Lesson 1-2 Cell Biology PDF

Chapter 1: Lesson 1 CELL 3. PLASMA MEMBRANE a. Separates the cytoplasm from Robert Hooke – discovered the cell. outside environment. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – animalcules...

Chapter 1: Lesson 1 CELL 3. PLASMA MEMBRANE a. Separates the cytoplasm from Robert Hooke – discovered the cell. outside environment. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – animalcules b. Semipermeable Matthias Schleiden – plant cells 4. CYTOPLASM Theodor Schwann – animal cells a. Gel-like fluid. Rudolf Virchow – non-spontaneous generation b. Maintain an optimal environment for the cellular organelles POSTULATES OF CELL THEORY 5. RIBOSOMES 1. All living things are composed of one or a. Tiny spherical organelle. more cells. b. Make proteins 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 6. PLASMID 3. All new cells arise from existing cells a. Carry a small number of non- essential genes. b. Used in genetic engineering to amplify certain genes 7. PILI a. Hair-like structure for motility. b. Involved in adherence to surfaces. 8. FLAGELLUM a. For cell motility/movement 9. NUCLEOID a. Contain DNA. Difference between 2 major types of cell b. Regulates the growth, reproduction, and function of the prokaryotic cell SIMILARITIES OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC a. Both have the following organelles: a. Cell wall b. Plasma membrane c. Cytoplasm d. Ribosome b. Have DNA II. EUKARYOTIC CELL c. Some have flagella I. PROKARYOTIC CELL 1. CAPSULE a. The sticky outermost layer. b. Made of polysaccharides 2. CELL WALL a. Maintains the cell’s shape. b. Protect the interior of the cell C.V.C.A | Excellence 24-25 Similar Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells A. Plasma Membrane Controls passage of molecules. Provide protection. Semipermeable B. Cytoplasm Medium for chemical reaction. Carriers the organelles K. Nucleus C. Peroxisome The big circle inside the cell. Contain digestive enzymes. It is the “brain of the cell”. Contains the genetic material or DNA D. Mitochondria The ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. L. Cytoskeleton Production of ATP Shape and internal organization of the cell. Provide mechanical support during cell E. Golgi Body division and movement Modify, pack, and export proteins to the parts of the cell. M. Lysosome It is the digestive center of a cell. F. Vacuole Produces enzymes to break down food In animal and plant, it stores water and toxic particles and recycle worn out components of wastes. the cell In plant, it takes up to more than 30% of the cell's volume. Unique Organelles in Plant Cell A. Chloroplast G. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Contain a green pigment (chlorophyll) that Near the nucleus of the cell. traps sunlight and converts it into sugars With ribosomes. Synthesize the protein B. Amyloplast It is the storage of starch granules. H. SER Away from the nucleus. C. Cell wall No ribosomes. It is located outside the cell membrane. Synthesize the lipid Provide rigidity, strength, protection against mechanical stress and infection I. Ribosome Help in manufacturing proteins for the cell, Unique Organelle in Animal Cell following the instructions of the nucleus. A. Centrosome For the production of microtubules J. Intercellular junctions Regions of contact. Provide structural means by which groups of cell can adhere and interact. C.V.C.A | Excellence 24-25 Chap 1|Lesson 2: Cell Types and Modifications EPITHELIAL CELL Form covering layers of all organs and other MUSCLE CELL cells. Also known as Myocytes. Barrier for pathogens, fluid loss, and Responsible for movement mechanical injuries. Example: Skin cells TYPES CARDIAC The muscle fibers that comprise the myocardium. Present only in heart muscle. Involuntary SKELETAL Make up the muscle tissues connected to 3 Classifications according to shape: the skeleton. Important in locomotion or movement. Voluntary SMOOTH Involve in a process called peristalsis inside the intestine. Present in stomach, intestine, and vessel NERVE CELL walls. Specialized for communication. Involuntary Responsible for one’s consciousness. Never multiply in one’s lifetime. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELL Provide structural strength to the body. Dendrite - receive signal from the other cell. Help connect other cells and tissues. Cell body/Soma - contain DNA. Axon - transmit electrical signal C.V.C.A | Excellence 24-25  Cytoplasmic extension to increase the surface area. NERVE CELL It is elongated to facilitate the transmission of impulses RED BLOOD CELL Have a biconcave-disc shape and highly deformable CHROMATOPHORES Contain bioluminescent pigments to BLOOD CELLS facilitate changing of colors. Always motile and never stay in one place. Have limited life span and never multiply to NEMATOCYTES form new cells. Stinging cell containing needle-like structure to inject toxic substance. ROOT HAIRS Elongated Facilitate absorption FAT CELLS PLASMODESMATA Also known as adipose cell or adipocyte. Small pits that link one plant cell to Functions: another Provide protection Provide insulation. PSEUDOPODS Store energy Bulge outward to move the cell or CARTILAGE CELLS engulf prey. Similar to bone cells but the surrounding material is just loose and flexible. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Free bendable Compound secreted by the cell Cell wall in plant cells BONE CELLS Glycoprotein in animal cells Toughest body cell. Bound together by: Calcium and Phosphate CELL JUNCTIONS Function: Give strength, support, and To join cell in long term association framework. Lesson 2: Cell Modification A. Tight Junction Are specialized or modifications re-acquired Regulate water movement by the cell after cell division that helps the cell in different beneficial ways. B. Adhering Junction Anchoring junction that fasten MICROVILLI cells to one another C.V.C.A | Excellence 24-25  C. Gap Junction Communicating junctions Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells D. Desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes Links between cytoskeleton and ECM components Primarily composed of keratin, integrins and cadherin C.V.C.A | Excellence 24-25