Khalifa University Hydrogen Technologies Lecture Notes (CHEG 360) FALL 2024

Introduction to Hydrogen Technologies and Applications (CHEG 360) – FALL 2024 Chapter 1: Introduction to basic properties of hydrogen and safety Lecture 3: Basic properties of hydrogen (Ch1-1) Dr. Lourdes F. Vega Professor, Chemical and Petrole...

Introduction to Hydrogen Technologies and Applications (CHEG 360) – FALL 2024 Chapter 1: Introduction to basic properties of hydrogen and safety Lecture 3: Basic properties of hydrogen (Ch1-1) Dr. Lourdes F. Vega Professor, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department Director, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center) 3rd September 2024 Invited lecturer: Dr. Ismail Alkhatib  ku.ac.ae 2 Hydrogen news to share today https://www.h2-view.com/story/doe-allocates-40m-for-nationwide- https://www.h2-view.com/story/uniper-opens-pilot-hydrogen-cavern- hydrogen-refuelling-projects/2114325.article/ storage-site-in-germany/2114272.article/ CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 3 Course content 0. Introduction to the course 1. Basic properties propertiesofofhydrogen hydrogenand and safety safety HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 2. Hydrogen generation from hydrocarbons (+1 visit) 3. Solar hydrogen generation (1 invited speaker ) 4. Bio-hydrogen generation HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION 5. Compression and cryogenics 6. Ammonia and chemicals 7. Hydrogen physical storage HYDROGEN UTILIZATION 8. Combustion, heat and power 9. Fuel cells: concepts and applications 10. Hydrogen utilization in chemical processes 11. Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: large-scale energy storage (power-to-power) and power-to-X CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 4 Content of this lecture (Ch1-1) Chapter 1: Hydrogen generation, storage and utilization, Zhang et al. – 1.1-1.3 Properties of hydrogen and how it was found Hydrogen facts Basics about the hydrogen element Basics about the hydrogen molecule Other fundamental aspects of hydrogen CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 5 Properties of Hydrogen Name origin: Greek words hydro (water) and gen (generate) Atomic number: 1 Atomic weight: 1.0079 Melting point: -259⸰C Boiling point: -253⸰C Vapor density: 0.08376 kg/m3 (at 20⸰C, 1atm) Specific gravity: 0.0696 Flashpoint: -253⸰C Valence: 1 Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, combustible gas CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 6 Who found Hydrogen and How Discovered by Henry Cavendish in London, in the year of 1766 Henry Cavendish - 10 October 1731– 24 February 1810 Natural philosopher and scientist, important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. He discovered hydrogen ("inflammable air“) and the density of the Earth (Cavendish experiment), allowing to calculate the gravitational constant. Alma mater: University of Cambridge He is distinguished for great accuracy and precision in his research into different fields: the composition of atmospheric air, the properties of different gases (CO2 and others), the synthesis of water, the law governing electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of the density (mass) of the Earth. Personal: Orphan of mother when he was 2 years old. He belonged to the British aristocracy. Very curious about how things happen in nature, very rich, very shy and smart. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 7 How was Hydrogen found by Cavendish? Henry Cavendish described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in the paper titled On Factitious Airs, published in 1766. Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQaYLbsl33g&ab_channel=BBCEarthLab Source: BBC Earth Lab channel, Prof. Brian Cox (UoM) CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 9 Position of Hydrogen in the periodic table Nonmetals Metals H: 1s1 Electronic configuration Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 10 Hydrogen facts Hydrogen is known as the most abundant element in the universe (75% of the known mass of the universe). - Stars spend about 90% of their lifetime fusing hydrogen to produce helium in high temperature and high pressure reactions near the core. Hydrogen is also a major component of many important molecules, such as water, hydrocarbons, polymers, proteins, and DNA. It is safe to say that there would be no life if there were no hydrogen. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 11 Basic properties of hydrogen element Atomic hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element. The hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron, with no neutrons, and is usually denoted as 1H or just H (also named as protium sometimes). Hydrogen has two common isotopes: - deuterium (D or 2H, discovered in 1932): one neutron, one proton and electron - tritium (T or 3H, discovered in 1934): two neutrons, one proton and electron. The abundance is H: 99.895%, D: 0.015%, and T: trace amounts. As isotopes their electronic structures and properties are very similar, even though the mass differs significantly among the three isotopes. The ionized form of the H atom is the proton, H+, which has many interesting and unique properties of its own. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 12 Basics about the hydrogen molecule When two hydrogen atoms combine, they form a stable molecule, H2, with a single and strong covalent bond. - Equilibrium bond length is 0.74 Å. - Bond dissociation energy: 4.52 eV (436 kJ/mol). There is no absorption of visible or UV light by H2, thus H2 gas is colorless (even though we always talk about “colors of hydrogen”) H2 is a very well studied molecule: extensive experimental and theoretical studies have been done on H2 in terms of its electronic structures, optical properties, magnetic properties, and reactivity with other elements or compounds. Its small size and light mass make it convenient for theoretical and computational studies. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 13 Basics about the hydrogen molecule There are two different spin isomers of H2: ortho and para. - In the ortho-hydrogen, the spins are parallel to each other. - In the para-hydrogen, the proton spins are antiparallel to each other. At standard temperature and pressure, H2 gas contains about 75% of the ortho form and 25% of the para form. The ortho/para ratio decreases with decreasing temperature. → This ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen (see Chapter 5) The ortho form has a higher energy than the para form, and is thus unstable and cannot be purified. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 14 Basics about the hydrogen molecule H2 is a stable molecule but can react with a number of elements and molecules under certain conditions. Example is reaction with oxygen (O2) to form water. Such a reaction can be carried out by way of combustion, which is fast and violent, Chapter 8. In water, a proton in the form of H3O+ is obtained, which plays a critical role in many biological processes. CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  15 ku.ac.ae Physical properties of hydrogen vs. other fuels Sources: IAE report 2019 CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 16 Take home messages https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a0hMxDZ4Xg&ab_channel=OMV Source: OMV channel (Austrian multinational integrated oil, gas and petrochemical company) CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  ku.ac.ae 17 Calendar of assessment FALL 2024 – * ASSESSMENT #1: Quiz 1 (Ch 1&2) 19 September 2024 ASSESSMENT #2: Quiz 2 (Ch 3&4) 8 October 2024 MIDTERM EXAM (Ch1-5) 15 October 2024 ASSESSMENT #3 - Quiz 3 (Ch 6-8) 29 October 2024 ASSESSMENT #4 - Quiz 4 (Ch 9-10) 14 November 2024 ASSESSMENT #5 - Project: hydrogen utilization in the UAE Submission of powerpoint 19 November (11:55pm) Presentation in the class by groups 21, 26 & 28 November 2023 FINAL EXAM - after the course ends, set by the College of Engineering QUIZZES (5% each) PROJECTS (10%) MIDTERM (30%) FINAL (40%) VISIT TO DEWA: End of October, early November! – DETAILS TO FOLLOW * The dates are fixed, unless for exceptional circumstances the assignments need to be moved CHEG360 Introduction to hydrogen – FALL 2024 L3- Basic properties of Hydrogen (Ch1-1) Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  Thank you ‫شكرا‬ Prof. Lourdes Vega Dr. Ismail Alkhatib [email protected] [email protected] https://www.ku.ac.ae/research-centers/research-and-innovation-center-on-co2-and-hydrogen-rich