Introduction to Literature Lecture 2 PDF

Course: Introduction to Literature Lecture:2 Wednesday. Sep 16th. 2024  The Major Categories of Genre There are four broad categories of genre: 1- Fiction (Short story- Novella – Novels) 2- Non-fiction (Autobiography- Biography- Essays- Informational articles)...

Course: Introduction to Literature Lecture:2 Wednesday. Sep 16th. 2024  The Major Categories of Genre There are four broad categories of genre: 1- Fiction (Short story- Novella – Novels) 2- Non-fiction (Autobiography- Biography- Essays- Informational articles) 3- Poetry. 4- Drama.  Fiction (Short story- Novella – Novels) Short stories, novellas and novels have 4 basic elements: Setting Characters Plot Theme.  Fiction (Short story- Novella – Novels) Setting includes when and where the short story or the novel takes place. The setting in a short story is usually different than the setting described in a novel because of the length of the work. Characters are the people, animals, beings, or personified objects driving your story. A story can have many characters or just the main character as the focus.  Fiction (Short story- Novella – Novels) Plot of a story is the sequence of events that shape a broader, with every event causing or affecting each other. In other words, story plot is a series of cause- and- effects which shape the story as whole. Theme is the underlying message or concept that the author is trying to convey to the reader. The theme of a story is generally an opinion the writer wants to convey through their storytelling.  Non-fiction (Autobiography- Biography- Essays- Informational articles) Non-fiction is broken down into four kinds of writing. 1. Exposition: This is a writing that explains something or gives information about a topic. 2. Persuasion or argumentation: This is a writing that attempts to convince you of something by showing you that the statement is true or false. 3. Description: Is a writing that helps you to form a clear mental picture of something. Writers use specific details such as shapes, tastes, sounds and textures to help you form the picture. 4. Narration: A writing that tells a story of an event or series of events.  Non-fiction (Autobiography- Biography- Essays- Informational articles) Organization of Non-fiction: There are three parts to most non-fiction writing. 1. Introduction. It tells you the main ideas of what the piece is about. It may also give background material or state a problem. 2. The body. It develops the main idea through the details that support the main idea. 3. Conclusion. It shows that the work is ended. The conclusion may restate or summarize the author’s main ideas, it may answer the question raised in the work or it may urge the reader to future actions.  Poetry Poetry is a type of literature that uses the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words to describe the world in striking imaginative ways.  Poetry Elements of Poetry: 1- Lines and stanzas. 2- Refrains and variation. 3-Rhythm and Meter. 4-Rhyme.  Poetry Lines and Stanzas 1. Poetry is divided into lines, or groups of words. 2. Lines are organized in units of meaning called stanzas. The lines in a stanza work together to express one key idea. 3. A blank line, called a stanza break, signals that one stanza has ended and a new stanza is beginning. Poetry  Poetry Refrains and variation 1. Refrain – a line or group of lines that is repeated at regular intervals in a poem…reminds readers of a key idea…often repeated at the end of each stanza. 2. Variations – changing one or more words with each repetition Example of a poem with refrain  Poetry Rhythm and Meter 1. Rhythm – a beat, created by stressed and unstressed syllables in words 2. Meter – a pattern of rhythm 3. Feet – units of stressed and unstressed syllables…Meter is measured in feet.  Examples of Rhythm and Meter Stressed syllables ( ́ ) Unstressed syllables ( ˘ ) Feet are divided by slashes ( / ) or lines ( | )  Poetry Rhyme 1. Rhyme – the repetition of vowel and consonant sounds at the ends of words For example: tin and pin hand and sand 2. Rhyme scheme – when rhymes follow a particular pattern. 3- Additional Sound Devices (Alliteration, repetition, onomatopoeia)  Poetry Example of Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme: How doth the little crocodile A Improve his shining tail, B And pour the waters of the Nile A On every golden scale! B  Poetry Forms of Poetry 1. Narrative: tells a story in verse 2. Haiku: three-line Japanese form that describes something in nature. The first and third lines each have five syllables, and the second line has seven. 3. Free Verse: poetry defined by its lack of structure….It has no regular meter, rhyme, fixed line length, or specific stanza pattern An example of narrative poem, An example of Haiku poem, Remember: (about nature) 1 st line – 5 syllables 2 nd line – 7 syllables 3rd line – 5 syllables An example of free verse poem,  Poetry Forms of Poetry 4. Lyric: A short poem expressing personal or subjective thoughts and intense feelings of a single speaker. It is identical to a song sung with a lyre. The sonnet, ode and elegy are famous examples of poetry forms that fall under the category of lyric. This can make lyric poetry difficult to classify.  Poetry Forms of Poetry The main features of a lyric are: 1- It does not tell a story. 2- It makes a momentary flash of emotion. 