Introduction To Information Technology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 What is a computer? The components of a computer Categories of computers Elements of an Information Systems Examples of computer usage....

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 What is a computer? The components of a computer Categories of computers Elements of an Information Systems Examples of computer usage. 2  LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this class, the students will be able to: Describe the basic foundation in computing concepts with an overview of data organization and database systems 🢝 Explain the 4 components of a computer 🢝 Contrast software and hardware 🢝 Describe different categories of computers 3 THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS TODAY ⮚Computer applications have switched on active learning and improved how fast people learn new things. ⮚Smarter apps, improved data storage, faster processing, and wider information distribution. ⮚Innovation makes businesses run more efficiently. And innovation increases value, enhances quality, and boosts productivity. ⮚IT isn’t just computers. For example, telephones, radio equipment and VOIP services used for vocal communications ⮚In the same way, peripherals such as printers, copiers, scanners and 3D printers are also considered part of a business’ IT systems 4 WHAT IS COMPUTER? 5 IN-CLASS ACTIVITY #1 (20 MINUTES) In your own words how do you describe computer and how does it help you in your study? Share your answer in the Padlet https://padlet.com/nsakirah/com puter 6 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?It is a physical electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. A computer is a MACHINE made of devices that enable Have 4 basic components you to enter data 1.CPU(INPUT), 2.Memory process it (CPU), store it 3.Input device (MEMORY) and produce 4.Output device (OUTPUT) the result It has an optional storage component 7 WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A computer is also known as 🢝 Device 🢝 Machine 🢝 A programmable device 8 CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) Brain of the computer Executes instructions Controls the Fetch & execute signals going to all instruction the other Store instruction for components of the next step computer 9 CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) Intel, IBM and AMD are the companies who dominate the PC Processor market Example:- 🢝 Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors 🢝 Intel Dual Core i3 Processors 🢝 Intel Dual Core i5 Processors 🢝 Intel Dual Core i7 Processors Many CPUs today can do more than 1 billion (1,000,000,000) instructions in a single second. 1,000,000,000 instruction in 60 second 10 CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) Processor Description Celeron/Pentium/Core M Older Not very fast/low power Good for budget or 2-in-1 laptops Intel Core i3/i5/i7 Most common I3 budget / i5 mid-range / i7 high-end Great speed and battery AMD Ryzen 3/5/7 New Not many laptops available Comparable speed to Intel Core 11 MEMORY Memory Devices that are used to store data or Data programs on a temporary or permanent Data basis for use in an electronic digital Data computer Data What is data? : : Imagine a very long sheet of paper which : has many horizontal rows. Data can be stored inside each horizontal row. 12 MEMORY ⮚In a typical computer, memory has millions of rows (slots); hence, it can store lots of data. ⮚Recall the instructions which the CPU can execute. ⮚These instructions have to be placed (loaded) inside memory before the CPU can access them. ⮚Once the instructions have been loaded into memory, the CPU can execute the instructions one at a time, and one after another. Execute instruction Store instruction Fetch instruction Produce output Recall instruction 13 INPUT DEVICES ⮚Data /instruction needs to be entered into the computer for the CPU to execute ⮚Input devices allows data to be entered into the computer. ⮚E.g keyboard, mouse What mouse does? What keyboard does? Allow you to input letters, Pointing device that allows numbers, and other symbols user to interact with into a computer that can computer serve as instruction 14 OTHER INPUT DEVICES Microphone Scanner What about this one? Barcode Touchscreen scanner 15 OUTPUT DEVICES After the CPU has execute the instructions, there may be results of use to the user. How to display the results to the user? Output devices allow data from the computer to be displayed to the users (humans) in a meaningful way. Eg. Monitor, printer. 