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to Example: N-acetyl-p- aminophenol the fetus but there are no adequate studies on pregnant humans, DRUG FORMS & PACKAGING Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, Capsule but adequate studies in pregnant humans have Tablet not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first Granules and Powder trimester of pregnancy, and no evidence of Lozenges risk in the late trimester Aqueous solutions Examples include certain antibiotics such Syrup Amoxicillin and Penicillin Elixirs Suspensions CATEGORY C Nebules Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on Metered Dose Inhaler the fetus but there are Category C no adequate Drops and Sprays studies in humans; the benefits from the use of Oinments and Creams the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable Transdermal Patches despite its potential risks Suppositories Examples include Aspirin, Fluoroquinoles, Parenteral Packaging Gentamicin VENUS Q. MONTEVEROS 3  PHARMACOLOGY 2024-2025 DIFFERENCE ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINSTRIATION SUBLINGUAL - placed under the tongue BUCCAL - placed between the cheek and gum ORAL - swallowed by mouth (tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions, and elixirs) TRANSDERMAL - is a patch absorbed by the skin TOPICAL - applied to the skin INSTILLATION - (eye drops, ear drops, nose drops and sprays, and eye ointment) INHALATION - delivered deep into the lungs with each puff (e.g. metered dose inhaler) NASOGASTRIC & GASTROSTOMY TUBES -via feeding tube that enters the mouth, nose and abdomen delivered SUPPOSITORIES - inserted into the rectum, vagina, PARENTERAL FORMS - administered through Intradermal(ID), Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intravenous (IV), Intraosseous (IO) Nasogastric and Gastrostomy tubes Administration of drugs through a feeding tube that enters the mouth, nose, or abdomen. Suppositories Forms useful route in babies, in uncooperative patients, and in cases of vomiting or certain digestive disorders. Components of Drug Order Drug Name (generic preferred) Drug dosage Route of Administration Frequency of intake Duration of intake Physician’s signature Contact details of the physician VENUS Q. MONTEVEROS 4