3- It expresses personal thoughts and feelings. 4-It is shorter than narrative poems, ballad, epic, mock-epic and metrical romance. 5-It usually possesses the qualities of a song. 6-A single speaker speaks in it. 7-Its diction is lucid and soft-sounding.  Poetry Forms of Poetry Lyric Poem Example, The Exile by Lucy Maud Montgomery.  Poetry Forms of Poetry 5. Ballads: songlike poems that tell stories through dialogue and action. It often deals with adventure or romance. The ballad is mainly of 2 types: 1- The folk or popular ballad. 2- The literary ballad. (Folk ballads are meant to be passed on orally, while a literary ballad is meant to be recorded in a more concrete way and is more polished).  Poetry Forms of Poetry The main features of a ballad are: 1- It is narrative in form, and so, it tells a story. 2- Its narrator is generally impersonal third person. 3- It opens dramatically at the middle of the story. 4- Its story is told in dialogue and action. 5- It is usually narrated in ballad stanzas. 6- Refrain (repetition of line or stanza) is common in it. 7- Traditionally, it deals with rural laborers or love or legends or supernatural elements or tragic events.  Poetry Forms of Poetry Examples, The Cruel Mother (Folk/popular ballad) The Rime of Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.  Poetry Forms of Poetry 6. Concrete: shaped to look like their subjects…The poet arranges the lines to create a picture on the page. 7. Limericks: humorous, rhyming five-line poems with a specific rhythm pattern and rhyme scheme.  Poetry Forms of Poetry Example of concrete poem,  Poetry Forms of Poetry Example of limerick poem,  Poetry Forms of Poetry 8. Sonnet: Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem written in iambic pentameter, employing one of several rhyme schemes, and adhering to a tightly structured thematic organization. Iambic Pentameter: a rising meter form consisting of five pairs of unstressed and stressed or accented syllables as five iambic feet per line.  Poetry Forms of Poetry The name is taken from the Italian sonetto, which means “a little sound or song.” In English, sonnets typically having ten syllables per line.  Poetry Forms of Poetry What are the 3 types of sonnets? There are more than three types of sonnets. However, three of the earliest and most well-known types of sonnets are: The Italian Sonnet (also known as the Petrarchan Sonnet). The English Sonnet (also known as the Shakespearean Sonnet) The Spenserian Sonnet.  Poetry Forms of Poetry The first 8 lines of a Petrarchan sonnet are called (Octave) and the last 6 lines are called (Sestet). The rhyme scheme of the octave of Petrarchan sonnet is abba abba and that of sestet is cd cd cd or cde cde.  Drama Types of Drama: 1- Tragedy. 2- Comedy. 3- Tragic comedy.  Drama Types of Drama 1- Tragedy: It is a serious drama/play with a sad ending especially one that in which the main character dies. The events in a tragic plot are set in motion by a decision that is often an error in judgment. Succeeding events are linked in a cause-and-effect relationship and lead inevitably to a disastrous conclusion, usually death. E.g. Julius Caesar by W. Shakespeare. A person who writes tragedies for the theatre or an actor in a tragedy is called a tragedian. E.g. Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc  Drama Types of Drama 2-Comedy: It is a dramatic work that is intended to be funny, humorous and usually ends happily with a peaceful resolution of the main conflict. To achieve a comic effect sometimes the playwrights use Mistaken identity. Sometimes certain characters are mistaken about their surroundings. They say or do things that would be appropriate in a different social situation but are inappropriate in their surroundings. The resulting confusion results to a silly series of events. The confusion of characters causes a ridiculous conflict.  Types of Drama Comedy The climax arrives when the characters learn the truth. E.g. Juliette and Oko or Atangana and Abessolo in Three Suitors: One Husband. Other examples of comedies are The trials of Brother Jero and The Loin and the Jewel both by W. Soyinka. An entertainer who makes people laugh by by telling jokes and funny stories is called a comedian/comedienne  Drama Types of Drama 3-Tragic comedy: It is a dramatic work that combines the elements of tragedy and comedy but here the hero/heroine does not end in danger or death. A comic relief is a technique used to achieve this effect. This is a humorous scene that is inserted into a serious work of drama to provide relief from the seriousness felt by the audience. Example, The Merchant of Venice (1605) by William Shakespear.  Terms in Drama Other important terms in Drama: Act: This is a major unit/part of action in a drama or play. Scene. This is a smaller section of a subdivision of one act. So a scene is a section presenting events that occur in one place at one time. Costume. The clothes worn by actors in a play or film/movie or worn by somebody to make them look like somebody or something else. E.g. a student, a housemaid, a judge, etc.  Terms in Drama Prop. A small object used by actors, during the performance of a play or in a film/movie Audience. Is a group of people sitting in a room, auditorium or in the theatre listening to and watching a performance. Theatre. This is a special building or an outdoor area where plays/movies/films and other entertainments are performed.