16 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICE Speaker Headphon e Fax machine 17 STORAGE ⮚Storage holds data, instructions and information for future use ⮚Every computer stores system software and application software ⮚Any idea of computer storage? 18 EXTERNAL STORAGE ⮚The purpose of external storage is to hold data permanently. ⮚There are many types of storage devices, including hard disk, thumb-drive, optical disk, and tapes. ⮚Users sometimes confuse computer memory from external storage 19 STORAGE VS. MEMORY ⮚Data stored in external storage is retained even when the computer is turned off, whereas data stored in computer memory is lost when the computer shuts down. ⮚External storage is very slow compared to memory, but it is much cheaper than memory. Since it’s much cheaper, usually we have more capacity in external storage. ⮚Typical memory 0.5 – 2G bytes and more. Hard disk (external storage) has 40-100G bytes and more. 20 WHAT IS DATA? ⮚Data consists of individual facts or bits of information, which by themselves may not make sense to a person. ⮚Representation of a fact such as number, a word, an image or a sound ⮚Data can be anything…..it is meaningless 22 DATA AND INFORMATION ⮚In normal everyday speech, the terms data and information are often used interchangeably. ⮚Do they mean the same thing? ⮚The answer is “No” Data ≠ Information 23 WHAT IS INFORMATION? 24 Data and Information ⮚Any piece of information that can be used for communication or processing. ⮚A data can be a symbol (e.g letter or number); a word, phrase or graphic (e.g. a picture). ⮚E.g. your age, account number, IC number, name, address and etc. ⮚Information is data which has meaningful and useful to humans. INFORMATION ⮚Data is collected Data Data and processed to be the information. Data Data Data 25 WHAT IS HARDWARE ? ⮚The physical devices that make up the computer are called hardware. ⮚Hardware is any part of the computer you can touch, including when you open up the casing. ⮚A computer’s hardware consists of the interconnected electronic devices that control the computer’s operation, input, and output ⮚Example of hardware? 26 EXAMPLE 27 WHAT IS SOFTWARE? ⮚The programs and other operating information used by a computer ⮚The set of instructions which has been loaded into memory for the CPU to execute is called a program ⮚Also known as software ⮚Software tells the computer what to do. ⮚Without software, the hardware cannot function ⮚Example of software? 28 IN-CLASS ACTIVITY #2 (20 MINUTES) Find software that has been installed in your laptop or computer and explain its function Write a short summary 100 words of one software and its function 29  OUPUT CPU/ MEMORY INPUT 30 WHY ARE COMPUTERS SO POWERFUL? ⮚Recall the CPU can only execute very primitive instructions. How then can a computer be so powerful? 31  SITUATION You want to open a file, what you should do? 1. Click the mouse (INPUT) 2. Mouse send instruction to CPU 3. CPU fetch and keep the instruction in MEMORY 4. CPU recall and execute the instruction 5. What is the instruction? To open a file 6. What and where will be the output? 7. Monitor (OUTPUT) display the file 32 SPEED AND SPACE ⮚The CPU in a typical personal computer can execute about 300-800 million instructions per second! ⮚The memory can store billions of data items! ⮚Even if each instruction is very primitive, a million instructions can accomplish much more. 33 TYPES OF COMPUTERS ⮚Personal Computer (PC) ⮚Notebook computer (laptop) ⮚Workstation ⮚Mainframe ⮚Supercomputer ⮚Mobile PC (SmartPhone, personal digital assistant (PDA, Ultra Mobile PC) ⮚Tablet PC 34 PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) ⮚Most common. ⮚Main input is via keyboard and main output is monitor. ⮚E.g IBM PC, Dell, HP, Apple, Asus, Lenovo etc ⮚Includes a laptop model = notebook. 35 NOTEBOOK / LAPTOP ⮚Is similar in capabilities to a PC, but takes a much smaller and slimmer form-factor. ⮚Allows the computer to be highly portable. ⮚Instead of a monitor, the output devices is usually an LCD display. ⮚Because of the miniaturization required to produce a notebook computer, they are usually more expensive compared to their PC counterparts. 36 TABLET PC ⮚Created by Microsoft. ⮚Is the newest development in portable, full featured computers. ⮚Tablet PC offer all the functionality of a notebook PC ⮚Input usually by a digital pen (stylus) or voice 37 WORKSTATION ⮚Looks like PC and is used by a single user. ⮚More powerful than PC. Used mostly by scientist and researchers for intensive computation (e.g. complex simulations) or by graphics-intensive users. ⮚Uses the RISC CPU design as opposed to CISC CPU for PCs. ⮚Nowadays, PC are becoming very powerful and the distinction between these two categories is less. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXaMK0gSFw8 38  MAINFRAME ⮚Are large computers which have huge memory and processing power. ⮚Mainframes are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and railways to handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second ⮚Usually have a wide range of software and peripheral equipment attached to it. ⮚Can handle huge amounts of input and storage requirements. ⮚Allows many terminals (monitor/keyboard devices) to be connected to it ⮚E.g ES9000 (IBM mainframe), IBM 9370, IBM 3090. ⮚Cost ranges from US$5-15 millions! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1YGE7m33iQ 39 SUPERCOMPUTER ⮚Is the most powerful computer available today. ⮚Can process huge amounts of data and information rapidly ⮚Supercomputers are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for carrying out complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and engineering applications. Supercomputer speed or performance is measured in teraflops ⮚Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utsi6h7IFPs computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, 40 SCALE ⮚ Unit of digital information ⮚ To indicate the space of your storage Kilo 103 mega 106 giga 109 tera 1012 peta 1015 exa 1018 zetta 1021 24 yotta 10 41 ❖1 bit – answer to a yes/no question. ❖1 MiB – a 1024×1024 pixel bitmap image with 256 colors (8 bpp color depth). ❖1 byte – a number from 0 to 255. ❖3 MB – a three-minute song (133 kbit/s). ❖90 bytes: enough to store a typical ❖650–900 MB – a CD-ROM. line of text from a book. ❖1 GB – 114 minutes of uncompressed CD- ❖512 bytes = ½ KiB: the typical sector quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s. of a hard disk. ❖8/16 GB – two common sizes of USB flash ❖1024 bytes = 1 KiB: the classical drives. block size in UNIX filesystems. ❖4 TB – the size of a $100 hard disk (as of ❖2048 bytes = 2 KiB: a CD-ROM sector. early 2018). ❖4096 bytes = 4 KiB: a memory page ❖12 TB Largest hard disk drive (as of early in x86 (since Intel 80386). 2018) ❖16 TB Largest commercially available ❖4 kB: about one page of text from a solid state drive (as of early 2018) novel. ❖100 TB Largest solid state drive ❖120 kB: the text of a typical pocket constructed (as of early 2018) book. ❖1.3 ZB – prediction of the volume of the whole internet in 2016. 42 USES OF A COMPUTER? 43 OPERATING A COMPUTER ⮚Switch on the power supply. ⮚Switch on the CPU through the “power” button. ⮚The Operating System(OS) would now boot automatically. ⮚This will take you to the password screen if your OS is password protected, if not you would now reach the welcome screen and then into the home screen. 44 BOOTING Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. Booting takes place in two steps ▪Switching on power supply ▪Loading operating system into computer’s main memory ▪Keeping all applications in a state of readiness in case needed by the user ▪The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. BIOS is a firmware, i.e. a piece of software permanently programmed into the hardware. ▪If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called rebooting. Rebooting may be required if a software or hardware has been installed or system is unusually slow. ▪Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power supply it is called cold booting. The next step in cold booting is loading of BIOS. ▪Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or rebooted, it is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster than cold booting because BIOS is not reloaded. 45 WHAT’S ON YOUR DESKTOP ⮚Recycle Bin : Keeps the files you delete from your computer, so you have a second chance at recovering them later on. ⮚Internet Explorer : Basic internet browser provided by Microsoft to surf the internet. ⮚“Windows” icon : This little is usually found on the lower extreme left of your computer screen. Here on out you can check into other things that may be pre-installed in your computer. ⮚My Computer(if using any OS before windows 8) : Double clicking on this icon would lead you to the content of your hard drive(storage),disk drive,etc. 46 MAINTAINING YOUR COMPUTER ⮚ Get organized ⮚Back your system up ⮚Run defrag and scandisk ⮚Remove viruses and spyware ⮚Clean the registry/ software/ OS ⮚Keep the OS/software updated ⮚Clean your screen, keyboard and mouse ⮚Shut it down properly ⮚Delete unwanted software 47